NAME – YATHARTH PANDEY

CLASS – XIth A
ROLL NO. – 12
SUBJECT – CHEMISTRY
PROJECT ON:-
Study of Methods for Purification of Water

ACADEMIC YEAR– 2022-2023

This is certified that Master Yatharth Pandey of class
XIth section ‘A’ is a bonafied student of Rahul
International School.

This is certified to be the bonafide work of the

student in the Chemistry subject during the
academic year 2022 - 2023. He worked hard to
complete this project and this project is a result of
his great efforts and attention.

Date: 15/01/2023
Sign of examiner

Sign of principal Sign of subject teacher

 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project

successfully, many people have best owned upon
me their blessings and the heart pledged support,
this time we utilizing to thank all the people who
have been concerned with this project. I would
like to thank my Chemistry teacher Miss Puja
Sankhe who is valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success, her suggestions and
instructions has served as the major contribution
towards the completion of project. Then I would
like to thank our parents, friends and classmates
who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the project.
.
 INDEX
Sr No. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Aim
3 Method use for purification of water on
large scale.
3.1 Removal of suspended impurities
3.2 Role of coagulants in water treatment
3.3 Removal of micro organisms
3.4 Chlorination
3.5 Chloramine
4 Methods used for purification of water on
small scale.
4.1 Reverse Osmosis
4.2 Ozone (UV based)
4.3 Distillation
5 conclusion
 1. INTRODUCTION
Water purification is the process of removal of contamination
from raw water to produce water that is fit for human
consumption. Water supplied for human consumption should
be free of color, odor, taste, turdity and pathogenic bacteria. It
should be also relatively free of hardness. Water being a good
solvent dissolves minerals and picks up contamination as it
passes through the earth. These contaminations may include
bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi and manmade chemical
pollutants. In this way it becomes natural carrier for a
number of human and animal infections particularly of the
entire route of intestinal tract diseases it is very important
water for removal of this natural contaminations. 4 billion
annual cases of diarrhea diseases are attributed to unsafe
water sanitation and hygiene and 1.8 million people die from
diarrhea each year in which 94% are preventable through
access of safe drinking water.
 2. AIM:
To study the methods of purification of water.
Portable drinking water fit for human consumptions should
satisfy the following requirements.
1. It should be sparkling clear and odorless.
2. It should be free from diseases producing microorganism.
3. It should be free from various toxic heavy metal ions.
4. Its Total dissolve solid should not exceed 500 PPM.

3. Methods used for purification on

large scale.
Natural water from rivers, lakes, springs and wells does
not generally confirms to all requirements of drinking
waters. For reasoning various types of impurities,
following methods are generally used.

3.1. Removal of suspended impurities.

It involves screening, sedimentation and filtration.

Screening
The raw water is passed through screen having large
number of holes and floating matter is retained by this
screens
Sedimentation
It involves the removal of suspended or colloidal
impurities. The water obtained after screening is
allowed to stand and undisturbed in big tanks 5m
depth. In water most of the suspended particle settle
down at the most bottom due to force of gravity and
the separated water is then drawn from tank with the
help of pumps the whole process of sedimentation take
2 to 6 hour.
 3.2. Role of coagulants in water treatment
When water contains few clay particle and colloidal impurities
it becomes necessary to apply sedimentation with coagulation.
It involves the removal of fine colloidal and suspended
particles by addition of required amount of certain chemicals
called coagulants. When added to water form and insoluble
gelatinous and flocculants which settle down easily. Alum,
ferrous sulphate provide al3 + and fe3 + ions to neutralize the
negative charge on colloidal and clay particles. After
neutralization, the tiny clay particles come nearer to one
another thus forming bigger and bigger particle which settle
down quickly.
 3.3. Removal of Micro-organisms
The water coming out of previous methods still it contains
some pathogen (diseases producing bacteria). The process
of destroying or killing the diseases or other microorganism
is known as disinfection. The chemical or other substances
which are used to kill other microorganisms are known as
disinfectants. Some of the method used for the disinfection
of water are given below.

Boiling
Boiling water for 10 to 15 minutes can almost kill all
bacteria and other microorganism present in water. As this
method is very costly and not longer protection of water is
provided once disinfected This method is not used in
water works.
Bleaching Powder
This method is mostly used in small water works. In this
method about 1 kg of bleaching powder per 1000 kilolitre
of water is mixed and the water is allowed to stand
undisturbed for several hours. Hypochlorous acid produced
by the action of water on bleaching powder kills all the
bacteria and microorganism present in water.

3.4. Chlorination
Chlorine in most widely used disinfectants throughout the
world. For this purpose it is used as a gas or a concentrated
aqueous solution in the liquid form. Chlorine on coming in
contact with water production of hydrochloric acid which is
a powerful germicide. It is a bacticurd that disinfects cl2
due to formation of HOCl which deactivate certain
essential enzyme present in microorganism thereby killing
these microorganisms.

3.5. Chloramine
When chlorine and Ammonia are mixed in ratio 2:1 by
volume a compound chloramines is formed.

As the disinfecting action of chloramine is much more

lasting than chlorine it is considered to be better
disinfectant, further excess chloramines does not import any
lead test or smell to the treated water therefore nowadays
chloromaine is preferred over fluorine along for disinfecting
water.

4. Methods used for purification of

water on small scale.
4.1. Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis is a water purification process that uses a
semi-permeable membrane (synthetic lining) to filter out
unwanted molecules and large particles such as
contaminants and sediments like chlorine, salt, and dirt
from drinking water. In addition to removing contaminants
and sediments, reverse osmosis can also remove
microorganisms – which you certainly do not want to
drink. It gets water clean down to a molecular level, leaving
only pure H2O behind.
Osmosis is the process by which water passes through a
semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated
solution into a more concentrated one. In other words, the
pure water passes through the filter to the contaminated
water in order to equalize the concentrations – which is
not what we want our drinking water to do. This
movement generates osmotic pressure.
In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome
the osmotic pressure and push the water from high
concentration of contaminants to low concentration of
contaminants. This means it’s being forced in reverse and
the contaminated water is trying to move into the pure
water, but because it must pass through a filter first, the
contaminants get trapped and only the pure water passes
through; resulting in the cleanest possible drinking water.

4.2. Ozone
Ozone water treatment works by dissolving ozone into
water and through the ensuing oxidation of bacteria and
other waterborne pathogens. To better understand the
process, it is best to first understand how ozone is created.
Ozone is born out of oxygen. An oxygen molecule contains
two oxygen atoms (O2), while an ozone molecule contains
three oxygen atoms (O3). When electricity or ultraviolet
light stream through air, their energy splits oxygen
molecules into two oxygen atoms. The loose oxygen atoms
then recombine with ordinary oxygen molecules to form
ozone. In the upper atmosphere, sunlight interacts with
oxygen to produce earth’s protective ozone layer. While
closer to the surface, ozone is created when lightning
strikes and electricity cuts through oxygen rich air. Both
processes are mimicked in ultraviolet and electrical ozone
generators, which make ozone water treatment possible.
Ozone can also be produced by electrolytic and chemical
reactions, but UV and electrical ozone generators are the
most common for water treatment.
 4.3. Distillation
Water distillation is a water purification process that uses a
heat source to vaporize water and separate it from the
contaminants within. Most frequently, the undesirable
elements are what you find naturally in ground or surface
water. Distillation heats untreated water until the water
reaches its relatively low boiling point and begins to
vaporize. The heat of the water is then kept at this
temperature to maintain the water vaporization while
stopping other elements from vaporizing as well. This
process also helps to separate the water molecules from any
microscopic disease-causing organisms. Once the water has
vaporized, that vapor is then funneled into a condenser.
Removed from the heat source, the water cools and reverts
back to its liquid form and flows into a receiving container.
Throughout the course of history, people have also
experimented with using solar power for the water
distillation process. This is due to the high cost of heating
sources to start the process. This version makes use of solar
power, which is more environmentally friendly than most
other power sources.

5. Conclusion
We can conclude from the project that there are various
methods of purification of water. Today, we know that water
is present everywhere on earth in different forms but due to
human activities water is being polluted day by day not only
that about 97% of earths water is in oceans which is not
suitable for drinking or any other purpose. So there is very
small volume of water is left, to utilise that humans are using
best ways to purify it. And in present time humans are
capable to purify water and all the methods to purify it are
mentioned in the project.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I HAVE TAKEN HELP FROM:

INTERNET
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL FILE
CHEMISTRY BOOK
MY CLASSMATES
MY SENIOR BROTHER
CHEMISTRY LAB (for observations and tests..)