AN ASSIGNMENT ON

BUILDING SERVICES GROUP 2

1. EKENE, ANGELICA KEEGAN

ARC. 615
2. NED, NSIKAKABASI MOSES

3. ETIM, PATRICK ANTHONY

4. DAVIS, INNOCENT MICHAEL

5. EKANEM, ANIEFIOK SUNDAY

6. EZEOCHA, GOODLUCK NICHOLAS

SUBMITTED TO:
ARC. M. A. OLADELE
(COURSE COORDINATOR)
 WHAT IS WATER?

Water is a colorless, transparent, and odorless liquid

that is essential for the survival of living organisms.

PRIMARY SOURCE OF WATER

The primary source of water is the water cycle
Evaporation:
The sun's heat warms water, causing molecules to escape from oceans, lakes, rivers, and even plants (through leaves in a process
called transpiration). These molecules turn into water vapor and rise into the atmosphere.

Condensation: As the water vapor rises, it cools down and condenses around tiny particles in the air,
forming microscopic water droplets. These droplets then cluster together to create clouds, visible
evidence of the cycle in action.

Precipitation: When enough water droplets accumulate in a cloud, they become too heavy to stay
suspended and fall back to Earth in various forms like rain, snow, hail, or sleet. This precipitation
replenishes water sources like oceans, lakes, and rivers, and also infiltrates the ground, becoming groundwater.

Runoff and infiltration: Some precipitation flows downhill as surface runoff, filling rivers and streams on its way back to the oceans.
Meanwhile, other water soaks into the ground, a process called infiltration, and replenishes groundwater reserves.
THE WATER CYCLE
 SOURCES OF WATER

SOURCES OF WATER
Rainwater, water bodies like Wells and Springs,
Reservoirs, Rivers, Streams, Ponds, Lakes
and Tanks.

OTHER SOURCES OF WATER ARE:

. Groundwater and Surface water:

 SOURCES OF WATER
GROUNDWATER:
This is water stored underground in rocks and soil. It is replenished by surface water infiltration and can be
accessed through wells or springs. Groundwater represents a major source of freshwater for drinking,
agriculture, and industrial uses. Groundwater is usually very clean since it is filtered through rocks and soil.
The soil, sand, rocks, and other surface formations act as a natural filter for water moving through it.

SURFACE WATER:
This is water that sits on the surface of the Earth, including:
Freshwater:
Lakes and rivers: These hold a significant portion of the world's freshwater, vital for drinking, irrigation, and
ecosystem health.
Wetlands: These areas collect and store water, filtering it and preventing flooding.
Glaciers and snow: These frozen reserves, especially in polar regions and mountain ranges, contribute
significantly to freshwater when they melt.
Oceans: The vast saltwater bodies cover most of the Earth's surface and play a crucial role in climate
regulation and biodiversity.

It includes different water bodies like rivers, streams, oceans, Reservoirs,

Rivers, Streams, Ponds, Tanks and lakes from runoff of the surrounding
environment
 TYPES OF WATER
Hard water: Water with high mineral content, mainly calcium and magnesium,
which can affect soap lathering and cause scaling in pipes.

Soft water: Water with low mineral content, typically easier on plumbing
and appliances but may lack certain minerals essential for health.

Acidic water: Water with a pH below 7, potentially corrosive and harmful

to aquatic life.

Alkaline water: Water with a pH above 7, sometimes claimed to have health benefits
but needs scientific validation.

Potable water: Safe for human consumption, meeting quality standards for
drinking and cooking.

Non-potable water: Not safe for direct consumption but can be used for
other purposes like irrigation, industrial processes, or sanitation.
 QUALITY OF WATER
Quality of water are categorized into five(5) and it is based on the potability of the water.

Category 1 wholesome (drinking): This is water supplied by the undertaker. Example is direct
water from the undertaker’s main.

Category 2 wholesome (drinking): This is water which has been changed either heated or altered in
taste odour or appearance. Example Hot water

Category 3 fluids posing a slight health hazard: These fuildis contain low toxicity chemicals such
as common disinfectnats

Category 4 Fluids posing a significant health hazard: These fluids contain toxic substances such as
pesticides and environmental organism.
Category 5 Fluids posing a serious health hazard: These fluids pathogenic organism, radioactive or
very toxic substances such as faecal matter.
 USES OF WATER

- Domestic Purposes
Domestic Purposes:
Include bathing, cleaning, cooking,
drinking, and washing.

USES OF WATER SOURCES

Bathing Well, stream, water from mains,
Cleaning well, stream and water from mains
Cooking water from mains
Drinking water from mains
Washing stream, rain water, water mains
Sanitarty water from mains
 USES OF WATER
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS:
Include irrigation, farming, gardening, and
frost control.

USES OF WATER SOURCES

irrigation, rain water, Well, stream, and river
 USES OF WATER
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
Here are some prominent industrial uses of water:

COOLING AND HEATING:

Power generation: Water is used in cooling systems for power plants,

turbines, and machinery.

Metal processing: Water cools down hot metals during shaping and refining processes.

Chemical and petrochemical processes: Water regulates temperature in reactors and

helps control exothermic reactions.

USES OF WATER SOURCES

Power generation river and rain water
food processing water from mains
 USES OF WATER

MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION:

Food and beverage production: Water is used for cleaning, processing, and packaging
food and beverages.
Pulp and paper industry: Water is used for pulping wood, preparing solutions, and
washing paper during production.
Textile industry: Water is used for dyeing, bleaching, and finishing textiles.
Chemical manufacturing: Water acts as a solvent, reactant, and cleaning
agent in many chemical processes.

SOURCES OF WATER USED: : water from mains

 WATER DEMAND IN A BUILDING
1. water use:

Domestic demand:
Water used for drinking, cooking, bathing,
toilet flushing, and laundry.

HVAC and fire fighting systems:

Non-domestic demand: Water used for cooling systems
Water used for landscaping, and fire sprinkler systems.
swimming pools, car washing, etc.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN A BUILDING
There are four basic methods of distribution of water in buildings

1. Direct supply system from mains

2. Gravity distribution system
3. Pressurized distribution system (hydro pneumatic pumping system)
4. Ring main distribution systen

1. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM FROM MAINS

This system us used when adequate pressure is
available in the mains to supply water at adequate
pressure to the topmost floor.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN A BUILDING
2. GRAVITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
This is the most common water
distribution system this system
encompasses pumping water to
one or more over head tank.
The water is supplied from the
over head tank to different
floors by gravity through the system
of piping network.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN A BUILDING
3. PRESSURIZED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (HYDRO PNEUMATIC PUMPING SYSTEM)

This system us used when adequate pressure is available in the mains to supply water at adequate
pressure to the topmost floor. Water extracted from a river is pumped into a settlement tank,
subsequently filtered and chlorinated.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN A BUILDING
4. COMBINED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
This is the most common water distribution system
this system encompasses pumping water to one or more
over head tank. the water is supplied from the over head tank
to different floors by gravity through the system of piping
network

In buildings, water is disposed via sanitary appliances. Such

as toilets, baths, laundry, bidets and kitchen sinks etc.
 WATER SUPPLY
- Public water supply
- Private water supply

- Public water supply:

This is water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers and delivered to users.
It is also a public or private water system that provides water to at least 25 people or has a minimum of 15
service connection. Example of public water spply system include those that serve cities and towns, military bases
and large mobile home parks.

- Private water supply:

A private water supply is a water supply which is not provided by a water company.
Private supplies may come from a number of sources, including wells, boreholes, rivers and streams.
These supplies are covered by the Private Water Supplies Regulations 2009.
The Regulations apply to private water supplies where the water is intended for human consumption.

ADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
1, Reliable access to clean water.
2. Improved public health.
3. fire safety
4. environmental protection
5. cost - effectiveness
6. convenience and ease of use
7. economic benefits
8. disaster preparedness
9. social equity
10. flexible
WATER SUPPLY
DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
1, Cost of maintainance .
2. Centralization and vulnerability to disruption.
3. Environmental impact
4. Water quality concerns
5 Potential for water waste
6. Dependence on fossil fuels
7. Limited control and transparency

ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY DISADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY

1, Economical contermination risk
2. Reliable supply of water
3. Better quality water
4. Better Pressure
5 More predictable cost
6. More evironmentally friendly
 CALCULATION OF CAPACITY
To calculate the capacity of persons for water distribution in buildings in Nigeria.
STEP 1: consider the minimum water requirement per person. According to the National Bureau of Statistics,
Nigeria, the average minimum water requirement per person is 135 liters.

To calculate the required storage volume for a building, we can use the following formula:

Total Water Requirement = Number of persons X Minimum Water requirement

For example, if there are 9 people in a building, the total water requirement would be:

Total Water Requirement = 1 person = 135 liters

9 persons = X
X = 9 X 135 Liters

Therefore, total Water Requirement = 1,215 Liters

According to Civil Planets, 1 cubic meter is equal to 1000 liters of water.

Therefore, the required storage volume for 1,215 liters of water would be:

Required Storage Volume = Total Water Requirement / 1000

= 1,215 / 1000
= 1.22 cubic meters
 REFERENCES

Water Quality Information by Topic COMPLETED

By Water Science School
November 13, 2018

https://byjus.com/biology/water/#Sources 20of 20Water

National Bureau of Statistics

https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/WATER SUPPLY.pdf
· PDF file
 INSTALLATION AND STORAGE OF WATER IN WATER TANKS
( HOW IT AFFECTS POTABLE WATER AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED (E-WASTE).)

Installation and Storage of Water Tanks: How it affects potable water and how it should be disposed (e-waste).
Research indicates that proper installation and storage of water tanks play a crucial role
in maintaining the quality of potable water. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
Incorrect installation may lead to microbial contamination, affecting water safety
(Source: WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality).

During the installation of water tanks, it is necessary to prepare a level and compacted base
to support the weight of the tank. Use materials like concrete or compacted gravel for a
stable foundation. Larger tanks may require a concrete pad as a foundation for stability.
Use high-quality pipes and fittings to ensure a reliable water supply. Consider installing a first
flush diverter to divert the initial runoff, which may contain contaminants. In storing a Water Tank,
it’s recommended to regularly clean the interior of the tank to prevent the buildup of sediment
and algae. Inspect the tank for leaks or damage periodically.

UV Protection: If the tank is exposed to sunlight, consider using tanks made of UV-resistant
materials or painting them to protect against degradation. Insulate the tank if it is used in
cold climates to prevent freezing. Ensure the tank has a secure lid or cover to prevent
debris, insects, and contamination. Periodically test the water quality to ensure it meets safety
standards.
 INSTALLATION AND STORAGE OF WATER IN WATER TANKS
( HOW IT AFFECTS POTABLE WATER AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED (E-WASTE).)

The material of the water tank can impact water quality. Common materials include plastic, fiberglass,
concrete, and metal. Each material has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, plastic tanks
are often resistant to corrosion, while metal tanks may corrode over time. The size and shape of
the tank can influence water quality. Larger tanks may provide more stable water temperatures
and reduce the risk of stagnation. Tanks with proper design and baffles can also minimize sediment
buildup. The location of the water tank is crucial. It should be installed in a clean and well-ventilated area,
away from potential sources of contamination such as sewage, chemicals, or waste disposal areas
 PLUMBING: HOW IT AFFECTS POTABLE WATER AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED (E-WASTE)

Research from the American Water Works Association ("Cross-Connection Control Manual," 2021)
emphasizes the critical role of proper plumbing in preventing cross-contamination and maintaining
water quality in distribution systems. Incorporate insights on plumbing materials, installation techniques,
and regular maintenance practices.

Effects of Plumbing Materials on Water Quality:

A study on "Impact of Plumbing Materials on Potable Water Quality"
(Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018) highlights how different plumbing materials
can influence water quality, addressing issues such as corrosion, leaching, and bacterial growth.

For instance, PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): PVC pipes are corrosion-resistant, preventing issues related to
rust or corrosion. Generally, PVC pipes do not leach harmful substances into water. However, there
may be concerns about certain additives used in PVC manufacturing. (Source: Journal of Environmental
Science and Health, Part A)
 PLUMBING: HOW IT AFFECTS POTABLE WATER AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED (E-WASTE)

In addition, materials such as Copper pipes are generally corrosion-resistant. However, aggressive
water conditions can lead to corrosion, affecting water quality.- Copper pipes can leach copper into the water,
which, in small amounts, is not harmful but can cause taste and discoloration. (Source: American Water Works Association)
The choice of plumbing material significantly influences water quality. Regular maintenance, monitoring, and selection of appropriate
materials based on water conditions are essential to mitigate issues such as corrosion, leaching, and bacterial growth
 SANITARY APPLIANCES: HOW IT AFFECTS POTABLE WATER AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED (E-WASTE)

Sanitary appliances are plumbing fixtures designed for personal hygiene and waste disposal,
including toilets, sinks, showers, and bidets.

Toilets and Bacterial Contamination: - Research from the World Health Organization (WHO) underscores
the importance of proper toilet design and maintenance in preventing bacterial contamination of water sources,
particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation facilities ("Sanitation Safety Planning," 2018).

Water Heaters and Heavy Metal Leaching:- Studies such as "Leaching of Metals from Water Heaters: Effect
on Drinking Water Quality" (Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2019) emphasize the potential for heavy metal
leaching from water heaters, impacting water quality.

Faucets and Cross-Contamination: - The American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) highlights the risk of
cross-contamination through faucets and recommends regular maintenance to prevent bacterial growth
("Plumbing Engineering & Design Handbook of Tables," 2020).

E-waste in Sanitary Appliances:

1. Electronic Components in Appliances:
- Investigate research like "Electronic Waste in Household Sanitary Appliances: A Comprehensive Review
" (Journal of Waste Management, 2021) to explore the electronic components in sanitary appliances and their implications
for e-waste disposal.

2. Recycling Challenges:
- The Journal of Cleaner Production's study on "Challenges in Recycling Electronic Components from Sanitary
Appliances" (2022) delves into the complexities of recycling electronic parts found in modern sanitary
appliances.
RETICULATION: HOW IT AFFECTS POTABLE WATER AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED (E-WASTE)

This refers to the process of distributing water or waste through a network of pipes or channels. Reticulation is a
crucial process in ensuring the safe and efficient distribution of potable water to households and businesses.
The reticulation system involves a series of pipes, valves, and pumps that transport water from the source to the end-user.
The system is designed to maintain a consistent water pressure and flow rate, which ensures that water is delivered to
all areas of the network.

However, reticulation can also have negative impacts on potable water quality. The pipes used in reticulation can corrode
over time, releasing metal ions such as iron and lead into the water. Additionally, the pipes can harbor bacteria and other
contaminants that can cause waterborne diseases. To mitigate these issues, regular maintenance and cleaning of the
reticulation system are necessary to ensure that water remains safe for consumption.

Reticulation plays a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient distribution of potable water and e-waste disposal
requires specialized facilities for responsible recycling practices. However, it is essential to maintain proper reticulation
system maintenance to prevent contamination of potable water sources and promote responsible e-waste disposal practices
to prevent environmental contamination. By implementing these measures, we can ensure that our communities have access
to safe drinking water while minimizing the negative environmental impacts associated with electronic waste disposal.
 SEWAGE: HOW IT AFFECTS POTABLE WATER AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED (E-WASTE)

Sewage refers to wastewater that contains a mixture of human waste, industrial discharges, and other domestic or
commercial liquids. It includes water from toilets, sinks, showers, and industrial processes. Sewage is typically transported
through a system of pipes for treatment and disposal to prevent contamination of water bodies and protect public health.
Proper sewage management is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases and maintain environmental health.

Improperly managed sewage can negatively impact potable water in several ways such as Microbial Contamination,
Nutrient Pollution, Chemical Contaminants, Groundwater Contamination and even transmission of Waterborne Diseases:

Proper sewage treatment and disposal systems are essential to minimize these impacts. Adequate wastewater
treatment plants, sewage infrastructure, and regulatory measures help ensure that contaminants are removed before
sewage is discharged into the environment. Additionally, public awareness and education play a role in promoting
responsible water use and sanitation practices.
 WASTE DISPOSAL (SOLID WASTE) -
Solid waste disposal refers to the proper management and elimination of non-liquid, non-soluble materials generated from various sources,
such as households, businesses, and industries. Solid waste can include a wide range of materials, such as paper, plastics, glass, metals,
textiles, and organic waste. The goal of solid waste disposal is to reduce environmental impact, prevent pollution, and protect public health.

Improper solid waste disposal can adversely affect potable water through Leachate Contamination, such as Landfills, a common method
of solid waste disposal, produce leachate—a liquid formed as rainwater percolates through the waste. If not properly managed, leachate
can contain pollutants that may infiltrate the soil and reach groundwater, potentially contaminating drinking water sources. It can also cause
surface Runoff Pollution, which is an Inadequate waste disposal practice that can lead to the accumulation of solid waste on the ground.
During rainfall, surface runoff can transport contaminants from these waste materials into nearby rivers or lakes, affecting the quality
of surface water used for drinking.

Implementing proper waste management practices, including recycling and safe disposal methods for hazardous materials. Constructing and
maintaining engineered landfills with proper liners and leachate collection systems. Encouraging public awareness and education on responsible
waste disposal to reduce littering and promote recycling. Strict enforcement of regulations and guidelines to ensure the proper handling and
disposal of solid waste.
 ROOF AND SITE WATER DRAINAGE

Roof drainage refers to the system designed to collect and direct rainwater from the roof of a building.
This typically involves the installation of gutters and downpours to channel water away from the building's foundation.
The collected water can be directed to various outlets, such as stormwater drains, rain barrels, or permeable surfaces.
Site water drainage in the other hand involves the overall management of surface water on a property,
including runoff from roofs, driveways, roads, and other surfaces. It encompasses the design and implementation of
drainage systems to prevent water accumulation and potential flooding.

Impact on Potable Water:

1. Prevention of Contamination: Proper roof and site water drainage help prevent the
accumulation of stagnant water, reducing the risk of microbial contamination and the breeding of
disease vectors such as mosquitoes.
2. Reducing Runoff Pollution: Effective drainage systems minimize surface runoff, which can
pick up pollutants from various surfaces. This helps prevent the transport of contaminants into
nearby water bodies, preserving water quality.
3. Preventing Erosion: Well-designed drainage systems prevent soil erosion by controlling the
flow of water. This protects water bodies from sedimentation and maintains water clarity.
Disposal of Drained Water:
1. Stormwater Drains: In urban areas, roof and site water drainage often connect to stormwater
drains, which channel water directly into local water bodies. These drains are designed to
handle rainwater and prevent flooding.
2. Rain Barrels or Harvesting Systems: Collecting roof runoff in rain barrels or using rainwater
harvesting systems allows for on-site storage and reuse of water for non-potable purposes,
reducing the demand on potable water sources.
3. Permeable Surfaces: Designing driveways and walkways with permeable surfaces allows
water to infiltrate the ground, reducing runoff and promoting groundwater recharge.