AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL SEC-46 GURGAON

MLP; CHEMISTRY: IX; IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

Physical change: A temporary change in which the composition of the substance remains the same
and no new substance is formed but only a change of state occurs. Examples:
Melting of ice, breaking of glass, tearing of paper, cutting of wood and changing of water to water
vapour.
Chemical change: A permanent change in which a new substance is formed that has properties,
which are different from the original substance”. For example:
Formation of water, rusting of iron, burning of wood, lighting of fire crackers, burning of a match
stick.
Pure Substance: A substance which is made of one kind of particle.
Examples - iron, aluminum, silver and gold.
Mixtures: Substance which contains two or more different kinds of particles.
Element: Homogeneous in nature. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
An atom is the smallest unit and shows all the properties of an element.
They have a sharp melting point and boiling point.
 Classified into three classes as:
 Metals
 non-metals
 metalloids
Metals are the elements which readily lose electrons to form positive ions or cations.
Metals are Lustrous, Good conductors of heat and electricity, Malleable, Ductile and Sonorous.
Almost all metals are solids except mercury which is a liquid at room temperature.
Nonmetals are the elements which readily gain electrons to form negative ions or anions. They are
Non lustrous, bad conductors of heat and electricity, Non-malleable, Non-ductile and Non-
sonorous. They exist in all the three states

A pure substance composed of atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bound with
one another in fixed proportions
A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound with properties similar to that of a compound..

 A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

 The component of the solution that is present in a larger amount is called the solvent and that
in smaller quantity is called the solute.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed using two methods:
 Mass by mass percentage of a solution, Mass by volume percentage of a solution

 Depending on the amount of solute present in the solution, solutions can be classified into saturated,
unsaturated or super saturated.

Solubility can be defined as the maximum amount of solute by weight in grams dissolved in 100
grams of solvent at constant temperature

Properties of a Suspension

 Heterogeneous mixture
 Particles are large
 Unstable
 Solute and solvent separated by filtration
Properties of a Colloid

 A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.

 The particles of a colloid cannot be seen with the naked eye, and do not settle down when left
undisturbed and cannot be separated by filtration.
 Colloids can scatter a beam of light and make its path visible.
 The dispersed particles in a colloid form the dispersed phase.

The component in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known as the dispersing medium

Aerosol, foam, solid foam, emulsion, sol, solid sol, and gel are the different types of colloids.
The phenomenon of the scattering of light by colloidal particles is called the Tyndall effect.

Mixtures on the basis of their physical states can be classified into

 Solid - Solid Mixture

 Solid – Liquid Mixture
 Liquid – Liquid Mixture
 Liquid – Gas Mixture
 Gas - Gas Mixture.

The mixture of iron filings and sulphur powder can be separated by using magnets.

Evaporation is the process of vaporizing the solvent to obtain the solute.

We can separate salt from a solution by evaporating the water from the solution.

Filtration is a process by which insoluble solids can be removed from a liquid by using a filter paper.

 In the filtration process:

 liquid that filters through is the filtrate
 undissolved solid particles are residue

You can separate the mixtures of solids and liquids such as fat in the cream by the process of
centrifugation.

Two immiscible liquids are separated by a separating funnel. Salt and a sublimable solid such as
ammonium chloride, can be separated by the process of sublimation.
Solids like camphor, naphthalene and anthracene are examples of solids that sublime.
Chromatography is a method used to separate a mixture that comprises solutes that dissolve in the
same solvent. Chromatography is used for separating colours in a dye, pigments from natural
colours and drugs from blood.

Distillation: Conversion of a liquid into vapour by boiling and recondensing the vapour into liquid.
A mixture of acetone and water can be separated by the process of distillation.
In case the difference in the boiling points of the liquids is less than 25Kelvin temperature, we use
the fractional distillation method.
The gases in the air are separated from one another by the fractional distillation of liquid air

Crystallisation is used for Purification of salt that we get from sea water and Separation of crystals
of alum from impure sample.
 CLASS IX: CHAPTER NO. 2; IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?

ASSIGNMENT; SESSION 2015-16

Q 1 Name the process which can be used to recover sugar from an aqueous sugar solution. (1)

Q 2 What happens when a saturated solution is heated? (1)

Q 3 Name the process you would use to separate a mixture of water and alcohol. (1)

Q 4 Give an example of an aqueous solution in which gas is dissolved. (1)

Q 5 What is the cause of Tyndall effect as shown by colloid? (1)

Q 6 How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water? (1)

Q 7 Name the technique to separate - (a) Salt from sea water (b) Butter from curd (1)

Q 8Why carbon dioxide is classified as compound not as mixture? (1)

Q 9 Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. (2)

CLASS IX ; CHEMISTRY; CHAPTER NO. 2 ; IS MATTER AROUND US PURE? ; HOTS

1. Give an example each for the mixture having the following characteristics. Suggest a suitable method
to separate the components of these mixtures

(a) A volatile and a non-volatile component.

(b) Two volatile components with appreciable difference in boiling points.

2. On heating calcium carbonate gets converted into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

(a) Is this a physical or a chemical change?

(b) Can you prepare one acidic and one basic solution by using the products formed in the above
process? If so, write the chemical equation involved.

3. A solution is always a liquid. Comment

4. Iron filings and sulphur were mixed together and divided into two parts, ‘A’ and ‘B’. Part ‘A’ was
heated strongly while Part ‘B’ was not heated. Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to both the Parts and
evolution of gas was seen in both the cases. How will you identify the gases evolved?

5. You are provided with a mixture containing sand, iron filings, ammonium chloride and sodium
chloride. Describe the procedures you would use to separate these constituents from the mixture?

6. Arun has prepared 0.01% (by mass) solution of sodium chloride in water. Which of the following
correctly represents the composition of the solutions?

(a) 1.00 g of NaCl + 100g of water

(b) 0.11g of NaCl + 100g of water

(c) 0.0l g of NaCl + 99.99g of water

(d) 0.10 g of NaCl + 99.90g of water

7. Calculate the mass of sodium sulphate required to prepare its 20% (mass percent) solution in 100g of
water?

8. Rain water stored in a tank contains sand grains, unfilterable clay particles, calcium carbonate, salt,
pieces of paper and some air bubbles. Select from amongst these one example each of a solvent, a
solute, a colloid and a suspension.

9. Suggest separation technique(s) one would need to employ to separate the following mixtures:

(a) Mercury and Water

(b) Potassium Chloride and ammonium chloride

(c) Common salt, water and sand

(d) Kerosene oil, water and salt

10. During an experiment the students were asked to prepare a 10% (Mass/Mass)

solution of sugar in water. Ramesh dissolved 10g of sugar in 100g of water while

Sarika prepared it by dissolving 10g of sugar in water to make 100g of the solution.

(a) Are the two solutions of the same concentration?

(b) Compare the mass% of the two solutions.

11. The table given below shows number of grams of five different solids dissolving in 100 g of the
solvents: water, alcohol and chloroform (all at 20o C).

Solvent Salt Sugar Iodine Chalk Urea

Water 36.0 204.0 0.6 0.0 100.0

Alcohol 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 16.0

Chloroform 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0

(a) Which solid dissolves best in water at 20o C?

(b) Which solid is most soluble in alcohol?

(c) Which solid is insoluble in all three solvents?

12. Give reasons to show that air is mixture and sodium chloride is a compound.

13. Identify the solute and the solvent in the following solutions:

i) Dental amalgam ii) 22 carat gold iii) rectified spirit

14. Gun powder is a mixture of nitre, sulphur and carbon. How will you separate its constituents?

15. How will you separate a mixture of sugar and salt?

16. Water containing 88.88% oxygen and 11.11% hydrogen is often used as a fire extinguisher. Can a
mixture containing the same two gases in the same ratio by mass be used for extinguishing fire?

17. You are given two samples of water labelled as ‘A’ and ‘B’. Sample ‘A’ boils at 100 oC and sample
‘B’ boils at 102oC.Which sample of water will not freeze at 0oC? Comment.

18.Sucrose (sugar) crystals obtained from sugarcane and beetroot are mixed together .Will it be a pure
substance or a mixture ? Give reasons for the same.

19. While diluting the solution of salt in water, a student by mistake added acetone (bp 56 o C). What
technique can be employed to get back the acetone? Justify your answer.

20. The teacher instructed three students ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ respectively to prepare a 50% (mass by
volume) solution of NaOH. ‘A’ dissolved 50 g of NaOH in 100 ml of water, ‘B’ dissolved 50 g of
NaOH in 100 g of water while ‘C’ dissolved 50 g of NaOH in water to make 100 ml solution. Which
one of them has made the desired solution and why?