EXPERIMENT 2

SOLUTIONS, ACID, AND BASES

I. PURPOSE

To compare the solubility of a substance in various solvent and to study the different types of
solutions.

II. MATERIALS

Iodine, Sand, Sugar, 2.5 grams Sodium Thiosulfate, Carbon Tetrachloride or Chloroform, Ethyl
Alcohol, Glycerin, Oil, Blue Vitriol, Solid Sodium Hydroxide, Solid Ammonium Chloride, 1 mL each of
0.2 M Ferric Chloride, Chromic Sulfate, Calcium Chloride, Zinc Nitrate, Aluminum Sulfate, 4 mL each
of 1 N Ammonium Hydroxide, Dilute Sodium Hydroxide, 3 mL each of 1 N Acetic Acid and
Hydrochloric Acid, Blue and Red Litmus Paper, Aluminum Shavings, Marble Chips, Methyl Orange,
Phenolphthalein

III. APPARATUS

Test Tubes, Bunsen Burner, Mortar and Pestle

IV. PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATIONS

A. SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS

a.1) Put equally small amounts of each of the following substances in 4 separate test tubes: Iodine,
Sand, Sugar, and Salt. Add to each 20mL of water and shake. Allow to stand and note the results if it
is soluble, slightly soluble, and insoluble. The substances Table Salt and Sugar are soluble to water.
The substance Iodine is slightly soluble to water. Lastly, the substance Sand is insoluble to water.

a.2) To the tube containing Iodine from the solubility test, add 1mL of either chloroform or Carbon
Tetrachloride. The Chloroform and Carbon Tetrachloride are both soluble in Iodine but Chloroform
dissolves faster in Iodine.

B. SOLUBILITY OF LIQUIDS IN LIQUIDS

b.1) Pour 1 mL od Ethyl Alcohol into an equal volume of water and shake. Add 1 mL of the alcohol
and shake again. The alcohol and water mixed in all proportion which means it is miscible.

b.2) In 2 separate test tubes containing 5 mL of water, add separately 1 mL each of glycerin and oil.
Shake the mixture.

It can be observed that for the glycerin and water mixture, it produces a colorless solution. Hence,
the mixture is soluble. For oil and water mixture it is observed that the oil is on top of the water, it
does not mix together. Hence, the mixture is insoluble.

C. UNSATURATED, SATURATED, AND SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS

c.1) Take 1 mL of water and drop a small amount of crystal of sodium thiosulfate. Then shake the
mixture. The solution produced is an unsaturated solution.

c.2) To the solution in (c.1) add some more crystals of Sodium Thiosulfate until no more dissolves.
The solution formed is a saturated solution.

c.3) Add more crystals to the solution (c.2) and then heat the mixture. The type of solution produced
is a supersaturated solution.

Set aside the resulting solution to cool. Once the solution is cold, drop 1 crystal of Sodium
Thiosulfate. Larger crystals were formed in cooling and the type of solution produced remains a
saturated solution.

D. EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC RECTIONS

1) Place 10 mL of water in a test tube and note the temperature. Add solid Sodium Hydroxide
and shake the test tube. As the solid dissolves, the test tube became hot. Hence, the mixture
created is exothermic.
 2) Pour 10 mL of water in a test tube and note the temperature. Add Solid Ammonium Chloride
to the water and shake the test tube. As the sold dissolves, the test tube became cold.
Hence, the mixture created is exothermic.

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

1) Place 1 mL of acetic acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Ammonium Hydroxide, and Sodium Hydroxide in 4
separate test tubes and dilute each with 1 mL of Distilled Water. Then shake the 4 different mixtures.

a) Dip a clean glass rod into the solution and cautiously taste it. Rinse the mouth with Tap
Water. 1 mL of Acetic Acid and 1 mL of Hydrochloric Acid added to 1 mL of water results in a
sour taste. On the other hand, 1 mL of Ammonium Hydroxide and 1 mL of Sodium Hydroxide
added to water results to a bitter taste.
b) Test all acids & bases above with blue and red litmus paper. Blue paper turned red for both
Acetic Acid and Hydrochloric Acid solutions while red litmus paper remained red.
Additionally, red litmus paper turned blue for the Ammonium Hydroxide and Sodium
Hydroxide solutions while the blue litmus paper remained blue.
c) Add a drop of Methyl Orange indicator to all the acidic solutions. The Acetic Acid and
Hydrochloric Acid turned to a red colored solution.
d) Add a drop of Phenolphthalein indicator to all the basic solutions. The Ammonium Hydroxide
and Sodium Hydroxide turned to a pink colored solution.

E. RELATIVE ACTIVITY OF ACIDS

1) To 1 mL of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in two separate last tubes add a piece of
Aluminum Shaving (equal size) to each. The gas evolved is a Hydrogen Gas (H 2) and
Hydrochloric Acid reacts faster with Aluminum Shaving.
2) In separate test tubes, using the same acids above, place a piece of Marble Chips (same size)
to each. The gas evolved is a Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) and Hydrochloric Acid reacts faster with
Marble Chips.

F. RELATIVE ACTIVITY OF BASES

Place 1 mL each of the following solution in 3 separate test tubes. Label each test tube with Ferric
Chloride, Aluminum Sulfate, and Zinc Nitrate. Add slowly a few drops of dilute Sodium hydroxide
solution to each test tube until a precipitate is obtained. Avoid adding excess. A white precipitate
started to form for solutions Aluminum Sulfate and Zinc Nitrate while, reddish-brown precipitate
formed for Ferric Chloride.

V. EXPLANATION OF THE RESULTS

A. SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS

a.1) Sugar dissolves in water because intermolecular connections between the slightly polar sucrose
molecules and the polar water molecules release energy. Since the ionic connections in salt
molecules are weaker than the covalent ones in water, the salt dissolves. Relatively little
Iodine dissolves in water because there is no interaction between Iodine and water molecules strong
enough to make up for the hydrogen bonds that must be broken to dissolve iodine in water. Whereas
the attraction between water and water is greater than the attraction between water and the
molecules that make up sand, sand does not dissolve in water.

a.2) Due to its lack of polarity, iodine dissolves readily in most organic solvents including hexane,
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform, although it is only slightly soluble in water.

B. SOLUBILITY OF LIQUIDS IN LIQUIDS

b.1) Since the molecules of rubbing alcohol have both polar and nonpolar regions, they may combine
with water by forming hydrogen bonds with it.

b.2) due to the three polar hydroxyl groups, which also exhibit hydrogen bonding with the water-
based solvent. Since the process of forming bonds is exothermic, some energy is released. The
process is propelled ahead by the energy released, which makes glycerin more soluble in water. Oils
and fats lack any polar components; thus, they would need to break some of the hydrogen bonds in
water in order to dissolve in it. Hence, oil is insoluble in water.

C. UNSATURATED, SATURATED, AND SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS

At any given temperature, a saturated solution is one that cannot dissolve any more solute.
Unsaturated solutions are ones that, regardless of temperature, can dissolve additional solute.
Supersaturated solutions are those that, at normal temperature, may dissolve more solute.

A solution becomes supersaturated at a lower temperature when it is cooled after having more
solute dissolved at a higher temperature. Crystals begin to form because the supersaturated solution
contains more solute than is stable at the lower temperature.

D. EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC RECTIONS

1) The PROCESS of dissolving NaOH solid into water is exothermic because the (separated) ions' ionic
(charge) monopoles generate electric fields that, as a result of their enormous dipole moments, allow
strong hydrogen bonds to form with the polar water molecules.

2) The negative portion of our dipole, the electron density on Cl-, separates H+ from water when
water (H2O) is introduced to ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), causing it to split into its usual H+ and OH-
ions, requiring some dissociation energy due to the strength of the H-O bond.

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

a) While many bases are bitter chemicals and are in fact alkaline, this is due to the fact that naturally
occurring bitter compounds frequently include amine groups, whereas acidic compounds are thought
to taste sour due to their hydrogen ion concentration. Amine bases are weak. Due to the pH, acids
have a sour taste.

b) Diprotic acid is weak in red litmus. When an acid is exposed to a base, the hydrogen ions from the
acid combine with the base, changing the color of the base to blue. On the other hand, the blue
conjugate base is already present in blue litmus paper. It becomes red when it interacts with an acid.

c) Methyl Orange is recognized to transform from red (pH of 3.1.) to orange-yellow (pH of 4.4). This is
caused by the electrons and how their configurations vary when hydrogen ions are added to and
withdrawn.

d) The color changes due to ionization, which modifies the charge and structure of the
phenolphthalein molecule, turning pink when in contact with an 8.2 pH material and purple at a
higher pH.

E. RELATIVE ACTIVITY OF ACIDS

1) Aluminum reacts with an acid to generate aluminum salt and gaseous hydrogen in a typical single
displacement reaction. The dissolution of the metal in hydrochloric acid results in the production of
aluminum chloride and colorless hydrogen gas. An oxidation-reduction process occurs when metallic
aluminum and hydrochloric acid are combined.

WRITE EQUATION

2) When hydrochloric acid was added to marble chips, the calcium carbonate reacted. The increased
reactivity of calcium carbonate caused it to displace hydrogen from the hydrochloric acid. Marble
chips and HCl enhanced the creation of CO2, which accelerated the rate of mass loss.

WRITE EQUATION

F. RELATIVE ACTIVITY OF BASES

When a few drops of diluted sodium hydroxide solution are introduced to a solution containing
aluminum ions, a white precipitate result.

The molecular formula for sodium hydroxide is NaOH and the molecular formula for zinc sulphate is
ZnSO4. Thus, when sodium hydroxide reacts with zinc sulphate a (white) precipitate of zinc hydroxide
(Zn(OH)2) is formed.

FeCl3 is a salt of a strong acid & weak base. Three moles of hydroxide ions are required to balance the
ferric ion concentration. The precipitate has the hue of reddish brown (Fe(OH) 3). Since iron is a
member of the transition metal family, its compounds are colored by it.

WRITE EQUATION

VI. CONCLUSION
In this experiment number 2 the students will be able to compare the solubility of a substance in
various solvent and study the different types of solutions. The students will also be able to explain
why different substances dissolve to different extents in water or in any other forms of liquid. There
are several methods used in this experiment to prove solubility or insolubility the different solutes
and solvents. Also, in determining the differences of acids and bases. The following are the solubility
of solids in liquids, solubility of liquids in solids, unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions,
exothermic and endothermic reactions, and properties of acids and bases.

Prior to compounding, it is crucial to understand each ingredient's solubility since this information
may be used to predict how various compounds will mix and dissolve. One of the characteristics of
the substances is solubility, which suggests that it specifies the polarity of the material to help
identify it from other chemicals. To direct the application of drugs, utilize this. Additionally, it is
employed to help achieve the appropriate concentration because it relies on the components and
solvents used, as well as the applied temperature, among other things.