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Investigatory Chemistry

chemistry (Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal)

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INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

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METHODS
OF
PURIFICATION
OF
WATER

NAME :RAJAT KUMBHAR

CLASS: 11th
ROLL NO.:13

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “RAJAT KUMBHAR” student of class 11th A has
successfully completed their Chemistry Investigatory Project on “Methods
of Purification of Water” under the guidance of “PODAR
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SURAT”.

Teacher’s Signature

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INDEX
Sr No. Particulars Page No.

1. Acknowledgement 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Boiling 3

4. Reverse Osmosis 4

5. Distillation 5

6. Water Chlorination 6

7. UV Water Purification 7

8. Clay Pot Filtration 8

9. Conclusion 9

10. Bibliography 10

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Page No. 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
“PODAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL”, who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project of Chemistry on “Methods of
Purification of Water”, who also helped me in completing my project. I
came to know about so many things I am really thankful to them. Secondly
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

Yash Rajesh Sarate

XIth A

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Page No. 2

INTRODUCTION
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goals
of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and
make it safe to drink. Most water is purified and disinfected for human
consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be carried
out for a variety of other purposes, including medical, pharmacological,
chemical, and industrial applications. Water purification can reduce the
concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites,
bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of a
range of dissolved and particulate matter.

There are different methods of purification which we would see briefly:-

 Boiling
 Reverse Osmosis
 Distillation
 Water Chlorination
 UV Water Purification
 Clay Pot Filtration

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BOILING

Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing

microbes and viruses that may be present. The sensitivity of different
micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at 100°C (212°F)
for one minute, most micro-organisms and viruses are in activated. In
places having proper water purification system, it is recommended
only as an emergency treatment method or for obtaining potable
water in the wilderness or in rural areas, as it cannot remove chemical
toxins or impurities.

The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly

for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at
temperatures greater than 60° (140°F) and bringing it to its boiling
point is also a useful indication, the water is disinfected.

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Page No. 4

REVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse Osmosis is a water purification process that uses a

semi-permeable membrane to filter out unwanted molecules and large
particles such as contaminants and sediments like chlorine, salt, and
dirt from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is
used to overcome the osmotic pressure and push the water from high
concentration to low concentration of contaminants. This means it’s
being forced in reverse and the contaminated water is trying to move
into the pure water, but because it must pass through a filter first, the
contaminants get trapped and only the pure water passes through;
resulting in the cleanest possible drinking water.

Reverse osmosis differs from carbon filtration in that it can rid

the water of up to 99.9% of all contaminants and sediments, or
particles as small as 1 micron. It would be best to get a reverse
osmosis filtration system to safeguard that your water is contaminant-
free.

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Page No. 5

DISTILLATION

Distillation is a water purification process involving collecting the

condensed water after evaporation, ensuring that water is free of
contaminants. Distillation is one of the oldest methods of water
treatment. It can effectively remove many contaminants from drinking
water, including bacteria, inorganic and many organic compounds.

Distillation is a process that relies on evaporation to purify

water. Contaminated water is heated to form steam. Inorganic
compounds and large non-volatile organic molecules do not evaporate
with the water and are left behind. Purifying drinking water by using
home distillation units is one option available for people with a water
quality problem. Distillation is an effective method to remove
inorganic compounds, bacteria, particulates and some organic
contaminants. However, other treatment methods may be better for
these contaminants and more cost-effective as well.

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Page No. 6

WATER CHLORINATION

Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine

compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is
used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In
particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne
diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. As a halogen,
chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and is added to public water
supplies to kill disease-causing pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses
and protozoans, that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on
the walls of water mains and in storage tank. As a strong oxidizing
agent, chlorine kills via the oxidation of organic molecules. Chlorine
and the hydrolysis product hypochlorous acid are not charged and
therefore easily penetrate the negatively charged surface of
pathogens. It is also to disintegrate the lipids that compose the cell
wall and react with intracellular enzymes and proteins, making them
non-functional. Microorganisms then either die or are no longer able
to multiply.

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Page No. 7

UV WATER PURIFICATION

UV water purification systems purify water by using ultraviolet

rays to kill microorganisms present in the water. UV rays completely
kill water-borne microorganisms and prevent their reproduction by
disrupting their DNA. Also, UV rays do not lead to chemical changes in
the water. As such, water purified from UV rays doesn’t contain any
harmful microorganisms and retain their original taste. Modern water
purifiers use low-pressure mercury vapor lamps which produce
ultraviolet radiation at a specific level. The mercury vapor lamps are
installed in such a way that they do not contact water.

One of the biggest advantages of using a UV water purifier is

instant purification of water. UV water purification systems do not use
any chemicals. UV water purifiers are cost-effective; the mercury
vapor lamp of the appliance is similar to a standard light bulb in terms
of power consumption and price. UV water purifiers can last long,
especially if you regularly maintain the appliance.

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Page No. 8

CLAY POT FILTRATION

Clay pot filtration process is very ancient process of filtration.

The filter is flowerpot shaped, holds about 8-10 liters of water, and
sits inside a plastic or clay receptacle. To use the filter, we have to fill
the top receptacle or filter with water, which flows through the filter
into a storage receptacle. The treated water is then accessed via a
spigot embedded within the water storage receptacle. The
effectiveness of clay pot filters at removing bacteria, viruses and
protozoa depends on the production quality of the clay pot filter. Most
filters are effective at removing bacteria and the larger protozoans,
but not at removing the viruses. Studies have also shown significant
bacterial contamination when poor-quality produced filters are used or
when the receptacle is contaminated at the household level. Because
there is no chlorine residual protection, it is important that user be
trained to properly care for and maintain the clay pot filter and
receptacle.

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Page No. 9

CONCLUSION
Water purification and disinfection is crucial. It ensures that you

and your family are in good health, free from the dangers posed by

consumption of contaminated water. It is, therefore, crucial to choose

a method of water purification for your house, depending on the

quality of water available in your local area. However, some methods

in current use are not environmental-friendly. They lead to wastage of

resources like water and electricity.

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Page No. 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.wikipedia.org/

 https://www.slideshare.net/

 https://www.aosmithindia.com/

 https://quenchwater.com/

 https://www.kutchina.com/

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THANK YOU!!!

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