CHIMIE DES EAUX
RÉSEAU THÉMATIQUE TREU
ENSEIGNANTE: Mme BENTCHIKOU L.
ENSSMAL / 2023-2024
UNITÉ D’ENSEIGNEMENT : UEF1.1.1
VHS: 45 H (COURS/TD/TP)
COEFFICIENT : 2
CRÉDITS : 3
OBJECTIVES
• THE WATER CHEMISTRY COURSE WILL PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH TOOLS TO
UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES THAT CONTROL THE CHEMICAL SPECIES PRESENT IN THE
WATERS.
• BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE WATER AND ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE
SYSTEMS WILL BE COVERED.
WATER CHEMISTRY PRORAM
1. GENERALITIES
The water molecule, the water cycle, the sources of water, the value of water analysis
2. QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN WATER ANALYSIS
Systems of units, units of major water elements, and units of trace elements in the water
3. ORIGIN OF WATER CHEMICAL SPECIES
Weathering processes, biological processes, liquid-gas chemical processes, and solid-
liquid chemical processes.
4. WATER BALANCES
Electrical neutrality, calcocarbon balances, ionization of water, dissociation of
Carbonic acid and the dissolution/precipitation of calcium carbonate
5. RAW NATURAL WATER ANALYSIS
The physico-chemical parameters of water (temperature, pH and conductivity), Chemical substances
(acidity, alkalinity, hydrotimetric titers, dissolved salts, solids), micropollutants.
6. INTERPRETATION OF WATER ANALYSIS
I. GENERALITIES
1. THE WATER MOLECULE
Water is a compound composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen with a
chemical formula of H2O (each molecule of water consists of one oxygen atom chemically
bonded to two hydrogen atoms).
Water is also a polar molecule ( polar covalent chemical bonding).
• The water molecule carries no net electric charge, its eight electrons are not distributed uniformly;
there is slightly more negative charge (purple) at the oxygen end of the molecule, and a
compensating positive charge (green) at the hydrogen end. The resulting polarity is largely
responsible for water's unique properties.
The outer envelope shows the effective "surface" of the molecule as
defined by the extent of the cloud of negative electric charge
created by the eight electrons.
Each molecule is chemically bonded with its
neighbor (H2O) by a hydrogenic bonding.
Figures: Hydrogen bond between two water molecules
2. WATER PROPERTIES
❑Physical properties: Water has several important physical properties.
• Low molar mass of its constituent molecules,
• Large values of viscosity, surface tension, heat of vaporization, and entropy of vaporization.
• Water also has a high specific heat capacity, which means it can absorb a lot of heat energy
without changing temperature significantly. This property makes it an effective coolant in living
organisms and helps regulate earth’s climate.
❑Chemical properties:
Water is an excellent solvent due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules. This property makes it possible for many ionic and polar compounds to dissolve in water.
PHYSICAL WATER PROPERTIES
ρ : density; µ : dynamic viscosity; σ : surface tension between air
and water
Chemical properties of water
I. Water as a solvent
- Solubility of gases
A. Oxygen Solubility
B. Solubility of carbon dioxide
- Solubility of liquids
- Solubility of solids
3. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WATER
• Tap water: this is the water that comes out of your faucet and is treated by local
municipal bodies. It may or may not be suitable for drinking purposes.
• Mineral water: this is naturally occurring water that contains minerals such as
calcium, magnesium, and manganese. Mineral water cannot have any minerals
added to it, and it cannot be subjected to any treatment except for limited ones
such as carbonation, iron, or manganese removal before packaging.
• Springwater: this is rainwater that has accumulated underground and tends to
“leak” out at the surface as a spring or puddle.
Springwater = eau de source , puddle = flaque d’eau.
• Distilled water: this is water that has been boiled and then condensed back into a
liquid form, leaving behind any impurities.
• Deionized water: this is water that has had all of its ions removed through a
process called ion exchange.
• Reverse osmosis water: this is water that has been filtered through a
semipermeable membrane to remove impurities.
• Sparkling water: this is carbonated water that has been infused with carbon
dioxide gas under pressure.
• Each type of water has its own unique set of benefits and drawbacks, depending
on its source and treatment process.
Drawbacks = inconvénients
• Drinking water
Our ordinary drinking water, by contrast, is never chemically pure, especially if it
has been in contact with sediments. Groundwaters (from springs or wells) always
contain ions of calcium and magnesium, and often iron and manganese as well; the
positive charges of these ions are balanced by the negative ions
carbonate/bicarbonate, and occasionally some chloride and sulfate. Groundwaters
in some regions contain unacceptably high concentrations of naturally-occuring toxic
elements such as selenium and arsenic.
WATER SALINITY DIAGRAM
Brine pool = Lac de saumure
Brackish water = Eau saumâtre
4. WATER CYCLE
5. GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES
Water resources Volumetric %
Salt water
Seas and Salt Lakes 97,3
Fresh Water
Groundwater under 800 m deep
Surface water (Lakes, rivers)
Humidity (Soil) 0,3
Glaciers and ice caps
Atmospheric humidity
Groundwater from 800 m to 4000 m deep 2,4
Ice caps = Calottes glaciaires
6. THE VALUE OF WATER ANALYSIS
Measuring water quality is important for several reasons. First, water quality is a key
indicator of environmental and public health. Water quality measurements determine
whether the water is safe to drink or use, and whether it is safe enough to support aquatic
life. In addition, those measurements are used in monitoring pollution levels and to identify
potential sources of water pollution.
It has a physico-chemical analysis and bacteriological examination. Based on these
analyses, the water use limitations, such as:
– For domestic use;
– For industrial use (refrigeration, manufacturing).
Physico-chemical analyses are used to detect water that may have a chemical action on the
pipes and makes it possible to define the purification treatments.
The value of = l'intérêt de
The bacteriological examination is used to determine the microbiological quality of the water,
especially with a view to its use as drinking water.
The data collected from those measurements are important to develop environmental policies and to
make decisions about water resources management in order to ensure that environmental standards
are met and that aquatic ecosystems are protected.
