DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A MINI PROJECT REVIEW

ON

THEORITICAL STUDY OF WATER

TREATMENT PLANT
BATCH: O3
PRESENTED BY

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF M.YADAGIRI 19VE5A0104

D.PARAMESH E.PRASHANTH 18VE1A0118
G.MEGHANATH 18VE1A0119
V.BHARADWAJ
18VE1A0155
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 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Objective
 Source of Raw water
Methodology
Conclusion
References

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 INTRODUCTION
• Water is most cruicial compound for life. With out water any living thing
cannot alive on earth. All living things require clean, uncontaminated
water as a basic requirement.
• Water treatment is the process that improves the quality of water to make
it appropriate end-use.
• Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components,or
reduce their concentration so, that the water becomes fit for its
desired end-use.
• The treatment of water is crucial to human health & allows to humans
to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
• This treatment of water done by strategic methodology described below.

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4
 SOURCE OF RAW WATER

The raw water is collected from Udayasamudram reservoir. Which is

located in Pangal rural area in nalgonda district.

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OBJECTIVE

 To remove colour , odour , turbidity , hardness and dissolved gases

present in water
 To ensure safe and sustainable piped drinking water supply from
surface water sources at

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 METHODOLOGY
SCREENING
Screening is done to remove the floating matter from the
water during the water treatment process. Surface water contains a large
number of suspended particles that increase the unnecessary load on the
treatment plant units.Screening is mostly done at the intake point itself. The
large-sized suspended particles like dried leaves, fallen twigs, and other
floating debris.
Two types of screens are used for screening:
1. Coarse screens/ bar screens
2. Fine screens/ automatic strainers

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 AERATION:-

The ground water contain more no of dissolved gases for to

remove these gases from the water aeration technique is preferable
 SEDIMENTATION

sedimentation process removes the heavy particles that can

settledown under gravity. The weights of the particles
increase as they aggregate and then settle down.
A sedimentation tank is so designed that the velocity
of the flowing water is reduced. As the water is
discharged into the sedimentation tank, the crosssection
area of the water flow is increased therefore, velocity
reduces.
Sedimentation is also of two
types: 1.Plain sedimentation
2.sedimentation with coagulation 9
1. Plain Sedimentation
In this type of sedimentation, the particles aggregate on their
own nature and settle down under the force of gravity.
2. Sedimentation with Coagulation
This method is used to speed up the process of sedimentation and to
increase efficiency, by adding some chemicals in water. These chemicals
are called coagulants. These coagulants are helps to increase the size of
aggregates and hastens their settlement in water treatment process.

Sedimentation with coagulation is done by two methods

a. Fill and draw type
b. Continuous flow type tank

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Continuous sedimentation tank

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 COAGULATION PROCESS

These process is employed to capture colloidal particles having

positive charge on its surface. So they are very stable in water. For the
removal of these colloidal particles chemicals are required and those are
called coagulants. The most commonly used coagulant is allum.

Types of coagulants:
1. Alluminium sulphate
2. Ferrous sulphate
3. Ferric chloride
4. Sodium alluminate

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 COAGULATION AND CLARIFLUCULLATION
 Addition of measured amount of chemicals to the water
 Thorough mixing of water
 Formation of precipitates in water
 Formation of flocs which is formed by coagulation initiated by the
precipitates
 Sedimentation Types of Coagulants used in Water Treat

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SEDIMENTATION

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 FILTRATION

Filtration is one of the most crucial step of the water

treatment process.The flocs formed during flocculation are
not removed entirely by sedimentation.
Hence, to remove the finely sized particles and flocs,
filtration is required. And the particulate matter which was
retained in the sedimentation tank previously is removed,
especially the non-settlable particles.

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Types of filters:
1. Slow sand filters
These filters were introduced as early as the 1800s. Slow
sand filters are named so because they have taken too much time for
filtration. The filtration time is one-twentieth as compared to that of
the rapid filters

SLOW SAND FILTER

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2.Rapid Sand Filters
The components of a rapid sand filter comprise an
enclosure tank, fitter media, base material, an under-
drainage system, and appurtenances. The enclosure tank
is smaller in size as compared to that of the slow
sand filter. Other components are similar in
characteristics to that of the slow sand filter.
However, the appurtenances consist of wash water
troughs, air compressors, and rate control devices. Rapid
sand filters may be logged frequently, which is why the
sand has to be cleaned at frequent intervals. For this,
backwashing and surface wash methods are applied.

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RAPID SAND FILTERS
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 DISINFECTION

The process to kill the micro-organisms present in

the water is called disinfection
 CHLORINATION
□Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to drinking water to
disinfect it and kill germs.
□Chlorine chemicals are very effective against bacteria , viruses and
fungi that contaminate water
□Four types of chlorine chemicals are commonly used in agriculture .
they are sodium hypochlorite , calcium hypochlorite ,gaseous chlorine
and chlorine dioxide.
□This method is used to kill certain bacteria and other microbes in tap
water as chlorine is highly toxic
□It is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera
, dysentery and typhoid.

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 CONCLUSION
Disinfection is unquestionably the most important step in the treatment of water for
drinkingwater supplies. The microbial quality of drinking-water should not be compromised
because of concern over the potential long-term effects of disinfectants . the risk of illness
and death resulting from exposure to pathogens in drinking-water is very much greater than
the risks from disinfectants. Where local circumstances require that a choice be made
between microbiological limits or limits for disinfectants and the microbiological quality
must always take precedence. Efficient disinfection must never be compromised. The
microbiological quality of drinking-water is of paramount importance and must receive
priority over any other considerations in relation to drinking-water treatment. However, the
use of any chemical disinfectant results in the formation of by-products that themselves
may be of health significance. A thorough understanding of how these form and the factors
that control their formation is valuable in achieving a successful balance between
satisfactory inactivation of pathogens and the minimization of bacteria. Where it is
possible, without compromising the microbiological quality of drinking-water, steps should
be taken to minimize the concentrations of produced by the disinfectant(s) in use.
Strategies to minimize exposure to should focus on the elimination of precursors through
source water protection. Not only is this often the most efficient method of reducing
concentrations, but it will also assist in improving the microbiological quality of the water

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 REFERENCE
Understanding the safe drinking water act (report). Epa. June 2004. Epa 816-f-04-030.
^ "National primary drinking water regulations". Ground water and drinking water. Epa.
2019-09-17.
Binnie, chris, kimber, martin, & smethurst, george. (2002). Basic water treatment (3rd ed.).
London: thomas telford ltd.

Holland, f. A., Siqueiros, J., Santoyo, S., Heard C. L., & Santoyo, E. R. (1999). Water
purification using heat pumps. New york: routledge.

Ramstorp, matts. (2003). Contamination control in practice: filtration and sterilization.

Weinheim, sweden: wiley-vch.

Rona, zolton p. And martin, jeanne marie. (1995). Return to the joy of health. Vancouver: alive
books.

Vigneswaran, s. & Visvanathan, C. (1995). Water treatment processes: simple options. Boca
raton, florida: CRC press.

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THANK YOU

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