Building Utilities 1

Fundamentals of Water Supply

System
Ken Peter Molino BSAR Block 2A
A. Sources and uses of Water
Our world is a planet that is dominated by water and through the
years the development in the study of water has been improved
and practically tested. There are a lot of uses of water and the
following are just a few of it's examples:

1. The water is one of the most important source of

A human life,
2. Water is the habitat of several species
3. Water serves as our main course for the human hygiene
4. Water is the base of all drinks and beverages
Water Sources
Ground water: Open well, tube well/bore well, hand pump are sources
which make water available from ground.
Open Well: Where ground water is available at low depth (less than 15
meters - and water is available all year round, open well is used.
Hand Pump: Where safe ground water is available up to 60 m depth,
hand pump is ideal choice for a cluster or habitation.
Bore Well/Tube Well: Where ground water is at greater depth and open
wells or hand pumps are not viable, bore well or tube well is installed.
Surface Water: River, pond, dam site are sources where surface water
is available.
B. Physical, chemical and biological
properties of water
Physical Properties
1. Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change
the temperature of a substance. Because water has a high specific heat, it can absorb large
amounts of heat energy before it begins to get hot.
2. Water in a pure state has a neutral PH. As a result, pure water is neither acidic nor basic.
Water changes its pH when substances are dissolved in it.
3. Water conducts heat more easily than any liquid except mercury. This fact causes large
bodies of liquid water like lakes md oceans to have essentially a uniform vertical profile.
4. Water molecules exist in liquid form over an important range of temperature from 0-100
Celsius. This range allows water molecules to exist as a liquid in most places on our
5. Water is a universal
6. Water has a high surface tension. In other words. water is adhesive and elastic, and tends
to aggregate in drops rather than spread out over a surface as a thin film. This phenomenon
also water to stick to the sides of vertical structures despite gravity's downward Bill.
Chemical Properties
• Water's chemical formula is H20 ne molecule Odd shape With both
hydrogen atoms occurring on the same side of the oxygen atom
gives water its ability to "stick" to itself and to other surfaces.
hydrogen atoms Create a positive electrical charge while the
oxygen atom creates a negative charge. The attraction to another
is what causes water to form droplets. The chemical properties
make water essential to the functioning of living things including
human beings. We must ingest or drink water in order to maintain
good health.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
1. Adhesion: water tends to stick unlike substrates. Example is water sticking to blood
vessels.
2. Cohesion: which water molecules clings together due to Hydrogen bonding: the surface
film (top layer of water) is held by surface tension. Example is spilled water forming a
puddle
3. Solvency: water is considered a universal solvent for its ability to dissolve a wide range of
substance since it is a polar molecule. Example is salt or sugar dissolving in water.
4. Chemical reactivity: water Can participate in chemical reactions. Example: involvement
of water molecules in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
5. Thermal stability: Water has a high heat capacity, so it requires a kit of energy to heat up;
requires 1 cal to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C. stability of the ocean’s temperature
during summer and winter.
C. Water treatment methods
Purpose of Waste Water Treatment
• To prevent pathogenic microorganisms
causing the disease.
• To control unpleasant taste & appearance of
particles.
• To remove the excessive color of water &
turbidity.
• To extract the chemicals & dissolved minerals.
Methods of Water Treatment
• Screening
• Plain sedimentation
• Coagulation & flocculation
• Secondary sedimentation
• Filtration
• Disinfection
• Aeration
• Softening etc.
Procedures for Water Treatment
• Despite the existence of a multitude of technological processes for production of water for potable or other uses,
the general principles of purification are approximately the same. These principles provide the following range of
the primary procedures:
• Removal from the water of heterophase contaminants by sedimentation or coagulation & sedimentation,
filtration, &, less often, flotation. As a result of such treatment, water turbidity & color index are reduced.
• Elimination of admixture of active pathogenic bacteria & prevention of their reproduction (disinfection of water)
by chlorination, iodination, Ozonation, silvering, electro-magnetic radiation, & electro chemical & other methods.
• Adjustment of water composition in dissolved (homophase) admixtures. This stage can include a large diversity of
technological processes depending on the composition & quality of initial water. First, this includes the
elimination of smell, taste. & toxic trace pollutant of water by methods of aeration & degassing, oxidation,
adsorption, & removal from the water of iron, manganese, silicon, & fluorides.
• The final stage of water treatment might include water fluorination & softening (hardness removal). In region with
a deficiency of freshwater but availability of sources of brackish & saline water, it may also be necessary to carry
out water desalination.
• Special water treatment, for example by radiation method, as well its purification form specific contaminants
including radioactive matters or particular highly toxic chemicals.
Process of Water Treatment
D. Water storage and distribution systems
of hot and cold Water
Two types of water Storage Systems
• Natural Water Storage and the Hydrologic Cycle
• Artificial Water Storage
Four major types of water distribution
system

• Dead-end or Tree Distribution system.

• Gridiron Distribution System.
• Circular or ring Distribution System.
• Radial Distribution System.