A

Micro Project on
Topic – VISIT TO WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
Subject – ENVOIRNMENTAL STUDIES (22447)

Submitted by

1. PRATIK GOPAL KULKARI 21419

2. RUSHIKESH SHIVAJI PATIL 21430
3. ROHIT NANDKUMAR SUTAR 21439

Under the guidance of

Prof - K.H.JADHAV

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, MIRAJ.

2022-23
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Roll No. 21419, 21430,21439 of FOURTH Semester
of Diploma in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. of Institute,
GOVT.POLYTECHNIC MIRAJ (Inst. Code: 0131) has completed the Micro
Project satisfactorily in the Subject - : ENVOIRNMENTAL STUDIES
for the academic year 2022 - 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum by MSBTE
Mumbai.

Place: miraj Enrollment No:

2101310245,55,64

Date: ……………………… Exam. Seat No:

Subject Teacher Principal Head of the

Department
 FIELD VISIT TO WATER TREATMENT PLANT

ALUVA

REPORT

1. INTRODUCTION

Water treatment is whereby the used water or raw water from the river is treated in
process to make the water more acceptable for a desired end-used. The goal of
water treatment is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the
concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-
used. The process involved in treating water is solids separation using physical
process and chemical process.
Before the water is distributed into the public houses, the water has to undergo the
water treatment process such as follows: -
• Aeration are to eliminate unneeded dissolved gases such as (CO 2, H2S,NH3).  It
is also to increase DO level in water and remove DOC  Coagulation is the
removal of turbidity from the water.
• Turbidity is a cloudy appearance of water caused by small particles suspended
therein. Water with little or no turbidity will clear.
• Flocculation is mixing process in which particles are brought into contact in order
to promote their agglomeration
• Sedimentation is to remove suspended material from water by the action of gravity.
• Filtration is to remove suspended particles from water by passing the water through
medium such as sand.
• Disinfection is to destroy pathogens within a practicable period of time.
• Water distribution is to satisfy the water requirements for a combination of
domestic, commercial, industrial and fire-fighting purposes.
After water passes or flowing through all distinctive features, it’s collected into
water tank and ready to be supply to houses area.
 • FLOW CHART OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT

1.Flowchart of water treatment palnt

2. OBJECTIVE

The objectives of visiting the water treatment plant are:-

 To study the types of water treatment plant used.

 To study the process of water treatment.
3. WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

i. COLLECTION:-

The raw water which is supplied to the water treatment plant comes from periyar river.

ii. COAGULATION:-

Coagulation is often the first step in water treatment. During coagulation,

chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. The positive charge
neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the
water. When this occurs, the particles bind with the chemicals to form
slightly larger particles. Common chemicals used in this step include
specific types of salts, aluminum, or iron.

The raw water is first treated with chemical coagulant alum. The dose of
alum varies depending upon the turbidity, color, temperature & pH of the
water.

iii. FLASH MIXING:-

Treated water is then subjected to violent agitation in a mixing chamber for a

few minutes. This allows quick and rapid dissemination of alum throughout
the bulk of the water.
The water treatment process truly begins with a very brief turn in a flash
mixing chamber.
After screening out debris and testing raw water, chemicals that encourage
coagulation are added to the water stream. The mixture is agitated quickly
and thoroughly in a process called flash mixing. The chemicals introduced
into the water stream will attract any very fine particles, such as silt, that will
not readily settle or filter out and make them clump together. These larger,
heavier formations are called floc, which are much easier to
remove from the water.

Iv. . FLOCCULATION:-
This phase involves a slow and gentle stirring of the treated water in a
flocculation chamber. The mechanized type of rotor is used. This causes the
formation of thick copious white flocculent precipitate. The thicker the
precipitate is, the higher is the settling velocity.

Flash mixing
 Clariflocculator

v. SEDIMENTATION:-

Sedimentation is one of the steps water treatment plants use to separate out
solids from the water. During sedimentation, flocs settle to the bottom of the
water because they are heavier than water.

-The coagulated water is now lead into sedimentation tank where it is detained for
2-6 hrs when the flocculent precipitate together with impurities and bacteria settle
down in the tank.
-At least 95% of the flocculent precipitate needs to be removed from the water
before it is admitted to the rapid filters.
vi. FILTERATION:-

Once the flocs have settled to the bottom of the water, the clear water on top
is filtered to separate additional solids from the water. During filtration, the
clear water passes through filters that have different pore sizes and are made
of different materials (such as sand, gravel, and charcoal). These filters
remove dissolved particles and germs, such as dust, chemicals, parasites,
bacteria, and viruses. Activated carbon filters also remove any bad odors.

Water treatment plants can use a process called ultrafiltration in addition to or

instead of traditional filtration. During ultrafiltration, the water goes through a
filter membrane with very small pores. This filter only lets through water and other
small molecules (such as salts and tiny, charged molecules).

Reverse osmosisexternal icon is another filtration method that removes additional

particles from water. Water treatment plants often use reverse osmosis when
treating recycled waterexternal icon (also called reused water) or salt
water for drinking.

-Each filter unit has 6 sand beds – coarse pebble, fine pebble, coarse gravel, fine
gravel, coarse sand, fine sand.
-The thickness of sand bed is 110 cm.
-The under drains at the bottom of the filter bed collects the filter water.
-Sand filters getting dirty and beginning to lose efficiency approaching 7-8 feet
needing, backwashing.

Fig.3.3. Sand filtration bed

vii. BACKWASHING :-

-As filter proceeds, the suspended impurities and bacteria clog the filters.
-The filter soon becomes dirty and begin to lose their efficiency and are subjected
to backwashing.
-This is done by reversing the flow of water through the sand bed.
-Washing is stopped when clear sand is visible and the wash water is sufficiently
clean.
-It takes about 15 minutes.
viii. DISINFECTION :-

After the water has been filtered, water treatment plants may add one or more
chemical disinfectants (such as chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide) to kill
any remaining parasites, bacteria, or viruses. To help keep water safe as it travels
to homes and businesses, water treatment plants will make sure the water has low
levels of the chemical disinfectant when it leaves the treatment plant. This
remaining disinfectant kills germs living in the pipes between the water treatment
plant and your tap.

In addition to or instead of adding chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide, water

treatment plants can also disinfect water using ultraviolet (UV) light icon external
icon. UV light and ozone work well to disinfect water in the treatment plant, but
these disinfection methods do not continue killing germs as water travels through
the pipes between the treatment plant and your tap.

-This is the last step before storage and distribution of this water.
-The process used is chlorination.
-The chlorine gas is used for effective disinfection.

ix. RESERVOIR :-

-We have visited the reservoir where the purified water was stored.
-From there it was supplied to various parts of Ernakulam and Aluva.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

When most Australians turn on a tap, clean, clear water runs out. But how does the local
water supplier make sure the water is safe and pleasant to drink? The answer is likely to
include some form of water treatment. Most urban communities collect water from a
natural water body in the catchment, whether a stream, river, or underground aquifer.
The water collected may then be stored in a reservoir for some time. Unless it is already of
very high quality, it then undergoes various water treatment processes that remove any
chemicals, organic substances or organisms that could be harmful to human health. The
water is then delivered to the community through a network of mains and pipes called a
distribution
system.

Why learn about water:

♦ Water issues affect everyone.

♦ Understanding how water is supplied and managed assists in a better appreciation
of this
precious resource.

THE WATER CYCLE (HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE):

The movement of water above, on and below the earth’s surface has no beginning or end.
Figure 2 WATER CYCLE Securing Our Water Future. A State Water Strategy for
Western Australia. 9 July 2004
Surface Water- used to describe water on the earth’s surface.

♦ Lakes and Reservoirs

♦ Rivers and Streams

Groundwater- all water that is beneath the earth’s surface. When we turn on the tap, start
the washing machine or take a shower, we don’t necessarily think of the sun and the rain,
but that is where the water comes from. The process known as the water cycle begins with
energy from the sun reaching water in oceans, seas, rivers and lakes. Water evaporates and
becomeswater vapour. As the water vapour rises, it cools and condenses into
billions of droplets to form clouds. Vegetation is another source of water vapour. The
roots of plants pump water out of the ground and pass it into the atmosphere in a process
known as transpiration. Clouds hold rainwater as long as they stay warm. If the air cools,
the droplets merge until they are so heavy that they fall back to Earth as rain, hail or snow.
The atmosphere is capable of holding about 10 days’ supply of rain – enough to drop
about 25 millimetres of freshwater over the entire surface of the planet.
ADVANTAGES –

1. PROVIDES CLEAN AND REUSABLE WATER

2. PROTECT ENVIRONMENT

3. PREVENTS PEPOLE FROM WATER-BORNE DISEASES

4. YIELDS ECONOMY

4. CONCLUSION

Water plays a very important role in human life, whether for daily routine purpose
or human health. This field visit gave us the knowledge about the purification of
water on large scale and made us aware about the quality of water since it may
affect the human health especially. Also the trip made us realized that it is not easy
to supply the water directly from the main supply to the people. Thus, thanks to the
responsible party and the workers who invested in this project to ensure the health
and convenience of the people in Aluva and Ernakulam and the faculties for
planning this event smoothly.
 REFERANCES : -

[1] Engineering Planning and Management Consultant, “Data collection of national

study on privatization of solid waste management in eight cities of Pakistan” 1996

[2] George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen, and Samuel A. Vigil, “Integrated Solid
Waste Management” McGraw Hill edition.

[3] Davis & Cornwell, “Introduction to Environmental Engineering” Second Edition,

McGraw Hill

[4] Akio, “Domestic Solid Waste Management in Pakistan” Japan International

Corporation Agency (JICA), Pakistan, 2002.

[5] An Introduction to Rawalpindi Municipal Corporation”. Rawalpindi Municipal

Corporation, 1997.