FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE

P.M.B 1036 OWERRI IMO STATE

TERM PAPER

ON

METHOD OF WATER PURIFICATION

WRITTEN BY

NAME: PAUL CHIMEZIRIM FAVOUR

REG. NO: 22BH/0165/FT

DEPT: FOOD TECHNOLOGY

LEVEL: HND II (EVENING)

COURSE TITLE: FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

COURSE CODE: FST 417

LECTURER: MRS. NNEKA AMADI -UZONNA

DATE: APRIL, 2024

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 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Water from natural sources has various impurities such as microorganisms, dissolved

gases, silt, etc. Water from natural sources must be purified so that it is safe to drink or

use. Methods of purification include, filtering, boiling, Chlorination, and distillation. The

aim of water purification is to produce and maintain water that is: hygienically safe,

aesthetically attractive and palatable, in an economical manner both on a large scale and

on a small scale level.

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological

contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water that is

fit for specific purpose.

The objective of water purifications is to eliminate suspended solid particles, colloids,

microorganisms, pyrogens, dissolved organic & inorganic substances, and dissolved

gasses. Each of these contaminations can cause serious direct or indirect health risks.

Finally, Water treatment can be defined as any procedure or method used to alter the

chemical composition of a water supply. Water supplies are classified as either surface

water or remote groundwater. The origin of water (surface or remote) affects considerably

the content of its contaminants. Water purity used in haemodialysis should satisfy specific

needs and standards to prevent toxicity either in the acute or the chronic condition.

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 CHAPTER TWO

Purification of water on a large scale

The objective of water purifications is to eliminate suspended solid particles, colloids,

microorganisms, pyrogens, dissolved organic & inorganic substances, and dissolved
gasses. Each of these contaminations can cause serious direct or indirect health risks.

The components of a typical water purification system comprise one or all of the
following measures: Pre‐treatment, Filtration, and Disinfection.

Pre‐treatment

The sub‐steps included in pre‐treatment are: Storage, Coagulation, Rapid Mixing,

Flocculation, and Sedimentation.

Filtration: This includes Slow sand or Biological filter and Rapid sand or Mechanical
filter are carried out.

Disinfection: This involves Chlorination, Ozonation and Membrane processes

Purification of water on a small scale

This involves Boiling, Chemical disinfection: Bleaching powder, Chlorine solution, High
test hypochlorite, Chlorine tablets, Iodine, Potassium permanganate. Filtration, Ultraviolet
irradiation and Multi‐stage reverse osmosis.

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 CHAPTER THREE

Traditional Methods of Water Purification

Boiling:

The process involves bringing water to a boil for at least one minute. The high

temperatures in the boiling water can kill most microorganisms and pathogens. This

method of water purification is not effective at removing heavy metals, i.e. lead, debris,

etc. from water.

Distillation

The distillation process begins with brining raw water to boil, producing steam. The steam

is directed into a second container where it cools and condenses into purified water.

Distillation removes most common types of contamination, making the water produced by

distillation Type II-III quality water as per the ASTM standards.

Chemical Disinfection

Chemical disinfection is the process of adding disinfectants into the water to remove,

deactivate, or kill microorganisms. Several disinfectants can be used for this process, such

as chlorine, chlorine dioxide ozone, copper, silver ionization, or bromine

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Filtration

Water filters run water through various sized membranes to separate suspended particles,

microbes, bacteria, algae, viruses, and other biological contaminants from the water. The

most common filtration membranes are microporous with a 0.03 to 10 micron pore size

and ultrafiltration with a 0.002 to 0.1 micron pore size.

UV Light

Ultraviolet (UV) light, which has wavelengths between 200-400nm, kills bacteria and

viruses by destroying the molecular bonds that hold their DNA together. In the UV light

treatment process, water flows through a stainless -steel chamber with a built-in UV lamp,

eliminating microorganisms living in the water.

Modern Methods of Water Purification

Due to the constant need and scarcity of drinking water, researchers have been developing

new water purification methods. These approaches use cutting edge science and

technology and could revolutionize how us humans create drinking water.

Solar

Companies are testing solar powered water filtration systems. In these systems, solar

panels produce electricity helping a pump move water from a reservoir through a water

filtration system, producing clean drinking water. These systems are better suited for

cleaning highly contaminated water due to the multilayer filtration process.

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Omni Processor

A system that takes in human/animal bio waste and boils it to separate liquids from the

solid matter. The boiling process transforms the liquids into steam and the solid matter

into ash. The steam is used to drive a turbine, producing enough electricity to power the

Omni Processor with residual electricity to contribute to a power grid. The steam is finally

condensed and filtered to create drinkable water. The Omni Processor is presented as a

new economic model, allowing the owner of the system to profit from solving problems of

waste management, power generation, and water purification for local communities

Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials are chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and used at a

very small scale. The novel characteristics of nanomaterials can be used to improve

various water purification processes: - Nanosorbents: nanoparticles can be used to absorb

inorganic and organic pollutants from contaminated water. - Nanocatalysts: titanium

dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles can act as a catalyst to help UV light remove organic

compounds from contaminated water. - Nanostructured filtration: Nanomaterials can

provide more efficient and cost-effective membranes for water filtration. - Bioactive

nanoparticles: Magnesium oxide and silver nanoparticles can be used as biocides that

combat bacteria such as Escherichia coli.

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Plasma

Plasma activated water (PAW), uses a cold plasma reaction with air to create ionized air,

which sends elections flying into H2O water molecules. During the collusions H2O is

split into atomic hydrogen (H) and an OH-radical which combines with another oxygen to

create a hydroxyl radical (HO2). Hydroxyl radicals react with and destroy organic

pollutants inside water in a process called advanced oxidation process (AOP).

Emerging Tools and Techniques Used Water Purification

Number of emerging tools and techniques now a days frequently used in water

purification study are physio-chemical water analysis (PCWA), adsorption, metal

pollution index (MPI), water quality index (WQI), water quality modelling tools (WQMT)

and multivariable statistical models (MSM) that includes five multivariate data mining

approaches i.e. cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis

(FA), multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA), discriminant analysis (DA).

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 CHAPTER FOUR

WATER PURIFICATION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Acquire a container that is open at the top and has a bottom opening for filtered water to
passthrough. A 2-liter soda bottle can be used by cutting off the bottom then flipping it
upside down. Build the filter by filling the container in the order shown Pour
contaminated water slowly through the filter and catch the water coming out of the filter
with a clean container.

LAYERS IN PURIFICATION PROCESS

Layers 1 Fine cloth or paper fabric. Layer 2 Small charcoal crumbles. Layer 3 Fine sand
(2-3 inches). Layer 4 Coarse sand, pebble size or smaller (2-3 inches). Layer 5 Fine sand
(2-3 inches). Layer 6 Gravel (2-3 inches) Layer 7 Cover the opening with porous cloth,
allowing water to pass through.

IMPORTANCE WATER PURIFICATION

Water purification helps to keep the Environment Safe and Clean

2. Helps to Prevent the Various Cancer-Causing Risks

3. Ensured of Great Water Quality Since water filters remove all sorts of available
contaminants from your water, you can expect to have quality water consumption which
can also decay over time. Water is used in our homes in a number of ways, like for
bathing, cooking, washing, planting, etc.

4. Removes chlorine from water and makes It healthy for drinking purposes.

5. Water purifiers at home can help in saving money on water expenses

6. Filtered water does not contain lead which Is very harmful to human health

7. It makes the human digestion system strong.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

Drinking water sources are regularly polluted by various human activities that cause sever

health problem all over the world. In recent years, water quality research has drawn great

attention of scientific communities. A lot number of tools and techniques are used for

proper water quality analysis, monitoring and assessment.

Water plays a vital role for sustainability of life on the earth. Use of water in multiple

streams such as drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes, fisheries and energy

production mainly depends on its quality. Water quality defined in terms of its chemical,

physical and biological composition is mainly governed by both the natural (i.e.

precipitation, watershed geology, climate, topography) and anthropogenic (i.e. point and

non-point sources like urban and industrial activities, other domestic activities,

agricultural runoff) factors. Contaminated water critically alters the balanced eco-system

that is essential for the complementary beneficial interactions of the environment and

living beings and also leads to disturbance of hormone in the nature. Water quality

measurement analysis, monitoring and assessment is very important to stimulate and

predict the distribution, risk and level of various chemical and biological pollutants

present in water body.

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