MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ABATEMENT LAB

CHP-216

TOPIC – WASTEWATER TREATMENT

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
Dr. U.K. Arun Kumar Srajan Chaturvedi
Assistant Professor 2017UCH1639
CH-3
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
 WHAT IS WASTEWATER?
Wastewater is any water that has been affected by human
use. Wastewater is "used water from any combination of
domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural
activities, surface runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow
or sewer infiltration". Therefore, wastewater is a byproduct of
domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities.
 WASTEWATER
CONTAMINANTS
Suspended particles
Biological organic decomposers (BOD)
Pathogenic bacteria
Nutrients (N&P)
 WHAT IS WASTEWATER
TREATMENT?
Wastewater treatment, also called sewage
treatment, the removal of impurities from wastewater,
or sewage, before they reach aquifers or natural
bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, estuaries,
and oceans.
 OBJECTIVES OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
• Reduction of organic contents, henceforth BOD.
• Removal/reduction of nutrients i.e. N,P.
• Removal/inactivation of pathogenic microbes.
 LEVELS OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment
• Mechanical • Biological treatment • Disinfection (with
processes involving microbes chlorine) and UV
• Removes larger • Removes dissolved treatment
solids organic matter • Wetlands
• 20-30% of BOD and • 85% of BOD and • Removes 90% of all
50-60% of Suspended Suspended solids impurities
solids
 PRIMARY TREATMENT
Primary treatment consists of removing floating and
suspended solids by mechanical means. More than
half of the suspended solids can be removed by
primary treatment. Typical material that are removed
during primary treatment are
 fats, oils and greases
 sand, gravels and rocks
 large settle-able solids including human waste
 floating materials
 STEPS OF PRIMARY
TREATMENT
In this process,
• The large solids are screened out and grease and scum are
removed.
• Screening is done through metal bars first spaced 25 to 50
mm apart and may range down to 0.8 mm openings.
• Sand and other coarse material is removed by grit
chambers.
• After screening and removal of grit, the waste water is run
directly into settling or sedimentation tanks, the process by
which the suspended solids are removed by gravitational
setting.
PRIMARY SETTLING TANK
SECONDARY TREATMENT
Secondary treatment removes the soluble organic matter that
escapes primary treatment. It also removes more of the suspended
solids. Removal is usually accomplished by biological processes in
which microbes consume the organic impurities as food, converting
them into carbon dioxide, water, and energy for their own growth and
reproduction. The sewage treatment plant provides a
suitable environment, albeit of steel and concrete, for this natural
biological process. Removal of soluble organic matter at the
treatment plant helps to protect the dissolved oxygen balance of a
receiving stream, river, or lake.
There are three basic biological treatment methods
• the activated sludge process
• the trickling filter
• the oxidation pond
 ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS
A basic activated sludge process consists of several
interrelated components:
• An aeration tank where the biological reactions occur
• An aeration source that provides oxygen and mixing
• A tank, known as the clarifier, where the solids settle
and are separated from treated wastewater
• A means of collecting the solids either to return them
to the aeration tank, (return activated sludge [RAS]), or
to remove them from the process (waste activated
sludge [WAS]).
 WORKING
• Aerobic bacteria thrive as they travel through the aeration
tank.
• They multiply rapidly with sufficient food and oxygen.
• By the time the waste reaches the end of the tank
(between four to eight hours), the bacteria has used most
of the organic matter to produce new cells.
• The organisms settle to the bottom of the clarifier tank,
water.
• This sludge is pumped back to the aeration tank where it is
mixed with the incoming wastewater or removed from the
system as excess, a process called wasting.
• The relatively clear liquid above the sludge, the
supernatant, is sent on for further treatment as required.
 TRICKLING FILTERS
• A trickling filter is simply a tank filled with a deep bed of stones.
• Settled sewage is sprayed continuously over the top of the stones and trickles to the bottom,
where it is collected for further treatment.
• As the wastewater trickles down, bacteria gather and multiply on the stones.
• The steady flow of sewage over these growths allows the microbes to absorb the dissolved
organics, thus lowering the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the sewage.
• Air circulating upward through the spaces among the stones provides sufficient oxygen for
the metabolic processes.
• Settling tanks, called secondary clarifiers, follow the trickling filters.
• These clarifiers remove microbes that are washed off the rocks by the flow of wastewater.
• Two or more trickling filters may be connected in series, and sewage can be re-circulated in
order to increase treatment efficiencies.
• Pathogen removal is low
• Bacteria – 20-90%
• Virus – 50-90%
• Giardia cyst – 70-90%
 OXIDATION POND
• Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization ponds, are large, shallow
ponds designed to treat wastewater through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria,
and algae.
• Algae grow using energy from the sun and carbon dioxide and
inorganic compounds released by bacteria in water.
• During the process of photosynthesis, the algae release oxygen needed by aerobic
bacteria.
• Mechanical aerators are sometimes installed to supply yet more oxygen, thereby
reducing the required size of the pond.
• Sludge deposits in the pond must eventually be removed by dredging.
• Algae remaining in the pond effluent can be removed by filtration or by a
combination of chemical treatment and settling.
• Pathogen removal
• Bacteria - 90-99%
• Virus – 90-99%
• Protozoa – 67-99%
• Stabilization ponds are the preferred waste water treatment
process in developing countries due to low cost, low maintenance.
• But it requires larger land area.
 TERTIARY TREATMENT
Tertiary treatment may be provided to the secondary effluent for
one or more of the following contaminant further.
• To remove total suspended solids and organic matter those are
present in effluents after secondary treatment.
• To remove specific organic and inorganic constituents from
industrial effluent to make it suitable for reuse.
• To make treated wastewater suitable for land application purpose
or directly discharge it into the water bodies like rivers, lakes, etc.
• To remove residual nutrients beyond what can be accomplished
by earlier treatment methods.
• To remove pathogens from the secondary treated effluents.
• To reduce total dissolved solids (TDS) from the secondary treated
effluent to meet reuse quality standards.
 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN
TERTIARY TREATMENT
One or more of the unit operation/ process will be
used for achieving this tertiary treatment.
• Nutrient removal
• Disinfection
• Nitrification & de-nitrification
• Ion exchange
• Membrane process
• Filtration
• Carbon adsorption
 AFTER TREATMENT…
• Effluent is discharged into stream after
• a final carbon filtration process
• chlorination/de-chlorination
• Sludge – very rich in nutrients is
• applied directly to land as fertilizer
• incinerated (good fuel after drying)
• composted
 SLUDGE HANDLING
• The residue that accumulates in sewage treatment plants is called
sludge.
• Sewage sludge is the solid, semisolid, or slurry residual material
that is produced as a by-product of wastewater treatment
processes.
• Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge are major factors in the
design and operation of all wastewater treatment plants.
• Two basic goals of treating sludge before final disposal are
– to reduce its volume
– to stabilize the organic materials.
– Stabilized sludge does not have an offensive odor and can be handled
without causing a nuisance or health hazard.
– Smaller sludge volume reduces the costs of pumping and storage.
 SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROCESS
Thickening (water removal)

Digestion (pathogen inactivation and odour control)

Dewatering

Conditioning (improved dewatering with alum and high temperature, 175-230˚ C)

Incineration (volume and weight reduction)

Disposal
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/wastew
ater-treatment/Sludge-treatment-and-disposal
• https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105048/M23L38.
pdf
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treat
ment
• http://home.eng.iastate.edu/~tge/ce421-
521/Fernando%20J.%20Trevino%20Quiroga.pdf