*SEDIMENTATION

- Deposition of sediments is referred to as sedimentation. It happens when

particles in suspension come to rest against a barrier after settling out of the fluid
in which they are entrained.

*COAGULATION
- By adjusting the electrostatic charges of particles suspended in water, the
chemical water treatment process known as coagulation removes solids from
water. In order to destabilize the charges on particles, colloids, or oily materials in
suspension, this procedure introduces small, highly charged molecules into water.
*AERATION
- The process of increasing or maintaining the oxygen saturation of water in both
natural and man-made situations is known as water aeration. Pond, lake, and
reservoir management frequently use aeration techniques to treat low oxygen
levels or algae blooms.

*OZONATION
- By increasing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of the effluent, ozonation
is an effective treatment to lower the levels of micropollutants produced in
aquatic systems by wastewater treatment plants. Both the demand for reaeration
and the level of DO in the receiving stream can be reduced by an increase in DO.
Some viruses, spores, and cysts may not be successfully inactivated by low
dosages.

*FILTRATION
- The pure water goes through filters constructed of various materials and with
various pore sizes during the filtration process (such as sand, gravel, and
charcoal). These filters eliminate germs and dissolved contaminants such dust,
chemicals, parasites, bacteria, and viruses.

a. Slow sand filters

- Slow sand filters are employed in the process of water purification to cleanse
raw water and create drinkable water. They are generally used to treat surface
water, are typically 1-2 m deep, and have a rectangular or cylindrical cross shape.
b. Pressure sand filters
- Multiple layers of sand with different sizes and specific gravities make up the
Pressure Sand Filter. These filters are made to remove turbidity and suspended
particles from feed water with the least amount of pressure loss possible.

c. Diatomaceus earth filters

- Diatoms or diatomaceous earth, which are the skeletal remains of tiny, single-
celled organisms, are used as the filter media in the process known as
diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration. DE filtration, also known as pre-coat filtration,
uses a layer of diatomaceous earth that is applied to a filter element or septum.

d. Pasteur filters
- Developed in Pasteur's laboratory, this porcelain filter contained microscopic
pores that let fluids pass through while keeping out bacteria and other microbes.
In order to provide a supply of clean water and to purify goods for industrial
purposes, bacterial filters were a crucial instrument.

e. fine filtration
- Any material that can be carried by fluid movement and eventually deposits as a
layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid is
considered a sediment. This eliminates every particle larger than 20 microns or
the bulk of them.

f. Activated Carbon
- used to purify liquids and gases in a variety of applications, including municipal
drinking water, food and beverage processing, odor removal, industrial pollution
control.

g. Reverse Osmosis
- a method of water treatment that pushes water molecules across a
semipermeable membrane under pressure to remove pollutants. The impurities
are filtered out and flushed away during this procedure, leaving only clean, savor-
worthy drinking water.
6. Disinfection
- To eliminate any leftover parasites, bacteria, or viruses after the water has been
filtered, water treatment facilities may add one or more chemical disinfectants
(such as chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide).
7. Distillation
- a procedure for purifying water via evaporation. Steam is produced by heating
contaminated water. Large non-volatile organic molecules and inorganic
substances do not evaporate with the water and are left behind.
8. Fluoridation
- the carefully regulated addition of fluoride to a public water supply with the sole
purpose of lowering tooth decay. Fluoride is added to or naturally occurs in
fluoridated water at a level that is beneficial for preventing cavities.
9. Corrosion Control
- Drinking water must be treated for corrosion to stop the deterioration of pipes
and fittings, which eventually results in water loss and pressure loss. Additionally,
it lessens the leaching of metals that are hazardous to living things, such lead and
cadmium.
10. Nuisance Control
- to filter out as many suspended materials as possible before releasing the
residual water, known as effluent, back into the environment. The oxygen that is
needed by the aquatic plants and animals is depleted during the breakdown of
solid matter.
11. Adsorption
- Adsorption is used to get rid of dissolved contaminants in water. The most
typical method for removing organic compounds uses activated carbon.
12. UV Radiation
- The best way to eliminate bacteria from water is by ultraviolet water
purification. In your home's water, hazardous pathogens are penetrated by
ultraviolet (UV) rays, which kill disease-causing germs by targeting their genetic
center (DNA).
13. Zeolite Ion Exchanger
- Many different materials are adsorbed by zeolites. Applications for drying,
purification, and separation are included below. With a capacity of up to more
than 25% of their weight in water, they are very effective desiccants and can
remove water to very low partial pressures.
14. Desalination
- a method for turning brackish water or seawater into safe, drinkable water by
removing the extra salts. Thermal procedures and membrane processes are two
different subcategories of desalination techniques.