NAME: Krishna Bansal

CLASS: XI Science
GUIDED BY: Biplab Bothra
ROLL NO :

CERTIFICATE P a g e 1 | 14
This is to certify that Krishna Bansal,
student of class XI-Science has
successfully completed the Chemistry
Project under the guidance of Mr.
Biplab Bothra. This project is genuine
and is not plagiarism of any kind. The
references used in making this project
file are declared at the end of the file.

External’s Sign: Class

In-Charge Sign:

______________
_____________

P a g e 2 | 14
ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and
sincere thanks to my Principal, Dipanjali
Ma’am for her encouragement and for all
the facilities she has provided for this
project work.

I extend my hearty thanks to my subject

teacher Biplab sir who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for their invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement and
immense motivation which has sustained
my efforts at all stages of this project
work. I cannot forget to offer my sincere
thanks to my classmates who helped me to
P a g e 3 | 14
carry out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and support
which I received for them time to time.

INDEX
Sr.N Contents Page
o. No.
1 Introduction 5
2 Aim of the Experiment 6
3 Material Required 7
4 Theory 8
5 Procedure 9
6 Observation[A] 11
7 Observation[B] 11
9 Observation[C] 12
P a g e 4 | 14
 10 Observation[D] 12
11 Conclusion 13
12 Bibliography 14

Hardness of water is due to the

presence of salts of calcium and
I
magnesium ions. If these salts are
present in low concentration and they
do not interfere with the cleansing
NDR
action of soap but at higher
concentration they are form scum with ODU
soap and hence water becomes unfit for
laundry purposes hardness of water can
be removed by adding sodium
CTIO
carbonate to the hard water. Water may
also contain salts fluoride , chloride or
iron these salts are dangerous for
N
human health and can cause many fatal diseases for example
presence of fluoride salts in water in higher concentration can
cause fluorosis therefore it is necessary to detect the presence
of these ions and to remove them so that water becomes fit for
drinking

P a g e 5 | 14
 AIM
Testing the hardness presence of iron fluoride chloride etc
depending upon the regional variation in drinking water and
study of causes of presence of this iron above the permissible
limit.

P a g e 6 | 14
 MA
TE

RIA
Test tubes

L
 The tube stand
 Beakers
 Pipe tte



Corks
RE
Stop watch
Soap solution

 QUI
Distilled water
Sodium chloride solution
 Calcium chloride solution


RE
Magnesium chloride solution
Potassium nitrate solution

D
 Sodium sulphate solution
 Iron sulphate solution
 Magnesium sulphate solution
 Conc. HNO3
 Potassium sulphocyanamide
 Silver nitrate solution

P a g e 7 | 14
  Zirconium alizarin complex

THE
Hard water the
content is called
formed when
ORY water with very high mineral
hard water Hard water is
water persuades through
deposits of limestone and chalk We know that limestone and chalk are made
up of calcium and magnesium carbonates Magnesium and calcium ions end
up causing hardness in water potential benefits of hard water Drinking hard
water can have some moderate health benefits Some studies suggest benefits
in cardiovascular disease from drinking hard water Some study sources that
are stacked hardwater may provide adequate supplementation of calcium and
magnesium to a person arms of hard water hard water as directress effects in
industrial setting Hard water may clock the pipes and channels in a factory It
may end up destroying a costly boiler because of excessive clot formation
hard water also hampered the foaming capacity of soap Wherever water
hardness is a concern water softening is commonly used to reduce the hard
water adverse effects indicator of hardness in water Hardness in water can be
deducted by its instability to form letter with soap solution following
example of water containing calcium and magnesium ions shows formation
of insoluble participated when soap is dissolved in water.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na2+
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ → (C17H35COO)2Mg + 2Na2+

P a g e 8 | 14
`

PRO
A.
hardness of water
o take a test
CED Testing the

tubes and label them

as
o put about URE 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8.
10 drops of the
following in different tube
 test tube 1 -distilled water
 Test tube 2 sodium chloride solution
 Test tube 3 Calcium chloride solution
 Test tube 4 magnesium chloride solution
 Test tube 5 potassium nitrate solution
 Test tube 6 sodium sulphate solution
 Test tube 7 iron sulphate solution
 Test tube 8 magnesium sulphate solution
o Take about 50ML of soap solution in a small beaker
o pipette out about 5 ml of solution in each taste tube
o Close them mouth of the taste tube with cork and
check vigorously
o Note which tube contains a foamy or a leather and
which do not try to work out with chance of
preventing the leather formation with help of a
stopwatch by measuring the time taken for
.
disappearance of foam in each test tube

P a g e 9 | 14
B. Testing the presence of Iran in the water
 Take 5 ml of water in a test tube Add two drops of
concentrated HNO3 in it.
 Boil the contents of the test tube and allow to cool
 now add two to three drops of potassium
sulphocyanamide solution to it.

C. Testing the presence of Iran in the water

 Take 5 ml of water in a test tube Add two drops of
concentrated HNO3 in it.
 Boil the contents of the test tube and allow to cool
 now add two to three drops of AgNO3 solution to it.

D. Testing the presence of fluoride ions in water

 Take 5 ml water in test tube
 Add 1 to 2 drops of zirconium alizarin complex to it

P a g e 10 | 14
TES
T
TUB
SOLUTION
OBSE LATER
FORMED OR
NOT
TIME TAKEN
FOR
DISAPPEARAN

RVA
E CE OF FOAM
1 Distilled Water Yes 36 sec
2 Sodium Chloride Yes 30 sec
3
4
5
TION
Calcium Chloride
Magnesium Chloride
Potassium Nitrate
No
No
Yes
--------
--------
31 sec
6
7 Iron Sulphate [A]
Sodium Sulphate Yes
Yes
28 sec
30 sec
8 Magnesium Sulphate No ---------

Appearance of blood red coloration

OBSE indicated presence of iron in water

RVA
TION
[B]
OBSERVATION[C]
P a g e 11 | 14
Appearance of curdy white precipitate indicates the presence
of chloride ions in water .

OBSE
Discharge of color of zirconium alizarin complex
indicates the presenceRVA
of fluoride ions in water.

TION
[D]

CONCLUSION

P a g e 12 | 14
Testing hardness in drinking water is important to ensure it is safe for
consumption. Hardness can be tested with a pH test strip, a water hardness test
kit, or by sending a sample to a laboratory for analysis. Knowing the hardness
of drinking water can help identify potential contamination and can indicate the
need for further treatment. Testing hardness will also help ensure the water is
not too hard or too soft, both of which can impact the taste of the water and can
cause damage to appliances that use water.
The presence of iron, fluoride and chloride in drinking water can have a
significant impact on the health of those drinking the water. It is important to
test for these elements in drinking water, to ensure that the water is safe for
consumption. If any of these elements are present in levels higher than the
recommended safety limits, then efforts should be taken to remove them and
bring the water back within safe levels.

BIBLI P a g e 13 | 14

OGR
1. Practical skills in Chemistry class 11
2. NCERT Class 11 Chemistry
3. Playground - OpenAI API
4. Hardness of Water | U.S. Geological Survey (usgs.gov)

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