ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING

Group 7:
ΩKent Acdang
ΩJune Macalling
ΩRicky Pasiw-a
ΩMyra Faith Pawi

Water and Waste water Quality Parameters

WATER

 an organic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is
the main constituent of earths hydrosphere and then fluids of all known living organisms.

 Importance:

-It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic
micronutrients.

-Basic Resource

Natural Water

 The endless circulation of water between atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
is known as hydrologic cycle.

 We get water from precipitation of water vapor in the atmosphere.

EUTROPHICATION

 The gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plants nutrients in
an aging aquatic ecosystem such as lake.

 Cause: Harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and fish kills

Thermal Stratification in lakes

 Refers to a change in the temperature at different depths in lake, and is due to the change in
waters density with temperature.

 Cause:

 Occurs when the water in a lake forms distinct layers through the heating of the sun.

 As the water warms, it become less dense and remains at the surface, floating in a
layer above the cooler, denser water below.

3 layers
  1. epilimnion

-The shallowest layer or the warm water surface layer. The layer of water that interacts with the wind
and sunlight, so it becomes the warmest and contains the most dissolved oxygen.

2. hypolimnion

-The deepest layer ( cold, dense water at the lake bottom),rarely gets the any direct warmth from the
sun and is isolated from the air at the surface of the lake.

3. metalimnion

-the transition zone (middle layer) of water between the warm epilimnion and cold hypolimnion. The
place where the shallowest of the cool waters in the hypolimnion gradually warm up until they mix
into the epilimnion. Where the thermocline occurs.

RIVER POLLUTION

 The contamination of water sources by substances which make the water unusable for
drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities.

 Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria and parasites. All forms eventually make their
way to water.

 source:

- agricultural run-offs (usage of much fertilizers, pesticides)

-urbanization

-industrial effluents

 Cause and effect:

- primarily is the contamination of water bodies by toxic chemicals

-water pollution drastically affects aquatic life.

-the ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and destructured because of water pollution.

OXYGEN SAG CURVE

 Refers to reduction in dissolved oxygen plotted over a distance along a water body from a
point at which sewage or other pollutants have been discharged.

Cause:

when pollutants (waste or excess fertilizers) enter the water, BOD (biological oxygen demand) and DO
levels change, producing the oxygen sag curve.

OXYGEN SAG ANALYSIS

  Oxgyen Deficit (D) = saturation DO – Actual DO

WATER TREATMENT METHODS

 It is needed to kill all the pathogenic germs, which are harmful to human health.
 To remove the unpleasant and objectionable taste and odors from the water.
 To remove dissolved gases, colour of water
 To make water fit for domestic, industrial, and commercial uses.
 To remove micro-organism and colloidal matters.

WATER TREATMENT METHODS

1. SCREENING
 The removal of any floating objectlike leaves, branches, fishes, weeds, etc. From the
water.
2. SEDIMENTATION
 Removal of suspended matters having higher specific gravity than water and fine
suspended matter
3. SEDIMENTATION with coagulation
 It is the precipitation of suspended articles as they increase in size (by any of several
physical or chemical)
4. FILTRATION
 the process of passing the water through the bed of such granular materials that have
different pore sizes (such as sand, gravel and charcoal)
 It also removes water impurities and dangerous contaminants such as chlorine,
disinfection byproducts and heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic.
 Importance
o it gives people access to clean water that is free of the contaminants, tastes
good, and is reliable source of hydration.
5. DISINFECTION
 It a crucial water treatment method as it ensures that water is free of pathogenic
micro-organisms causing water borne diseases.
 Pre-chlorination and dichlorination- mostly to kill algae that would otherwise grow
and clog the water filters. Also kill much of the remaining unprotected bacteria.
 Is an important stage when treating water where in it remove dissolved particles
and germs, such as dust, chemicals, parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
 Destruction or deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms results in stopping their
reproduction and growth.
 It includes halogens, chlorine, iodine, bromine, and chlorine dioxide and oxygen-
releasing materials such as peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
 People may fall ill by consuming the contaminated water containing the pathogenic
microorganisms.
 6. DESALINATION
 Is the process of removing salts or other minerals and contaminants from seawater,
brackish water, and wastewater effluent and it is an increasingly common solution
to obtain fresh water for human consumption and for domestic/industrial
utilization.
 Desalinated water, provided that it’s clean, is perfectly fine to drink.

WATER DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE

WATER DISTRIBUTION

 Is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from
centralized treatment plant or wells to consumer to satisfy residential, commercial,
industrial and firefighting requirements.
 It includes storage facilities, valves, fire hydrants, service connections to uses
facilities, and perhaps pumping facilities.
 In urban and suburban areas, most water is piped in from a central water supply.
 The water supply might be a river, natural lake, a reservoir behind dam, or several
deep wells.
 In many big cities, reservoirs are located far away, and the water is brought to the
city through aqueducts.

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. DEAD END / TREE SYSTEM

 It contains dead ends in the pipe system
 So the water does not flow continuously in the dead end system.
2. GRID RING SYSTEM
 The water flow continuously in this system without stagnating.
 This is also called as interlaced system or reticulation system. It is more
suitable for well planned cities.
3. RING WATER SYSTEM
 Also called a circular system in which the main pipe line is provided around
the city or area.
 From this main line, the branch lines are projected perpendicularly and they
are also connected with each other.
 So , in every street of the distributed area will get sufficient quantity of
water.
4. RADIAL SYSTEM
  It is quite opposite to the ring system. The whole area is divided into small
distribution districts or zones and an individual reservoir is provided for
each distribution zone. From this reservoir the pipe lines are laid radially.

WATER STORAGE

 An important component of distribution system

 Its main purpose is to provide sufficient amounts of water to average or equalize the
daily demand on the system.
 IMPORTANCE
o Is essential for meeting all the domestic, industrial, and fire demands of most
public water system.
o Strong water in a tank allows well that produce small amounts of water to
supply enough water from a house, garden and even some agriculture if that
water is collected over time and stored in a water tank.