ARNIKO HIGHER SECONDARY

SCHOOL
BIRATNAGAR,MORANG

PROJECT: STUDY OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF

PURIFICATION OF WATER

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED

TO:
NAME: ROJINA ADHIKARI NAME:
CLASS: 11 SUBJECT:
CHEMISTRY
SECTION: FRANKLIN
ROLL NO.: 2079355
 Study of different methods of purification of water :

CATALOG

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1

2. IMPORTANCE OF WATER PURIFICATION............................................................ 1

3. METHODS OF PURIFICATION.............................................................................. 1

4. BOILING.............................................................................................................. 2

5. CHLORINATION...................................................................................................3

6. SODIS..................................................................................................................4

7. DISTILLATION.......................................................................................................5

8. FILTRATION...........................................................................................................6

9. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................7

10. REFERENCES.........................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION:
Water purification for human consumption purposes consists in the removal of different
contaminants as chemicals (i.e. pollutants, toxic metals), biological contaminants (algae, bacteria,
fungi, parasites), suspended solids and gases. One major purpose of water purification is to provide
clean water. Most water is purified for human consumption but water purification may also be
designed for a variety of other purposes including meeting the requirement of medical, chemical and
industrial applications. The purification procedure reduces the concentration of contaminants such
as suspended particles, parasites, viruses, bacteria.

In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation and
distillation, biological processes such as filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such
as chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolent light. Some purification
may be elective in the purification process, including the removal of smell (hydrogen sulphide
remediation), taste (mineral extraction), and colour( from iron incapsulation).

It is not possible to tell whether water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination. Simple
procedures such as boiling or the use of a household activated filter are not sufficient for treating all
the possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even natural
spring – considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century – must now be tested before
determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while
expensive, are the only way to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate
method of purification.

According to 2007 World Health Organization WHO report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an
improved drinking water supply, 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrhoea are attributed to
unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, while 1.8 million people die from diarrhoea
disease each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrhoea disease cases are preventable
through modification of environment, including access to safe water. Simple techniques for treating
water at home, such as boiling, filters, etc. could save number of lives each year.

IMPORTANCE OF WATER PURIFICATION:

1. Water purification system reduces risks of water-borne diseases.
2. Purified water makes the human digestion system strong.
3. Pure water can benefit people with skin allergies.
4. It helps to prevent the various cancer causing risks.
5. Water purification system removes chlorine from water and makes it healthy for drinking
purpose.
6. Home water purification system will prevent more than 2100 water contaminants.
7. Water purification system eliminates the risk of drinking contaminated water and
environment pollution.

METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF WATER:

1. Boiling
2. Chlorination
3. SODIS (solar disinfection method )
4. Distillation
5. Filtration
BOILING:

Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification. Water sources and or
channels of distribution may render your water unsafe. For example, parasites and germs are things
you may not see by bare eyes, but their effects can be life threatening.

In this method, clean water should be brought to boil and left at rolling-boil for 1-3 minutes. For
people living in high altitude areas, it is recommended to boil your water for longer than water
boiled at lower altitudes. This is because water boils at lower temperatures in higher altitudes.
Boiled water should be covered and left to cool before drinking. For water drawn from wells, leave it
for compounds to settle before you filter out clean water for use.

Fig. Boiling of water

Image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/PRtd5H1atHEifLP5A

CHOLRINATION:

Chlorination involves adding a measured amount of chlorine to water to produce a residual

sufficient to kill bacteria, viruses, and cysts. The killing effect of chlorine depends on the pH of the
water, temperature, chlorine level and contact time (i.e., the time the chlorine is in the water before
consumption)

Typically, chlorine is added to public drinking water as the final stage of treatment, often following
an upstream filtration step which removes sediment that can tie up chlorine and shield organisms
from its effect. Chlorine has been used for over a century as a primary water disinfectant and is
largely responsible for elimination of water-borne diseases such as typhoid and dysentery in
developed countries.

Fig. Chlorination of water

 Image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/FLWYCQG2TyiMsuwF7

SODIS ( SOLAR DISINFECTION METHOD :

Solar disinfection method, in short SODIS is a method of using heat and UV radiation to kill bacteria
and parasites in water. Solar disinfection works by placing contaminated water in a transparent
container and exposing it to strong sunlight for 6 to 8 hours if sunny, or 2 days (if cloudy).

This method is most appropriate when water is clear and clean, transparent containers for
treatment are available

Fig. SODIS ( solar disinfection method )

Image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/8d9c6rPBErK1qC5E9

DISTILLATION:
Distillation is a water purification method that utilizes heat to collect pure water in the form of
vapour. This method is effective by the scientific fact that water has a lower boiling point than other
contaminants and disease-causing elements found in water. Water is subjected to a heat source
until it attains its boiling point. It is then left at the boiling point until it vaporizes. This vapour is
directed into a condenser to cool. Upon cooling, vapour is reversed into liquid water that is clean
and safe for drinking. Other substances that have a higher boiling point are left as sediments in the
container.

This method is effective in removing bacteria, germs, salts and other heavy metals such as lead,
mercury and arsenic. Distillation is ideal for people who have access to raw, untreated water. This
method has both advantages and disadvantages. A notable disadvantage is that it is a slow process
of water purification. In addition, it requires a heat source for the purification to work. Although
cheap sources of energy are being developed, distillation remains a costly process of purifying water.
It is only ideal (effective and least costly) when purifying small quantities of water (It is not ideal for
large scale, commercial or industrial purification).
 Fig. Distillation of water

Image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/hwNzAwzrhZvRbXhD7

FILTRATION:

Filtration is one of the effective ways of purifying water and when using the right multimedia filters
it’s effective in ridding water of the compounds. This method uses chemical and physical processes
to purify water and make it safe for human consumption. Filtration eliminates both large compounds
and small, dangerous contaminants that cause diseases with a simple and quick filtration process..
Since filtration does not deplete all the mineral salts, water that has been filtered is considered
healthier compared to water purified using other methods. It’s one of the effective water
purification methods that utilize chemical absorption process that effectively removes unwanted
compounds from water.

Compared to reverse osmosis, filtration is considered effective when it comes to selective

elimination of much smaller molecular compounds such as chlorine and pesticides. The other factor
that makes filtration less costly is that it does not require a lot of energy needed in distillation and
reverse osmosis. It is an economic method of water purification because little water is lost during
purification
 Fig. Filtration of water

Image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/jDzgg48D3mCHMKoi9

CONCLUSION:

Water purification is the process of removing impurities or pollutants from contaminated water to
make it clean water. It is a refinement of water through the exclusive of undesirable chemicals,
impurities that lay suspended in the water. Water purification and disinfection is crucial. It ensures
that you and your family are in good health. It reduces risk of water-borne diseases. Water
purification system can reduce the risk of different medical conditions by removing chlorine on
drinking water. Pure water also benefits people with skin allergies. It is also necessary for pregnant
women as impure water can lead to several birth defects and congenital health problems. Hence,
water purification is necessary and everyone must purify water before drinking.

REFERENCES:
 https://images.app.goo.gl/PRtd5H1atHEifLP5A
 https://images.app.goo.gl/FLWYCQG2TyiMsuwF7
 https://images.app.goo.gl/8d9c6rPBErK1qC5E9
 https://images.app.goo.gl/hwNzAwzrhZvRbXhD7
 https://images.app.goo.gl/jDzgg48D3mCHMKoi9
 Www.google.com