D. Y.

PATIL TECHANICAL CAMPUS, TALSANDE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & FACULTY OF
MANAGMENT

(Polytechnic)

A Micro Project Report

On
“Water Analysis’’

Submitted By,
Enrollment No. Name Of Student
2212200139 Raviraj Rajaram Hujare
2212200138 Komal Krishnat Khot
2212200139 Pratiksha Rajendra Powar
2212200140 Dhanashri Nitin Shete
2212200141 Sanika Shrikant Yadav

Guided By,
Mrs. R. M. Jadhav

Department of Electrical Engineering

2023-24
Semester ‘II’
 CERTIFICATE

This is Certify that student of Electrical Engineering has

successfully completed the project team work “ Water Analysis ” in
partial fulfillment of the Diploma of Engineering in Electrical as laid
down during academic year 2023-24.

Mrs. Jadhav R. M. Mr. Koli S. Y.

Project Guide HOD

Dr. S. R. Pawaskar

Principal

 Place:-Talsande
 Date:- / / 2023
 Acknowledgement

I feel happiness in forwarding this Micro Project report as an image of

sincere efforts. The successful Micro Project Reportreflects my work, effort of my
guide in giving me good information.

My sincere thanks to my guide respected Mrs. Jadhav R. M. who has been

a constant source of inspiration and guiding star in achieving my goal. I give my
special thanks to respected Mr. Koli S. Y. (Head, General Engineering) for his
constant interest and encouragement throughout the completion of my Micro
Project.

I express my deep gratitude to all staff members who lend me their

valuable support and cooperation to enable me to complete my Micro Project.

I am also equally indebted to our principal Dr. Pawaskar S. R. for his

valuable help whenever needed.

Sign of
Name of Student
Student
Raviraj Rajaram Hujare
Komal Krishnat Khot
Pratiksha Rajendra Powar
Dhanashri Nitin Shete
Sanika Shrikant Yadav
 INDEX

Sr. No. Name Page No.

1 Analysis of water chemistry

2 Chemical Water Quality

Parameter
3 Different types of water testing

4 Methodology

5 Research

6 Reference
 Analysis of water chemistry

Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the
chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity
of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of
the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial
processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the
sea.[1] In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be
used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as
expected. The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for
the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water
chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water
quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods
routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their
inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using
methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment
plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products
with distinctive taste and odours, specialised organoleptic methods may be used
to detect smells at very low concentrations.
 Chemical Water Quality Parameter

1. Chloride ion:

The concentration of chloride ions is quite low in natural water systems.

It increases in contaminated water. Moreover, high concentration of chloride
ions makes the water salty and corrodes pipelines of water.

2. Ammonia:

The decomposition of organic matter like protein, amino acid increases

the concentration of Ammonia in water. Besides, it also increases with the use
of chloramine in the water disinfection process. Concentration of NH3 in
ground water systems is usually 3mg/ltr. If its concentration is greater than
50mg/ltr, it gives characteristic taste and odor.

3. Nitrite:

 It is a very unstable intermediate formed during conversion of NH2 into

nitrate.
 In aerobic condition nitrite is oxidized into nitrate whereas in anaerobic
condition, nitrite is reduced to ammonia.
 If the concentration of nitrite is greater in drinking water, it brings serious
health hazards to the consumers.
 Disease caused by high concentration of nitrite in infants is called Blue
baby syndrome, which is characterized by blue coloration of skin
 Level of nitrite in drinking water should not exceed 3mg/ltr.

4. Nitrate:

 It is the most stable oxidized form of nitrogen. In water nitrate comes

from organic matter decomposition and from atmospheric nitrogen
fixation.
 Like nitrite Nitrate should not exceed 3mg/ltr in drinking water. It is
because nitrate can be reduced into nitrite in the gut of infants and causes
nitrite poisoning.
 Nitrate is very important in natural water systems like lakes and ponds
because high concentration of nitrate facilitates heavy growth of aquatic
plants causing eutrophication.
5. Phosphate:

 In water phosphate is present in the form of H2PO4-, polyphosphate and

as organic phosphate.
 Phosphate in water sources comes from agricultural wastes, sewage and
from industrial effluent.
 Phosphate is not toxic to human beings but it is an important chemical in
natural water systems like ponds because its high concentration facilitates
eutrophication.

6. Hardness:

 Hardness of water is merely due to salt of calcium and magnesium.

 Temporary hardness is due to carbonate and bicarbonate of calcium and
magnesium while permanent hardness is due to chloride and sulfate of
calcium and magnesium.
 Water is classified as 9on the basis of concentration of calcium
carbonate)
o Soft water:<5omg/ltr
o Moderately hard water: 50-150 mg/ltr
o Hard water: 150-300 mg/ltr
o Very hard water:>300 mg/dl
 Hard water is not suitable for industrial use. But hard water is usually
beneficial for drinking purposes. However, hardness caused by MgSO4
gives some serious health effects. So, the concentration of Mg++ should
not exceed 50 mg/lt in drinking water.

7. Biological oxygen demand (BOD):

 Biological oxygen demand represents the amount of oxygen required by

living organisms (microorganisms) for oxidation of biodegradable
organic matter present in water under aerobic conditions.
 BOD is a direct measurement of quality of oxygen needed for
biodegradation of organic matter and indirect measurement of quantity of
biodegradable organic matter in water.
 When biodegradable organic matter is added in water. Microorganism
utilizes dissolved oxygen to oxidize organic matter. If the rate of
consumption of oxygen during biodegradation is greater than
solubilization of atmospheric Oxygen into water, level of dissolved
oxygen gradually decreases.
 Different types of water testing
There are a wide range of water quality tests used to help determine how
safe, or even drinkable, water is to be used in a household setting or otherwise
that water test labs perform.

1. Bacteria Tests

There are a range of potential bacterial contaminants that can plague

water. One of the most common and most looked for is E. coli bacteria, which
comes from fecal matter exposure and can result in serious health issues when
consumed. Bacteria testing is essential in determining how safe water is to drink
or expose to your skin.

2. Mineral Tests

The list of mineral testing available could be a thesis paper, for how many
there are. A few common and important mineral tests include chlorine and
chloride, nitrate and nitrite, lead, copper, iron, zinc, potassium, and sodium.

This wide range of mineral testing is essential and relevant in determining

water quality, as different regions or areas of terrain may have more of a build-
up of certain types of minerals, which informs what kind of mineral treatments
the water actually needs in order to be purified.

3. pH Testing

pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

The more of these hydrogen ions there are in a solution, the more acidic
that water is. Acidity affects the taste of water, but it can also affect how healthy
water is to consume. Drinking water that’s not neutral enough in acidity can
make people sick!

4. Other Types of Testing

There are some basic water tests that don’t have anything to do with
chemical testing: conductivity, odor, sediment, and turbidity. Not relevant in all
situations, these tests create a measure of the more physical traits of a water
sample.
 Is it clear, or clouded with sand and silt? Does it smell swampy, or fresh?
How well does it convey electricity—and what does that say about the mineral
content?

Methodology

To ensure consistency and repeatability, the methods use in the chemical

analysis of water samples are often agreed and published at a national or state
level. By convention these are often referred to as "Blue book"s.
The methods defined in the relevant standards can be broadly classified as:

 Conventional wet chemistry including the Winkler method for dissolved

oxygen, precipitation, filtration for solids, acidification,
neutralisation, titration etc. Colourimetric methods such as MBAS
assay which indicates anionic surfactants in water and on
site comparator methods to
determine chlorine and chloramines. Nephelometers are used to measure
solids concentrations as turbidity. These methods are generally robust and
well tried and inexpensive, giving a reasonable degree of accuracy at modest
sensitivity.
 Electro chemistry including pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen using
oxygen electrode. These methods yield accurate and precise results using
electronic equipment capable of feeding results directly into a laboratory
data management system
 Spectrophotometry is used particularly for metallic elements in solution
producing results with very high sensitivity, but which may require some
sample preparation prior to analysis and may also need specialised sampling
methods to avoid sample deterioration in transit.
 Chromatography is used for many organic species which are volatile or
which can yield a characteristic volatile component of after initial chemical
processing.
 Ion chromatography is a sensitive and stable technique that can
measure lithium, ammonium NH4 and many other low molecular weight
ions using ion exchange technology.
 Gas chromatography can be used to determine methane, carbon
dioxide, cyanide, oxygen, nitrogen and many other volatile components at
reasonable sensitivities.
 Mass spectrometry is used where very high sensitivity is required and is
sometimes used as a back-end process after gas liquid chromatography for
detecting trace organic chemicals.
 Depending on the components, different methods are applied to determine
the quantities or ratios of the components. While some methods can be
performed with standard laboratory equipment, others require advanced devices,
such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Research

Many aspects of academic research and industrial research such as in

pharmaceuticals, health products, and many others relies on accurate water
analysis to identify substances of potential use, to refine those substances and to
ensure that when they are manufactured for sale that the chemical composition
remains consistent. The analytical methods used in these area can be very
complex and may be specific to the process or area of research being conducted
and may involve the use of bespoke analytical equipment.

Forensic analysis

In environmental management, water analysis is frequently deployed

when pollution is suspected to identify the pollutant in order to take remedial
action.[7] The analysis can often enable the polluter to be identified. Such
forensic work can examine the ratios of various components and can "type"
samples of oils or other mixed organic contaminants to directly link the
pollutant with the source. In drinking water supplies the cause of unacceptable
quality can similarly be determined by carefully targeted chemical analysis of
samples taken throughout the distribution system. [8] In manufacturing, off-spec
products may be directly tied back to unexpected changes in wet processing
stages and analytical chemistry can identify which stages may be at fault and for
what reason.
 Reference

1. "Technical Guidance Note (Monitoring) M18 Monitoring of

discharges to water and sewer" (PDF). Environment Agency.
November 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
2. ^ "Harmonised Monitoring Sceme". DEFRA. 7 December 2004.
Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 30
July 2016.