CHEMISTRY

PROJECT FILE
NAME- Mustafa beda
CLASS- XI
ROLL NO-
SESSION- 2022-2023
TOPIC
Study of the methods of purification of water

SUBMITTED TO

Mrs. Shweta Joshi

Chemistry Department
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the project submitted by Pratibha Kalal
class XI in the session 2022-2023, to the chemistry
department, Crimson Anisha Global School, Undri, NIBM
campus, Pune is by the specification prosecuted by the
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New
Delhi.

She had worked on the project() under my supervision,

and during this period she was found to be sincere and
hardworking,

Teacher signature Principal signature

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I have made efforts in this project. However, it would not
have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks
to all of them. It has been a great honor and privilege to
work with my teacher for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the project and also for their support in
completing the project. Her constant guidance and
willingness to share her vast knowledge made us
understand this project and its manifestations in great
depth and helped us to complete the assigned tasks on
time.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents

for their kind cooperation and encouragement which
helped me in the completion of this project My thanks and
appreciation also go to my colleagues in developing the
project and the people who have willingly helped me
out with their abilities.
 CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Certificate
3. Acknowledgment
4. Aim
5. Content
6. Apparatus
7. Chemical required
8. Theory
9. Procedure
10. Working
11. Equation
12. Uses
13. Land warfare
14. Result
15. Conclusion
16. Precautions
17. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
 Start by introducing the importance of clean and safe water
for human health and the environment.
 Highlight the need for water purification methods to ensure
access to clean drinking water.
 Explain the scope and significance of the project in
addressing this need.
 AIM
Clearly state the main objectives of the project,
specifying the methods of water purification you
plan to study

APPARATUS
List and describe the equipment and tools you will use
for your experiments, such as filtration units, test tubes,
pipettes, etc.
 CHEMICAL REQUIRED

List and describe the chemicals and reagents needed for the
experiments, including chlorine, alum, coagulants,
disinfectants, etc.
 THEORY
Water purification is a crucial process to ensure access to
safe and clean drinking water. Understanding the theory
behind different purification methods is essential to
appreciate their effectiveness. In this section, we will delve
into the theory behind the primary methods of water
purification, which include physical, chemical, and biological
processes.

Physical Methods: Physical methods of water purification

involve the removal of contaminants through physical
processes like sedimentation, filtration, coagulation, and
flocculation. These methods rely on the properties of
particles and materials to separate impurities from water.

Sedimentation is the process of allowing solid particles to

settle at the bottom of a container due to gravity. Filtration
involves passing water through a porous material, such as
sand or activated carbon, to trap particles and impurities.
Coagulation is the addition of chemicals like alum to water,
which destabilizes suspended particles and allows them to
clump together. Flocculation helps to form larger particles
from the smaller ones created during coagulation.

Chemical Methods: Chemical methods of water purification

utilize the addition of chemicals like chlorine, ozone, and UV
radiation to disinfect water. Chlorination, for example,
involves the addition of chlorine to kill bacteria, viruses, and
other harmful microorganisms. Ozone treatment and UV
radiation work by damaging the DNA of these
microorganisms, rendering them harmless.
 PROCEDURE
In this section, we will provide a detailed procedure for conducting
experiments on water purification methods, including
sedimentation, coagulation, and chlorination. These procedures
can serve as guidelines for conducting experiments in a laboratory
setting.

Sedimentation:

1. Pour the water sample into a clear container and allow it

to settle for a specific period.
2. Observe the sedimentation process and measure the
clarity of the water over time.
3. Record your observations and the time it takes for
sedimentation to occur.

Coagulation:

1. Prepare a water sample and add a coagulant, such as

alum, to the water.
2. Stir the solution and observe the formation of floc
particles.
3. Measure the time it takes for the water to clarify.
4. Record your observations.

Chlorination:

1. Prepare a water sample and measure its pH and turbidity.

2. Add a precise amount of chlorine to the water as per
guidelines.
3. Stir the solution and allow it to sit for a specific time.
4. Test the water for residual chlorine and observe any
changes in pH and turbidity.
5. Record your observations.
 WORKING
Chemical Methods: Detail the working principles of chemical
water purification methods, including chlorination, ozone
treatment, and UV radiation.

 Explain how chlorine effectively kills microorganisms by disrupting

their cell membranes and DNA.
 Describe how ozone and UV radiation damage the DNA of
microorganisms, rendering them harmless.

Biological Methods: Discuss the biological methods of water

purification, emphasizing how microorganisms are used to break
down and consume organic matter.

 Describe the activated sludge process and how microorganisms

break down organic contaminants in sewage.
 Explain the role of the biological layer in slow sand filtration in
removing impurities.

In this section, provide clarity and depth to help the reader

understand the inner workings of each purification method.
 EQUATION
Cl2(s)+SO2(aq)+2H2O(l)⟶2Cl−(aq)+SO2−4(aq)+4H+(aq)
 USES

Water purification methods are essential for ensuring the

availability of clean and safe drinking water, not only in households
but also in various other applications.

Household Use: One of the primary uses of water purification

methods is in households. Filtration, chlorination, and UV
treatment are commonly employed to make tap water safe for
drinking and other domestic purposes. These methods remove
contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, and chemical impurities,
ensuring that the water is safe for consumption.

Municipal Water Treatment: Municipal water treatment plants

use a combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods to
purify large quantities of water. This treated water is then supplied
to the entire community for various uses, including drinking,
cooking, and industrial processes.

Industrial Use: Industries rely on water purification to meet

specific quality standards required for their processes. For instance,
pharmaceutical and food processing industries require ultrapure
water to maintain product quality and safety. Reverse osmosis and
distillation are often used to achieve this level of purification.

Agriculture: Water purification methods can also be applied in

agriculture. Water with reduced impurities is vital for irrigation, as
contaminants can damage crops and soil quality.
 LAND WARFARE
In conflict zones and military operations, ensuring access to clean
and safe drinking water is a critical concern. The military employs
various water purification methods to provide safe drinking water
to troops in the field. This often involves portable water
purification units, which can purify water from natural sources like
rivers and streams, as well as large-scale systems in base camps.
These methods can include filtration, chemical treatment, and
sometimes even desalination for coastal deployments. The ability
to provide safe water is crucial for maintaining the health and
morale of military personnel.
 RESULT
Sedimentation Results: Discuss the findings from the
sedimentation experiment. Mention the time it took for
sedimentation to occur and any improvements in water clarity. Use
data, tables, or graphs to illustrate the results.

Coagulation Results: Share the observations and findings from

the coagulation experiment. Discuss the time it took for the water
to clarify and the effectiveness of the coagulant. Present your
results visually if possible.

Chlorination Results: Detail the results of the chlorination

experiment, including changes in pH, turbidity, and residual
chlorine levels. Explain how these parameters were affected by the
addition of chlorine.
 CONCLUSION
We can conclude from the project that there are various methods
of purification of water. Today, we know that water
is present everywhere on earth in different forms but due to human
activities water is being polluted day by day not only that about 97% of
earths water is in oceans which is not suitable for drinking or any
other purpose. So there is very small volume of water is left, to utilise
that humans are using best ways to purify it. And in present time humans
are capable to purify water and all the methods to purify it are
mentioned in the project.
 PRECAUTIONS
General Safety Measures:

 Emphasize the importance of working in a well-ventilated area.

 Discuss the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including lab coats,
gloves, and safety goggles.
 Mention the need for proper labeling and storage of chemicals and
reagents.

Specific Precautions for Each Method:

 Explain precautions specific to each water purification method studied. For

instance, when working with chemicals like chlorine, stress the need for
careful handling to avoid exposure to fumes.
 Address potential hazards, such as the risk of chemical splashes or
exposure to UV radiation, and provide guidance on how to mitigate these
risks.

Waste Disposal:

 Highlight the responsible disposal of chemicals, reagents, and waste

materials generated during experiments.
 Explain the importance of adhering to local regulations and guidelines for
waste disposal.

Emergency Response:

 Outline steps to take in case of accidents, spills, or exposure to harmful

substances.
 Provide contact information for emergency services or medical assistance if
necessary.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books used:

 Chemistry NCERT part II

 Chemistry Frank edu class XI
Websites used:
 www.chemistryguru.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.format.com
 www.weebly.com
 www.wikihow.com
 www.vedantu.com
 www.chemistryisall.com
 www.studylib.com