• Project Work on A CHEMISTRY

SUBMITTED TO :BALARAM SHRESTHA (HOD CHEMISTRY)

IN
THE FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF PRATICAL MARKS ON EXAM
SUBMITTED BY : AVIPSHA BASNET
GRADE : 11
SECTION : B8
SYMBOL NO : 12727148
REGISTRATION NO : 783271270202
SESSION : 2077/78
CAPITAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTER
KOTESHWOR-32, KATHMANDU
 TABLES OF CONTENTS
PARTICULARS PAGE.NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................. 3
INTRODUCTION...................................................... 4
DISTRIBUTION.........................................................4
TYPES OF WATER FILTRATION.................................5-10
CONCLUSION.............................................................11
REFRENCES.................................................................11
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Would like to take this opportunity to thank my
chemistry teacher, for encouraging and guiding me
in my project and for providing valuable
suggestions. I am also grateful to our CCRC
Administrator who has helped us with the setup
for the project and gave practical insight.

I would also like to thank entire Teachers of CCRC.

This project would not have come so far without
support from my friends. I am indebted to them
all.

Last but not least I would like to thank to our

subject teacher for providing this project work
THANK YOU!!
 INTRODUCTION
Water Purification process is the process by which undesired chemical
compounds, Organic and Inorganic materials and Biological
contaminants are removed from water. One major purpose of water
purification also meets the needs of Medical, Pharmacological,
Chemical and Industrial applications for clean and potable water. The
Purification procedure reduces the concentration of contaminants
such as suspended Particles, Parasites, Bacteria, Algae Viruses and
Fungi.
In the context of Nepal, if we see the problem then around 10.8
million people in Nepal do not have access to improved sanitation,
and 3.5 million do not have access to basic water services.

DISTRIBUTION
Only 3% of water on the surface is Fresh; the remaining 97#% resis in
the ocean of fresh water, 69% resides in glaceries, 30% underground,
and less than 1 % is located in Lakes, Rivers, Swamps.
TYPES OF WATER FILTRATION/ PURIFICATION
Water are being polluted because of different human activities which
are causing problem to people by making them Sick. At least 2 billion
people in the world right now, only have access to drinking water thats
contaminated with feaces . We are finding out that, its not easy to
figure out if the water we use everyday is polluted.
So, it is Fair that people are willing to spend so much money on water
filtration system because one cant put a price on clean and pure water.
Water Filtration methods follow one of two methods :
1. Physical Filtration – Physical Filtration involves straining water or
using a filter to remove larger impurities.
2. Chemical Filtration involves passing water through an active
material.

TYPES OF WATER FILTRATION ARE MENTIONED

BELOW :
1. Absorption
Absorption in water Filters is most commonly carried out by
carbon, which is highly effective at capturing water borne
contaminants. The reason carbon absorbs contaminants so
readily is that it has a huge internal surface which jam packed
with nooks and crannies that can trap chemical impurities such
as chlorine.

A Variety of different substances can be used to make carbon for

filters including wood and coconut shell, with coconut shell filters being
more effective but also more expensive.

2.Distillation
Distillation is a filtration method that has been around for generations.
This process starts by heating water until its at boiling point. The water
vapour rises during this process is further condensed and cooled. Then,
the pure water is collected as the heavier contaminants stay behind in
the original container. The heat helps to take care of the majority of the
bacteria. However, as the water boils at 100 degree Celsius
(212degree F), this method is not feasible for impurities that have the
same or lower boiling point. This method can get rid of almost 99.5% of
the impurities that include Nitrates, Bacteria, Dissolved Solids , Lead ,
Sodium and most Organic Compounds.

Advantages Disadvantages
Can remove a wide range of It requires careful maintenance.
Contaminants.
Itis Reusable. It requires a large amount of
energy.
It is feasible for heavier It is not very Space- efficient
contaminants.
3.Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the process of removing dissolved inorganic
solids (such as Magnesium and Calcium ions) from water by Forcing it
through a Semipermeable membrane under pressure so that the water
passes through but most of the contaminants are left behind.
Reverse Osmosis is a highly effective way of purifying water and is
usually combined with a number of other filters. Such as mechanical (
sediment) filter and an absorption ( activated carbon Filter).
Advantages
It effectively targets a wide range
of impurities.
It provides economical Filtration.
It is mostly low- maintenance.
Disadvantages
The flow rate limits the Filtration
Process.
It requires high water pressure to
Function well.
It usually needs carbon Filtration
to deliver the best results.

4.Activated Carbon
Carbon Filtration is a method Commonly used in many home water
Filtrations. It Involves utilizing the active absorption capabilities of
carbon in reducing impurities and also removing any bad odors and
tastes. It mainly targets chemical and gases but is effective against
bacteria as well.
The activated carbon uses is a very porous form of carbon, based on
Charcoal. Since there is a reduced oxygen supply during its formation, it
behaves like a sponge with a large internal surface area. It also creates
many crevasses into the molecules. As a result , this process can trap a
variety of impurities using adsorption.
Advantages
Excellent removal of the chlorine
and dissolved organic chemicals.
Simple to Use.
Disadvantages
Need to replace the carbon filter
every time it clogs up.
Need to choose the correct
carbon filter for different
impurities.
CONCLUSION
There is a wide variety of Filtration methods that target various
impurities. But, no method, in particular, is the one – size – fits – all of
water filtration. Most of these Filtration techniques give the best
results when you combine multiple methods.

REFERENCES
1.Combting Waterborne Diseases at the Household Level (PDF).World
Health Organization.2007. Part 1.ISBN 978-92-4-15922-3.
2.Water for Life : Making it Happen (PDF). World Health Organigation
and UNICEF. 2005.ISBN 978-92-4-156293-5.
3.McGuire, Michael J.;McLain, Jennifer Lara;Obolensky, Alexa (2002).
Information Collection Rule Data Analysis. Denver: AWWA Reserch
Foundation and American Water Works Association. pp. 376-378.
ISBN 9781583212738.
4."Aeration and gas stripping" (PDF). Archived From the original (PDF)
on July 12, 2014.Retrieved 29 june 2017.
5."Water Knowledge". American Water Works Association . Retrieved
29 June 2017.
"Thank You"