CONTENTS

1. Aim of Project
2. Introduction
3. Methods used for purification of
water on a large scale
4. Methods used for purification of
water on a small scale
5. Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
my chemistry teacher Mr. Sanjay Chaudhary
and Mr. Vijay Srivastva for his vital support,
guidance and encouragement without which
this project would not have come forth. I
would also like to express my gratitude to the
lab assistant Mr. Arun Verma for his vital
support during making of this project. I wish
to thank my family who contributed in one
way or other and supported morally and
financially towards the completion of this
project.
 INTRODUCTION
Water purification is the process of removal of
contaminants from raw water to produce
water that is fit for human consumption.
Water supplied for human consumption
should be free of colour, turbidity, taste, odour
and pathogenic bacteria. It should also be
relatively free of hardness. Water being a
good solvent dissolves minerals and picks up
contaminants as it passes through the Earth.
The contaminants may include bacteria, algae,
viruses, fungi and man-made chemical
pollutants. It becomes in this way a natural
carrier for a number of infections particularly
of the entire group of intestinal tract disease.
Therefore, it is very important to treat water
for removal of these contaminants.
Methods Used For Purification Of Water
On A Large Scale.

Natural water from rivers, lakes, springs or

wells does not generally confirm to all the
requirements of drinking water. For removing
various types of impurities following methods
are generally used.
1. Removal of Suspended Impurities:-

It involves screening, sedimentation and

filtration.
i) Screening: - The raw water is passes
through screens, having large number of holes
where floating matter is retained by these
screens.
ii) Sedimentation: - It involves the removal of
suspended or colloidal impurities. The water
obtained after screening is allowed to stand
undisturbed in big tanks, about 5m deep,
when most of the suspended particles settle
down at the most bottom due to gravity, the
clear supernatant water is then drown from the
tank with the help of pumps. The whole
process of sedimentation takes about 2 to 6
hours.
iii) Filtration: - It is carried out by passing the
water through a bed of fine sand and other
proper sized granular materials. It removes all
the coagulated or suspended matter, along the
most of the bacteria and microorganisms
present in water. Filtration is generally carried
out by using a sand filter.
1. Removal of Micro-Organisms:-

The water coming out of sand filter still

contains some pathogenic (disease producing)
bacteria. The process of destroying or killing
the disease causing bacteria or other
pathogens is known as disinfection. The
chemicals or substances which are used to kill
bacteria are known as disinfectants. Some of
the methods used for the disinfection of water
are given below.
i) Boiling: - Boiling water for 10-15 minutes
can kill the almost all bacteria and all other
micro-organisms present in water. As this
method is very costly and no long term
protection of water once disinfected is
possible, this method is not used in municipal
water works.
ii) By Adding Bleaching Powder: - This
method is mostly used in small water works.
In this method, about 1kg of bleaching
powder for 100o kiloliter of water is mixed
and the water is allowed to stand still for
several hours. Hypochlorous acid, produced
by the action of water on bleaching powder,
kills all the bacteria present in the water.
iii) Chlorination: - Chlorine is the most
widely used disinfectant through the world.
For this purpose it is used as a gas or a
concentrated aqueous solution in the liquid
form. Chlorine on coming in contact with
water produces hypochlorous acid, which is a
powerful germicide. It is believed that the
disinfecting action of Cl2 is due to formation
of HOCl which deactivates certain essential
enzymes present in pathogens instantly. The
ionization of HOCl is suppressed by using a
pH below 6.5 i.e. acidic. This is because the
hypochloride ion ineffective as a disinfectant
itself.
iv) Chloramine: - When chlorine and
ammonia are mixed in the ratio 2:1 by volume
a compound chloramine is formed. As the
disinfecting action of chloramine is much
more lasting than chlorine, it is considered to
be a better disinfectant. Further, excess
chloramine does not import any bad taste or
smell to the treated water. Therefore,
nowadays chloramine is preferred over
chlorine along for disinfecting water.
Methods Used For Purification Of Water
On A Small Scale

i) Reverse Osmosis: - Osmosis is defined as

the phenomenon of the flow of solvent
through a semi-permeable membrane from
pure solvent to solution. A semipermeable is a
natural or man-made membrane which allows
only the solvent and not the solute to pass
through it. Osmotic pressure is defined as the
excess hydrostatic pressure which must be
applied to solution to prevent the flow of
solvent into it through te semi-permeable
membrane. If the pressure applied on the
solution side is more than osmotic pressure,
then the process of osmosis is reversed i.e. the
solvent starts moving from the solution side
towards pure solvent, this is called reverse
osmosis (R.O).
Reverse osmosis can be defined as the process
of movement of solvent through a semi-
permeable membrane from the solution to the
pure solvent by applying hydrostatic pressure
more than the osmotic pressure on solution
side. In this process, pure water is separated
from its contaminants rather than removing
contaminants from the water. In this method,
pressure of order of 15-40 pgcm-2 is applied
on the sea water to be treated. This force out
the pure water through the membrane leaving
behind the impurities. The membrane used in
the process can be a thin filter of cellulose
acetate, or a membrane or a polyamide
membrane. This filter is supported over
perforated tubes. This method is commonly
used in R.O. based domestic water purifiers.
ii) U.V Based Water Purifiers: - In these
purifiers water is first filtered and treated with
activated charcoal as in the R.O based
purifiers, then U.V light is used to kill micro-
organisms present in water. This method is
used only when tap water is free from
dissolved impurities like heavy metal ions,
etc.
iii) Boiling: - Water is heated to boiling to
inactivate or kill the micro-organisms that
normally live in water at room temperature. In
areas where water is hard, boiling decomposes
bicarbonates, resulting in the precipitation of
CaCO3, MgCO3, etc.
iv) Ion Exchange: - This uses a zeolite resin
bed to replace unwanted Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions
with Na+ ions and resin is recharged with
NaCl solution. Cations get exchanged with
H+ and all anions with OH- ions. The water
obtained is free from mineral ions and is
called deionized water.
v) Distillation: - Distillation involves boiling
the water to produce water vapour. The
vapour on coming in contact with cold surface
condenses as a liquid. Since, the solutes are
normally not vapourised, they remain in the
boiling solution.
vi) Electrode Ionization: - In this method
water is passed between the oppositely
charged electrodes. Ion selective membrane
allows the positive ions to separate from water
towards the negative electrode and negative
ions towards the positive electrode. Prior to
electrode ionization the water is usually
subjected to reverse osmosis as to remove
non-ionic organic contaminants. High purity
deionized water is obtained in this method.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES: -
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.wikipedia.com
BOOKS: -
1. NCERT Biology Class 12
2. NCERT Chemistry Class 12
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Priyanshu Singh a
student of 12th (Science) has successfully
completed his project under the guidance of
Mr. Vijay Srivastva and Mr. Sanjay
Chaudhary during the year 2023-2024 from
Aatmdeep Vidyalaya in partial fulfillment of
Chemistry Practical Examination conducted
by CBSE.

Teacher’s sign Principal’s sign External

Examiner’s sign