Carbon and Its Compounds

10/22/22, 2:14 PM Exam Automation
College Knowledge
9950308601
Worksheet Name: Carbon And Its Compunds Standard: 10th Subject: Science
Q1. Write the chemical formula and name of the compound which is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. List its two uses. Write chemical equation and name of the product
formed when this compound reacts with-
1. Sodium metal.
2. Hot concentrated sulphuric acid.
Ans:
Name of the compound which is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks is Ethanol, and its chemical formula is CH3CH2OH.
Uses-
1. Ethanol is used in medical wipes/ swabs and antibacterial hand sanitizers.
2. Ethanol is also used in body lotions as preservatives and stabilizer of its ingredients.
Chemical reactions of ethanol-
1. CH 3CH 2OH + Na → CH 3CH 2O − Na + + H 2 Ethanol Sodium Soidum ethoxide Hydrogen ges
− +
CH3 CH2 OH + Na −−→ CH3 CH2 O Na + H2
Ethanol Sodium Soidum ethoxide Hydrogen ges
sulphuric acid ethene water

2. CH 3CH 2OH + H 2So 4(conc.) → C 2H 4 + H 2O Ethanol
CH3 CH2 OH + H2 So4 (conc.) −−→ C2 H4 + H2 O
Ethanol sulphuric acid ethene water
Q2. 1. What is a soap? Why are soaps not suitable for washing clothes when the water is hard?
2. Explain the action of soap in removing an oily spot from a piece of cloth.
Ans:
1. Soap is sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids such as oleic acid (C17H33COOH), stearic acid (C17H35COOH), palimitic acid (C15H31COOH), etc. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt
of long chain fatty acids
Soaps are not suitable for washing clothes when water is hard: Soaps, when used with hard water, does not lather or produce foam easily because of the formation of a curdy precipitate
or scum. This scum is created when soaps react with the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water.
2. Cleansing action of soaps: The oily spot present on clothes is organic in nature and insoluble in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is
dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to the oily spot and remove it from the cloth. Then, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in the form of micelle and trap
the dirt at the centre of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water. Hence, the oily spots are easily rinsed away by water.
Q3. 1. You have three unlabelled test tubes containing ethanol, ethanoic acid and soap solution. Explain the method you would use to identify the compounds in different test tubes
by chemical tests using litmus paper and sodium metal.
2. Give the reason of formation of scum when soaps are used with hard water.
Ans:
1.
Blue Litmus Red Litmus
S.No. Solution Sodium Metal
Paper Paper
1. Ethanol No change No change Hydrogen gas
2. Ethanoic acid Turns red No change Hydrogen gas
3. Soap No change Turns blue Hydrogen gas
2. The precipitate form of scum is formed when soap is used for washing clothes. With hard water, a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of
hard water to form an insoluble precipitate. The precipitate form formed by the action of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability
of the additional soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Q4. What are detergents chemically? List two merits and two demerits of using detergents for cleansing. State the reason for the suitability of detergents for washing, event in the case
of water having calcium and magnesium ions.
Ans:
Detergents is the sodium salt of a long chain Benzene Suplhonic acid which has cleansing properties in water.
A detergent has a large non ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group like sulphonate group, SO³⁻ Na⁺.
Examples of detergents are :
Sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulphonate and sodium n-dodecyl sulphate
Cleansing action of detergent is same as soap.
Merits of detergents:
1. Detergent works properly even if the water is hard.
2. Detergent has better cleansing action than soap.
Demerits of detergents:
1. Detergents are non-biodegradable.
2. Detergents cause environmental and health problems.
Reason for the having calcium and magnesium ions :
Detergents react with with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions in hard water forming soluble compounds. lather is formed easily and cleansing action is efficient.
Q5. Why detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps? Explain.
Ans:
A substance capable of removing grease and dirt from any fabric or body is called detergent. The detergents are of two types Le. soapy and non-soapy detergents. The soapy detergents
are soaps whereas the non-soapy detergents are synthetic detergents or simply detergents. Although both are cleansing agents, they differ in chemical composition. In the present chapter,
we shall briefly discuss the composition and cleansing action of soaps and synthetic detergents.
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of long chain fatty acids with general formula RCOONa or RCOOK. The acids present have the formula RCOOH where R may have following
values.
C15H31COOH C17H33COOH C17H35COOH
Palmitic acid Oleic acid Stearic acid
(R = C15H31) (R = C17H33) (R = C17H35)
These fatty acids exist as triesters of glycerol which is a trihydric alcohol. The triesters are also called triglycerides or simply glycerides and are the constituents of edible oils and fats. These
are of animal and vegetable origin e.g. castor oil, linseed oil or soyabean oil. Chemically the triglycerides are formed as a result of esterification reaction.
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Q6. Esters are When ester treated with an alkali, the reaction gives ethanol and sodium ethanoate. This reaction is called saponification reaction because this reaction forms the
basis of preparation of soap. This can be given by following equation.
Ans:
Esters as pointed, are pleasant smelling compounds. These are therefore, commonly used as flavouring agents and also in perfumes. When an ester is reacted with water in the presence
of a dilute acid like dilute HCl, acid and alcohol are formed as the product. The reaction is called ester hydrolysis.
H+
CH 3COOC 2H 5(aq) + H 2O(l) → CH 3COOH(aq) + C 2H 5OH(aq) Ethylethanoate
+
H
CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq) + H2 O(l) −−

− → CH3 COOH(aq) + C2 H5 OH(aq)
Ethylethanoate
Ester hydrolysis is the reverse of esterification reaction.

When an ester is reacted with an aqueous solution of base like NaOH or KOH, the product is an alcohol and salt of the acid. For example,
CH 3COOC 2H 5(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH 3COONa (aq) + C 2H 5OH(aq) Ethyl ethanoate Sod. ethanoate (salt.)
CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq) + NaOH(aq) −
→ CH3 COONa (aq) + C2 H5 OH(aq)
Ethyl ethanoate Sod. ethanoate (salt.)
CH 3COOC 2H 5(aq) + KOH(aq) → CH 3COOK(aq) + C 2H 5OH(aq) Ethylethanoate Pot. ethanoate (salt)

CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq) + KOH(aq) −
−→ CH3 COOK(aq) + C2 H5 OH(aq)
Ethylethanoate Pot. ethanoate (salt)
The reaction is known as saponification reaction because it is the basis for the formation of soap.
Q7. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).
1. Which of the following compounds belong to same homologous series?

1. S and T
2. T and U
3. P and U
4. P and T
2. The functional group of compound (R) is:
1. alcohol.
2. aldehyde.
3. ketone.
4. carboxylic acid.
3. Compound (T) belongs to homologous series of:
1. alkynes.
2. alkenes.
3. alkanes.
4. none of these.
4. Which of the following compounds is unsaturated hydrocarbon?
1. S
2. Q
3. U
4. R
5. Which of the following compounds belongs to alkane series?
1. P
2. S
3. T
4. U
Ans:
1. (d) P and T
Explanation:
(P) and (T) are alkynes.
2. (a) alcohol.
Explanation:
Alcohol (-OH).
3. (a) alkynes.
Explanation:
(T) is an alkyne having general formula of CnH2n-2
4. (c) U
Explanation:
(U) is an alkene.
5. (b) S
Q8. An element E exists in three allotropic forms A, B and C. In allotrope A, the atoms of element E are joined to form spherical molecules. In allotrope B, each atom of element E is
surrounded by three other E atoms to form a sheet like structure. In allotrope C, each atom of element E is surrounded by four other E atoms to form a rigid structure.
1. Name the element E.
2. What is allotrope A.
3. What is allotrope B?
4. What is allotrope C?
5. Which allotrope is used in making jewellery?
6. Which allotrope is used in making anode of a dry cell?
Ans:
1. Carbon is the element 'E' which exists in three allotropic forms A, B and C.
2. Buckminsterfullerene is the allotrope, A, of carbon in which the atoms are joined to form spherical molecules.
3. Graphite is the allotrope, B, of carbon which is surrounded by three other carbon atoms to form a sheet like structure.
4. Diamond is the allotrope, C, of carbon in which each atom is surrounded by four other carbon atoms to form a rigid structure.
5. The allotrope C (Diamond) is used to make jewellery.
6. The allotrope B (Graphite) is used in making anode of a dry cell.
The table given below shows six organic compounds A, B, C, D, E and F having different molecular formula:
Organic compound Molecular formula
A C7H16
B C8H16
C C4H6
D C6H10
E C5H10
F C9H20
1. Which of the following compounds belong to same homologous series?

1. E and F
2. B and C
3. A and B
4. C and D
2. Which of the following is the member of the same homologous series as E?
1. D
2. A
3. F
4. B
3. Identify the correct statements.
1. A and Fare saturated hydrocarbons while all others are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
2. C and D belong to a homologous series having general formula CnH2n.
3. B and E are alkynes.
4. All the compounds have same physical and chemical properties.
4. Compound B is:
1. An alkane.
2. An alkene.
3. An alkyne.
4. None of thes.
5. Compound (F) has a general formula:
1. CnH2n-2
2. CnH2n
3. CnH2n+4
4. CnH2n+2
Ans:
1. (d) C and D
Explanation:
A and Fare alkanes; B and E are alkenes; C and Dare alkynes.
2. (d) B
Explanation:
B is an alkene having general formula CnH2n the homologous series to which E belongs.
3. (a) A and Fare saturated hydrocarbons while all others are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Explanation:
C and D belong to a homologous series having general formula CnH2n-2 B and E are alkenes. All the compounds have different physical and chemical properties.
4. (b) An alkene.
Explanation:
(B) is alkene.
5. (d) CnH2n+2
Explanation:
(F) is an alkane.
The compounds which have the same molecular formula but differ from each other in physical or chemical properties are called isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism.
When the isomerism is due to difference in the arrangement of atoms within the molecule, without any reference to space, the phenomenon is called structural isomerism. ln other
words, structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, i.e., they are different in the order in which different atoms are
linked. In these compounds, carbon atoms can be linked together in the form of straight chains, branched chains or even rings.
1. Which of the following sets of compounds have same molecular formula?
1. Butane and iso-butane.
2. Cyclohexane and hexene.
3. Prop anal and propanone.
4. All of these.
2. In order to form branching, an organic compound must have a minimum of:
1. Four carbon atoms.
2. Three carbon atoms.
3. Five carbon atoms.
4. Any number of carbon atoms.
3. Which of the following is an isomeric pair?
1. Ethane and propane.
2. Ethane and ethene.
3. Propane and butane.
4. Butane and 2-methylpropane.
4. Among the following the one having longest chain is:
1. neo-pentane.
2. iso-pentane.
3. 2-methylpentane.
4. 2, 2-dimethylbutane.
5. The number of isomers of pentane is:
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5
Ans:
1. (d) All of these.
Explanation:
CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3, CH 3CHCH 3 | CH 3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 , CH3 CHCH3
CH3
(Butane and iso-Butane-C4H10)
(Cyclohexane and hexene-C6H12)

CH 3CH 2CHO, CH 3COCH 3
(Propanal and propanone-C3H6O)
2. (a) Four carbon atoms.
3. (d) Butane and 2-methylpropane.
Explanation:
CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3 and CH 3CHCH 3 have | CH 3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 and CH3 CHCH3 have
CH3
Different structural formulas and same molecular formula.

4. (c) 2-methylpentane.
Explanation:
neo-Pentane:
iso-Pentane:
2-Methylpentane:
2,2-Dimethylbutane:
Hence, 2-methylpentane has the longest carbon chain.

5. (b) 3
Explanation:
Pentane (C5H12) has three structural isomers:
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3
n-pentent
CH 3 − CH − CH 2 − CH 3 | CH 3
CH3 − CH − CH2 − CH3
CH3
iso-pentent
CH 3 | CH 3 − C − CH 3 | CH 3
CH3
CH3 − C − CH3
CH3
neo-pentent
As neutral atom carbon has electronic configuration K L2 4
K L
2 4
To gain inert gas configuration carbon can either donate 4 valence electrons (helium gas configuration) or gain 4 electrons (neon gas configuration), but it cannot do so. To acquire
inert gas configuration carbon can only share its 4 valence electrons with other atoms forming covalent bonds. A covalent bond can be defined as a chemical bond formed between
two atoms by mutual sharing of valence electrons so that each atom acquires the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas. The concept of covalent bonds was given
by Langmuir and Lewis to explain bonding in non-ionic compounds. The covalent bonds are of three types. If each atom contributes one electron, the covalent bond formed is called
a single covalent bond and is represented by a single line (-) and if each atom contributes two electrons, the covalent bond formed is called a double bond and is represented by a
double line (=) and if each atom contributes three electrons, the covalent bond formed is called a triple bond and is represented by a triple line ( ≡ ).
1. Which of the following do not contain a double bond?
1. SO2
2. NH3
3. HCI
4. O2
1. I and II only
2. II and III only
3. III and IV only
4. I and IV only
2. Which of the following contains a triple bond?
1. N2
2. O2
3. CO2
4. H2
3. The shared pair of electrons is said to constitute a bond between two hydrogen atoms.
1. Single.
2. Double.
3. Triple.
4. Ionic.
4. Which of the following molecules has all its atoms joined together by double covalent bonds?
1. Methane.
2. Water.
3. Carbon dioxide.
4. Nitrogen trichloride.
5. Chlorine forms a diatomic molecule, CI2 The electron dot structure for this molecule is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ans:
1. (b) II and III only
Explanation:
Both NH3 and HCI have single bonds.
2. (a) N2
Explanation:
N≡N
3. (a) Single.
4. (c) Carbon dioxide.
5. (c)
Explanation:
In chlorine molecule, both chlorine atoms contribute one electron and thus share single electron pair to form single covalent bond. As shared pair is shared by both atoms, they acquire
inert gas configuration of argon atom in valence shell.
Q12. A compound X is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid C2H4O2 and an alcohol in presence of a few drops of H2SO4. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by
acidification gives the same carboxylic acid as used in this reaction. Give the names and structures of:
1. Carboxylic acid.
2. Alcohol.
3. The compound X. Also, write the reaction.
Ans:
1. Carboxylic acid with molecular formula C2H4O2 is acetic acid or ethanoic acid having the structure as:
2. Given alcohol forms acetic acid on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by acidification. Therefore, it must be ethanol with structure CH3 ─ CH2 ─ OH.
Alkaline KMnO 4
CH 3CH 2OH → CH 3COOH
Acidification
3. Reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol in presence of a few drops of conc. H2SO4 is an esterification reaction that forms an ester, ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOC2H5).
Conc. H 2SO 4
CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
Two allotropic forms of carbon which are crystalline in nature, are diamond and graphite. They differ physically but chemically they are similar. Diamond is the hardest crystalline
form of carbon. In diamond, each carbon atom is linked to four other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. In graphite, each carbon atom is linked to three other carbon atoms by
covalent bond. Graphite is relatively soft and greasy. It is also a good conductor of electricity. The C-C bond length in graphite is 141.5 pm while in diamond it is 154 pm.
1. Which of the following is a good conductor of heat and electricity?
1. Coal.
2. Diamond.
3. Charcoal.
4. Graphite.
2. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity because.
1. It has free electrons.
2. It has free atoms.
3. It is crystalline.
4. It is soft and greasy.
3. Which of the following types of binding forces is present in the structure of diamond?
1. Ionic.
2. Van der Waals.
3. Covalent.
4. None of these.
4. Diamond is not a good conductor of electricity because.
1. It is very hard.
2. Its structure is very compact.
3. It is not water soluble.
4. It has no free electron.
5. Which of the following is the structure of diamond?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ans:
1. (d) Graphite.
2. (a) It has free electrons.
3. (c) Covalent.
4. (d) It has no free electron.
Explanation:
In diamond, one carbon is attached to four other carbon atoms hence it has no free electron.
5. (a)
Explanation:
CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3, CH 3CHCH 3 | CH 3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 , CH3 CHCH3
CH3
Q14. Give a detailed explanation on the following.

Versatile nature of carbon.
Ans:
The two characteristics properties of carbon element which lead to the formation of a very large number of organic compounds are:
Catenation: The property of carbon element due to which its atom can join one another to form long carbon chains is called catenation.
Straight chain of carbon atoms.
| | | | −C−C−C−C− | | | |
| | | |
− C − C − C − C −
| | | |
Branched chain of carbon atoms.

| | | −C−C−C− | −C− |
| | |
− C − C − C −
− C −
Closed chain of carbon atoms.

Tetravalency: Carbon has a valency of four so it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent element.
Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many other elements giving rise to compounds with specific properties which depend on the
elements other than carbon present in the molecule.
Q15. Soaps and detergents are both types of salts. State the difference between the two. Write the mechanism of the cleansing action of soaps. Why do soaps not form lather (foam)
with hard water? Mention any two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.
Ans:
The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
Cleansing action of soap can be described as follows:
1. A soap molecule has a tadpole-shaped structure.
2. At one end (long non-polar end) of the soap molecule is a hydrocarbon chain which is insoluble in water but soluble in oil.
3. At the other end (short polar end) of the soap molecule, there is a carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic, i.e. water soluble but insoluble in oil.
Soap on mixing with water forms a concentrated solution and causes foaming. The long non-polar end of soap gravitates towards and surrounds the dirt and absorbs the dust in it. The
short polar end with the carboxylate ion repels the water away from the dirt. A spherical aggregate of soap molecules is formed in the soap solution in water and is called a micelle. Thus,
the soap molecule dissolves the dirt and our clothes get clean.
Soaps do not form lather in hard water because Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soap molecules react with calcium and magnesium salts to form an insoluble precipitate
called scum.
Two problems arise because of the use of detergents instead of soap:
1. Soaps are biodegradable, while detergents are non-biodegradable; hence, detergents accumulate in the environment and cause problems.
2. Certain phosphate additives are added to detergents. These phosphate additives act as nutrients for algae which form a thick green scum over the river water and upset the animal life
in the river.
Q16. What is methane? Draw its electron dot structure. Name the type of bonds formed in this compound. Why are such compounds:
1. Poor conductors of electricity? and
2. Have low melting and boiling points? What happens when this compound burns in oxygen?
Ans:
Methane is a colourless, odourless and highly flammable gas which is the main component of natural gas. It is also called as marsh gas as it is produced when vegetation decomposes
naturally in any swampy or marshlands.
Electron Dot structure of methane is:

The type of bonds present in methane are all covalent bonds between four hydrogen atoms and the single carbon atom at the center of the molecule.
1. Methane is a poor conductor of electricity because in methane all bonds are covalent bonds and therefore no free electrons are present in the molecule that can help in the conduction
of electricity.
2. Covalent compounds have low intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules and thus show low melting and boiling points. Since, methane is also a covalent
compound thus methane has very low melting and low boiling point.
When methane is burned in the presence of Oxygen it forms Carbon dioxide gas and water as a product of the reaction.
CH 4 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2O Methane Water Carbon dioxide Water
CH4 + O2 −−−−−→ CO2 + H2 O
Methane Water Carbon dioxide Water
Q17. Write the structural formulae of all the isomers of an alkane with seven C - atoms (C7H16).
Ans:
1. CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3 Heptane
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3
Heptane
2. CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 − CH 2 − CH − CH − CH 3 2, 3 − Dimethylpentane
CH3 CH3
| |
CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH − CH3
2, 3 − Dimethylpentane
3. CH 3 | CH 3 − CH 3 − C − CH 2 − CH 3 | CH 3 3, 3 − Dimethylpentane
CH3
CH3 − CH3 − C − CH2 − CH3
CH3
3, 3 − Dimethylpentane
4. CH 3 | CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH − CH 3 2 − Methylhexane
CH3
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − CH3
2 − Methylhexane
5. CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 − CH − CH 2 − CH − CH 3 2, 4 − Dimethylpentane
6. CH 3 − CH 2 − CH − CH 2 − CH 3 | CH 2 | CH 3 3 − Ethylpentane
7. CH 3 | CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH − CH 2 − CH 3 3 − Methylhexane
8. CH 3 | CH 3 − CH − CH 3 − C − CH 3 | CH 3 2, 2 − Dimethylpentane
9. CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 − CH − C − CH 3 | CH 3 2.2, 3 − Trimethylbutane
A series of organic compounds having same functional group, with similar or almost identical chemical characteristics in which all the members can be represented by the same
general formula and the two consecutive members of the series differ by-CH2 group or 14 mass unit in their molecular formulae is called a homologous series. For example, all the
members of alcohol family can be represented by the general formula, CnH2n+1OH where, n may have the values 1, 2, 3, etc. The various members of a particular homologous series
are called homologous. The physical properties such as density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, etc. of the members of a homologous series show almost regular variation in
ascending or descending the series.
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of members of a homologous series?
1. They possess varying chemical properties.
2. Their physical properties vary in regular and predictable manner.
3. Their formulae fit the general molecular formula.
4. Adjacent members differ by one carbon and two hydrogen atoms.
2. All the members of homologous series of alkynes have the general formula.
1. CnH2n
2. CnH2n+2
3. CnH2n-2
4. CnH2n-4
3. Which of the following statements is not correct?
1. A common functional group is present in different members of a homologous series.
2. Two consecutive members of a homologous series differ by a-CH3 group.
3. The molecular mass of a compound in the series differs by 14 a.m.u. from that of its neighbour.
4. All the members of a homologous series have common general methods of preparation.
4. Identify the correct statements.
1. As the molecular mass increases in any homologous series, a gradation in physical properties is seen.
2. The melting and boiling points decrease with increasing molecular mass.
3. Other physical properties such as solubility in a particular solvent decreases with increasing molecular mass,
4. The chemical properties, which are determined solely by the functional group, remain similar in a homologous series.
1. (II) and (III)
2. (II) and (IV)
3. (I), (III) and (IV)
4. (I), (II), (III) and (IV)
5. The table shows the formulae of three organic compounds that belong to the same homologous series.
First member of the homologous series. CH3 - O - CH3
Second member of the homologous series. CH3CH2 - O - CH3
Third member of the homologous series. CH3CH2CH2 - O - CH3
What is the general formula of this series?

1. CnH2nO
2. CnH2n+2O
3. CnH2nOH
4. CnH2n+2OH
Ans:
1. (a) They possess varying chemical properties.
Explanation:
All the members of homologous series show similar chemical properties.
2. (C) CnH2n-2
Explanation:
Alkynes have the general formula CnH2n-2. e.g., Ethyne (C2H2), Propyne (C3H4), Butyne (C4H6).
3. (b) Two consecutive members of a homologous series differ by a-CH3 group.
Explanation:
Two consecutive members of a homologous series differ by a-CH2 group.

4. (C) (I), (III) and (IV)
Explanation:
The melting and boiling points increase with increasing molecular mass.
5. (b) CnH2n+2O
Explanation:
Molecular formula of first member: C2H6O Molecular formula of second member: C3H8O Molecular formula of third member: C4H10O Thus, the general formula of the homologous series is
CnH2n+2O.
Q19. A salt X is formed and a gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate. Name the salt X and the gas evolved. Describe an activity and draw the diagram
of the apparatus to prove that the evolved gas is the one which you have named. Also, write chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
Ethanoic (CH3COOH) acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) to form sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa), water and carbon dioxide gas. Hence salt X is sodium ethanoate and
the gas evolved is CO2. The chemical equation of the reaction involved is:
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Activity for observing the gas evolved in above reaction:
Set up the apparatus and take sodium hydrogen carbonate in test tube. Add ethanoic acid to it and observe brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. Now pass this gas through
freshly prepared lime water (Ca(OH)2). It will turn milky due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 → CaCO 3 + H 2O (Milky)
Q20. 1. State two properties of carbon which lead to a very large number of carbon compounds.
2. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Why are micelles not formed when soap is added to ethanol?
Ans:
1.
1. Catenation: It is the important property of carbon to form bonds of carbon atoms which forms bonds with the other atoms resulting in the formation of large molecules.
2. Tetravalency of carbon atom: Due to the valency 4 of the carbon atom, it has capability of making bonds with four other carbon atoms or other elements.
2. When soap is added to water, there is formation of micelle because soap molecule consists of two chains one is hydrophilic and other is hydrophobic chain. Hydrophilic chain has ionic
end and hydrophobic chain repels water. They hydrophobic chain of soap dissolved in the dirt and oily particles and the ionic part is suspended in water.
Micelles are not formed when soap is added to ethane because the alkyl chain of the soap is soluble in ethanol and doesn't forms micelles.
Q21. 1. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?
2. List any two reasons for carbon forming a very large number of compounds.
3. An organic acid ‘X’ is a liquid which often freezes during winter time in cold countries, has the molecular formula, C2H4O2 On warming it with ethanol in the presence of a few
drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a compound ‘Y’ with a sweet smell is formed.
1. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
2. Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Ans:
1. Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell. To attain stability, it should either gain 4 electrons or lose 4 electrons. It cannot lose 4 electrons as it involves a lot of energy. Also, it cannot
gain 4 electrons because the nucleus cannot hold on to the four extra electrons added. Therefore, to complete the octet, it shares 4 electrons with other atoms. That is why, carbon
forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
2. Reasons for carbon forming a very large number of compounds:
1. Catenation: The unique ability of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon giving rise to long chains of different types of compounds.
2. Isomerism: Ability of carbon to form compounds with same molecular formula but different structures.
3. Tetravalency: Since carbon has a valency of 4, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of elements like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, etc.
4. The bonds formed by carbon with other elements are very strong because of its small size which enables the nucleus to hold on to the shared pairs of electrons strongly.
3.
1. X : Ethanoic acid/CH 3COOH
Y : CH 3COOC 2H 5 / Ethyl Acetate/Ethyl Ethanoate
conc. H 2SO 4
2. CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
Q22. 1. In tabular form, differentiate between ethanol and ethanol acid under the following heads:
2. Physical state.
3. Taste.
4. NaHCO3 test.
5. Ester test.
2. Write a chemical reaction to show dehydration of ethanol.
Ans:
1.
Property Ethanol Ethanoic Acid
Physical Stat
Ethanol is a colorless liquid with pleasant odor Ethanoic acid is colorless, pungent smelling liquid
e
Taste Ethanol is bitter to taste Ethanoic acid is sour to taste
NaHCO3 Tast When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium NaHCO3 with the evolution of carbon dioxide g
Ethanol does not react with sodium bicarbonate
e as.
Ethanol on reaction with ethanoic acid in the presence of acid forms Ethanoic acid on reaction with alcohols in the presence of conc. Sulphuric acid to form
Ester Test
ester. ester.
2. Ethanol undergoes dehydration to form ethane.

Δ
2CH 3CH 2OH → 2CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
conc.H 2SO 4
Q23. 1. Distinguish between ionic and covalent compounds under the following properties:
1. Strength of forces between constituent elements’.
2. Solubility of compounds in water.
3. Electrical conduction in substances.
Ans:
1.
1.
Property Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
Strength of forces Strong Weak
Solubility Generally soluble in water Generally insoluble in water/ soluble in organic solvents.
Electrical Conductivity Conduct electricity Do not conduct electricity
Q24. How would you bring about the following conversions? Name the process and write the reaction involved.
1. Ethanol to ethene.
2. Propanol to propanoic acid. Write the reactions.
Ans:
1. From ethanol: This method involves the slow oxidation of a dilute solution of ethanol (10-15 per cent) by oxygen present in air in the presence of an enzyme acetobactor.
Acetobactor
CH 3CH 2OH + O 2 → CH 3COOH + H 2O Ethanol (Air) Ethanoic acid (as vinegar)
The acid obtained is in the form of dilute solution called vinegar.
We have also studied under ethanol that it gets oxidised to ethanoic acid in the presence of dilute solution of alkaline KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7.
2. From methanol: These days ethanoic acid is manufactured by the reaction between methanol and carbon monoxide in the presence of iodine-rhodium (I2—Rh) catalyst mixture.
I 2 − Rh Catalyst
CH 3OH + CO → CH 3COOH Methanol Ethanoic acid
Q25. Explain the cleansing action of soap. Draw diagrams to illustrate your answer.
Ans:
Cleaning action of soap has been explained with the help of the image below:
Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is it dissolves in hydrocarbons.
When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic end in water and the
hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of water.
Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon portion inside the water. This is achieved by forming clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic
tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle. When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then
soap in the form of a micelle is able to clean. The hydrocarbon ends of the soap attach to the oily dirt particles and entrap them at the centre of the micelle. the ionic ends in the micelles
remain attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the cloth gets cleaned.
Q26. What is the difference between the chemical composition of soaps and detergents? State in brief the action of soaps in removing an oily spot from a shirt. Why are soaps not
considered suitable for washing where water is hard?
Ans:
The Difference between the chemical composition of soaps and detergents are as follows:
1. Soaps are sodium (Na) salts or Potassium (K) salts of some long chain carboxylic acids whereas detergents are ammonium or sulphurated salts or long chains of carboxylic acids (COOH).
2. Soaps can't form lather with hard-water but detergents can form lather with hard water as well as soft water.
3. Soaps are biodegradable and can be break into simpler substances but detergents are non-biodegradable and can be break into simpler substances.
Cleansing action of soaps: The oily spot present on shirt is organic in nature and insoluble in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved in
water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to the oily spot and remove it from the shirt. Then, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in the form of micelle and trap the dirt at the
centre of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water. Hence, the oily spots are easily rinsed away by water.
The diagram details us of the cleansing action of soaps.
Soaps are not considered suitable when water is hard. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. When soap is
added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions present in water displace sodium or potassium ions from the soap molecules forming an insoluble substance called scum. The formation
of scum results in wastage of an enormous quantity of soap.
Q27. Why are certain compounds called hydrocarbons? Write the general formula for homologous series of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and also draw the structure of the first member
of each series. Write the name of the reaction that converts alkenes into alkanes and also write a chemical equation to show the necessary conditions for the reaction to occur.
Ans:
Certain compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen. So, these organic compounds are called hydrocarbons.
General formula for the homologous series of alkanes = CnH2n+2
H |H − C − H | H
General formula for the homologous series of alkenes = CnH2n
First member of the alkene family is ethene.
General formula for the homologous series of alkynes = CnH2n-2

First member of the alkyne family is ethyne.
H−C≡C−H
Q28. A carbon compound ‘P' on heating with excess cont. H2SO4 forms another carbon compound ‘Q' which on addition of hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst forms a saturated
carbon compound ‘R'. One molecule of ‘R' on combustion forms two molecules of carbon dioxide and three molecules of water. Identify P, Q and R and write chemical equations for
the reactions involved.
Ans:
Compound P is ethanol = C2H5OH
Compound Q is ethene = CH2 = CH2 + H2O
Compound R is ethane = CH2 - CH3
Reaction:
Conc. H 2SO 4
C 2H 5OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
Δ
Nickel Catalyst
CH 2 = CH 2 → CH 3 − CH 3 + H 2O
H2
7
CH 3 − CH 3 + O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O
2
Q29. You are given an organic compound having the molecular formula C3H8. Give the name and formula of the compound formed:
1. When one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a Cl atom.
2. When one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a OH group.
3. When one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a CHO group.
4. When one H atom of C3H8 is replaced by a COOH group.
5. When two H atoms joined to the middle carbon atom of C3H8 are replaced by one O atom.
Ans:
1. Chloropropane- CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl.
2. Propanal- CH3-CH2-CH2-OH.
3. Butanal- CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO.
4. Butanoic acid- CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH.
5. Propanone- CH3-CO-CH3.
Q30. When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then a salt X is formed and a gas Y is evolved.
Name the salt X and gas Y. Describe an activity with the help of a labelled diagram of the apparatus used to prove that the evolved gas is the one which you have named. Also write
the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
Salt X is sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa; Gas Y is carbon dioxide, CO2.
Activity: Take a boiling tube and put about 0.5g of sodium carbonate in it. Add 2ml of dilute ethanoic acid to the boiling tube (through a thistle funnel). We will observe that brisk
effervescence of carbon dioxide gas is produced. Let us pass this gas through lime water taken in a test tube. We will find that lime water turns milky. Only carbon dioxide gas can turn lime
water milky. So, this experiment proves that when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, then carbon dioxide gas is evolved.
CH 3COOH + NaHCO 3 → CH 3COONa + CO 2 ↑ + H 2O
Q31. List in tabular for three physical and two chemical properties on the basis of which ethanol and ethanol acid can be differentiated.
Ans:
Difference in Physical Properties of ethanol and ethanoic acid:
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
It is liquid at room temperature. It often freezen in winter.
Its melting point is 156K. Its melting point is 290K.
Lts boiling point is 351K. Its boiling point is 391K.
Difference in Chemical Properties of ethanol and ethanoic acid:

Ethanol Ethanoic acid
On reaction with metallic sodium, ethanol releases hydrogen gas. Ethanoic acid does not release hydrogen gas on reaction with metallic sodium.
Ethanol does not release carbon dioxide gas on reaction with sodium bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide gas is released when ethanoic acid is reacted with sodium bicarbonate.
Q32. State the reason why carbon can neither form C 4 + cations nor C 4 − anions, but forms covalent compounds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds:
1. Are bad conductors of electricity?
2. Have low melting and boiling points?
Ans:
Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in their outermost shell. So needs to gain or lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
It could gain four electrons forming C 4 − anion. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons.
It could lose four electrons forming C 4 + cation. But it would require a large amount energy to remove four electrons from its outermost shell.
Because of these reasons, carbon shares its valence electrons to complete its octet with other atoms to from cavalent bonds.
1. Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity because they do not contain ions.
2. Covalent compounds have usually low melting and boiling points because they are made up of electronically neutral molecules of a covalent compound is very weak. Only a small
amount of heat energy is required to break these weak molecular forces, due to which covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
Q33. Give a detailed explanation on the following.

Properties of acetic acid.
Ans:
Acetic acid is an organic acid which is the principal element of vinegar. It is also called glacial acetic acid, ethanoic acid or methane carboxylic acid.
Physical properties:
1. Ethanoic acid is vinegar smelling liquid. The lower carboxylic acids are liquids whereas higher ones are solids.
2. Ethanoic acid is sour in taste. Other lower carboxylic acids are also sour in taste.
3. Ethanoic acid has boiling point 391 K. Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than corresponding alcohols, aldehydes and ketones.
4. Acetic acid is soluble in water, i.e., it is miscible with water in all proportions. The lower carboxylic acids are soluble in water but solubility in water decreases with increase in molecular
weight.
5. Acetic acid freezes at 290 K. Thus, in cold weather crystallization of acetic acid may take place that is why pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid.
Chemical Properties:
1. Ethanoic acid is weak acid but it turns blue litmus red.
2. Reaction with Metale. Ethanoic acid reacts with metals like Na, K, Zn etc. to form metal ethanoates and hydrogen gas.
3. Reaction with Carbonates. Ethanoic acid reacts with bicarbonates and carbonates and produces brisk effervescence due to formation of carbon dioxide, CO .
4. Acetic acid reacts with alkalis and forms acetate salts, CH 3COOH + KOH → CH 3COOK + H 2O.
5. Acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide.
CH 3COOH + NaHCO 3 → CH 3COONa + CO 3(g) + H 2O(L)
Q34. 1. Define the term ‘isomers’.

2. Draw two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C 3H 6O and write their names.
3. Give the electron dot structure of the above two compounds.
Ans:
1. Molecules having same molecular formula but different structural formula are known as isomers.
2. Two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C 3H 6O:
3. Electron dot structure:
Q35. Explain isomerism State any four characteristics of isomers draw the structures of possible isomers of butane, C4H10.
Ans:
The phenomenon due to which organic compounds having the same molecular formula have different structures is called isomerism.
Characteristic:
1. Isomers s have same molecular formula.
2. Isomers have different structural formulae.
3. Isomers have same molecular mass.
4. Isomers have different physical properties.
5. Isomers have different chemical properties.
Two structures:
1. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3
2. CH 3 − CH − CH 3 | CH 3
Q36. Give the reaction for the hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon compounds. Define the term catalyst and name the catalyst used in this reaction. Which oil should be chosen for
cooking and why?
Ans:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive due to presence of double or triple bonds. They undergo addition reactions across the carbon-carbon double bonds to produce saturated
hydrocarbons.
Addition of hydrogen across C - C double bonds is called hydrogenation. Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as nickel/palladium to give saturated
hydrocarbons.
For example:
CH 3CH = CH 2 + H 2 ⇢ CH 3CH 2CH 3
Industrial application of addition reactions: Hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
Vegetable oils used for cooking are long unsaturated hydrocarbons which are healthy. Whereas animal fats such as vanaspati are saturated hydrocarbons and unhealthy for consumption. It
can solidify and block the arteries of the heart.
Q37. An organic compound A on heating with concentrated H2SO4 forms a compound B which on addition of one mole of hydrogen in presence of Ni forms a compound C. One mole of
compound C on combustion forms two moles of CO2 and 3 moles of H2O. Identify the compounds A, B and C and write the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
Ans:
Since one mole of compound C on combustion forms two moles of CO2 and three moles of H2O the compound C is a hydrocarbon with formula C2H6. It is ethane. The compound B which
forms C2H6 upon addition of hydrogen is ethene (C2H4). The organic compound A which forms ethene upon acidic dehydration is ethanol. The chemical equations for the reactions involved
are:
H 2SO 4 H 2Ni
C 2H 5OH → CH 2 = CH 2 → CH 3 − CH 3Ethanol (A) Ethene (B) Ethane (C)
heat heat
( Combustion )
C 2H 6 + 3O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O (C)
Q38. Draw the possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H6O and also give their electron dot structures.
Ans:
Five isomers possible for the molecular formula C3H6O are listed below.
Name of isomer
Sr. No. Electron dot structure
(Structural formula)
Propanal
1.
(CH3CH2CHO)
Propanone
2.
(CH3COCH3)
Prop-1-ene-1-ol
3.
(CH3CH=CH-OH)
Prop-2-en-1-ol
4.
(CH2=CHCH2-OH)
Methoxyethene
5.
(CH2=CH-OCH3)
Study the table related to three hydrocarbons A, B, C and answer the questions that follow.
Organic compound Molecular formula
A C3H8
B C5H10
C C4H6
1. A, B and Care classified as hydrocarbons because

1. They contain hydrogen.
2. They contain carbon.
3. They contain both carbon and hydrogen.
4. None of these.
2. Which of these organic compounds is an alkyne?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. All of these.
3. C5H10 belongs to:
1. CnH2n+2 series
2. CnH2n series
3. CnH2n-2 series
4. None of these
4. Identify the incorrect statement about these three hydrocarbons.
1. All have different general formula.
2. A and B differ by -CH2 unit.
3. C is an alkyne.
4. B is an alkene.
5. General formula for alkane is:
1. CnH2n
2. CnH2n+2
3. CnH2n-2
4. CnHn
Ans:
1. (c) They contain both carbon and hydrogen.
Explanation:
A, B and C are classified as hydrocarbons because these compounds are made up of carbon and hydrogen only.
2. (c) C
Explanation:
C is an alkyne.
3. (b) CnH2n series
Explanation:
C5H10 is an alkene having a general formula C1H2n.
4. (b) A and B differ by -CH2 unit.
Explanation:
A and B do not belong to same homologous series. A is an alkane while Bis an alkene.
5. (b) CnH2n+2
Q40. Both soap and detergent are some type of salts. What is the difference between them? Describe in brief the cleansing action of soap. Why do soaps not form lather in hard water?
List two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.
Ans:
The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
Cleansing action of soap can be described as follows:
The soap molecule is generally represented as RCOONa. In solution, it ionises to form RCOO- and Na+. Each soap molecule has a polar head group (carboxylate ion, COO- group) and a long
non-polar hydrocarbon tail (R group from long chain fatty acid). The polar head attracts the polar water molecule and is called hydrophilic end and the non-polar tail attracts the water-
insoluble oily or greasy dirt particles.
Soaps do not form a lather in hard water because hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soap molecules react with calcium and magnesium salts to form an insoluble
precipitate called scum.
Two problems arise because of the use of detergents instead of soap:
1. Soaps are biodegradable, while detergents are non-biodegradable; hence, detergents accumulate in the environment and cause problems.
2. Certain phosphate additives are added to detergents. These phosphate additives act as nutrients for algae which form a thick green scum over the river water and upset the animal life
in the river.
An organic molecule has the following structure:
1. To which homologous series does this molecule belong?

1. Aldehydes.
2. Ketones.
3. Alcohols.
4. Alkanes.
2. What is the general formula of this homologous series?
1. CnH2n+2OH
2. CnH2n+2
3. CnH2nO
4. CnH2n+1CHO
3. Which is the next member of this series?
1. C4H9OH
2. C3H7OH
3. C5H11OH
4. C6H13OH
4. Which is the third member of this series?
1. C3H7OH
2. C4H9OH
3. C2H5OH
4. CH3OH
5. Which is the second member of this series?
1. Ethanol.
2. Methanol.
3. Propanol.
4. Butanol.
Ans:
1. (c) Alcohols.
Explanation:
Alcohol (-OH).
2. (a) CnH2n+2OH
Explanation:
CnH2n+2OH is the general formula of the homologous series of alcohol.
3. (c) C5H11OH
4. (a) C3H7OH
5. (a) Ethanol.
Explanation:
Ethanol; C2H5OH is the second member of this series.
Q42. 1. What is a homologous series of compounds? List any two characteristics of a homologous series.
2.
1. What would be observed on adding a 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol taken in a test tube?
2. Write the name of the compound formed during the chemical reaction.
3. How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property?
Ans:
1. A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called a homologous series.
Characteristics of a homologous series:
1. Th e molecular formulae of any two successive members of a homologous series differ by -CH2.
2. All the members of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.
3. The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in their physical properties with increase in molecular mass.
4. All members can be represented by the same general molecular formula.
2.
1. The pink colour of potassium permanganate disappears.
2. Ethanoic acid/CH3COOH.
3. We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. Acid reacts with carbonate and hydrogen
carbonate to evolve CO2 gas that turns lime water milky. Alcohols, on the other hand, do not react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Q43. A compound C (molecular formula, C2H4O2) reacts with Na-metal to form a compound R and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound C on treatment with an
alcohol A in presence of an acid forms a sweet smelling compound S (molecular formula, C3H6O2). On addition of NaOH to C, it also gives R and water. S on treatment with NaOH
solution gives back R and A.
Identify C, R, A, S and write down the reactions involved.
Ans:
Compound C with molecular formula C2H4O2 contains two oxygen atoms so it can be either ester or carboxylic acid.
Since it reacts with sodium metal to form compound R and evolves a gas which burns with pop sound, therefore it should be a carboxylic acid which forms sodium alkanoate and hydrogen
gas with sodium metal.
2CH 3COOH + 2Na → 2CH 3COONa + H 2 ↑

The gas which burns with pop sound is hydrogen gas.
Reaction of ethanoic acid with alcohol in the presence of an acid (Conc. H2SO4) forms sweet smelling ester. So compound S that is formed due to reaction of ethanoic acid and methanol
(A) is methyl ethanoate with molecular formula C3H6O2 and structural formula CH3COOCH3.
Conc. H 2So 4
CH 3COOH + CH 3OH → CH 3COOCH 3 + H 2O
Hence compound C = Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), R = Sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa), A = Methanol (CH3OH) and S = Methyl merhanoate (CH3COOCH3)
Q44. What are micelles? Why does it form when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also? State briefly how the formation of micelles help
to clean the clothes having oily spots.
Ans:
1. Micelles: A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. A typical micelle in aqueous solution forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in
contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic single tail regions in the micelle centre.
2. When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to dirt and remove it from the cloth,
3. Organic compounds like ethanol would not be able to interact with micelle when present in small amounts. The energy requirement for bringing the hydrophobic tail into solution may
decrease, leading to an increase in micelle concentration. Conversely, adding alcohol will result in a reduction in the dielectric constant of the solvent mixture thus affecting the decrease
in the critical micelle concentration of ionic surfactants as a result of their lower solubility and reduced repulsion between adjacent head groups at the micelle surface.
4. When the soap molecules come in contact with water, the non-ionic part of the soap molecule (hydrocarbon chain) attaches itself to the dirt or the grease because it is miscible in it.
The ionic part remains in the water because water is also partially ionic in nature so you see that "like dissolves the like". These soap molecules gradually surround the dirt particle by
dissolving their non-ionic end in it and gradually form Michelle (around structure around the dirt particle) and then they detach the dirt particle and encapsulate (embed) it in water
molecules, making it miscible in water. Thus the cloth gets thoroughly cleaned after being rinsed nicely.
The cleaning action of soap occurs when oil and grease are absorbed into the hydrophobic centers of soap micelles and are washed away.
Q45. 1. Write chemical equation for the following reactions:

1. Calcium metal reacts with water.
2. Cinnabar is heated in the presence of air.
3. Manganese dioxide is heated with aluminium powder.
2. What are alloys? List two properties of alloys.
Ans:
1.
1. Ca + 2H 2O → Ca(OH) 2 + H 2
2. 2HgS + 3O 2 → 2HgO + 2SO 2
3. 3MnO 2 + 4Al → 2Al 2O 3 + 3Mn

2. Alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non metal Properties:
Alloys are stronger/ harder/ have low melting point/ more resistant to corrosion/ some are magnetic in nature.
Q46. What are hydrocarbons? Write the name and general formula of,
1. Saturated hydrocarbons.
2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Draw the structure of one hydrocarbon of each type. How can an unsaturated hydrocarbon be made saturated?
Ans:
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound made of nothing more than carbons and hydrogen. It is possible for double or triple bonds to form between carbon atoms and even for structures,
such as rings, to form
Saturated hydrocarbon: Saturated hydrocarbons are that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
General formula CnH2n+2
Example: methane, ethane etc.
H H | |H − C − C − H | | H H Ethane
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: - that contain double or even triple bonds between the carbon atoms.
General formula of double bond hydrocarbon CnH2n
For example: Ethene, propene etc.
H H | |H − C = C − H Ethene
General formula of triple bond hydrocarbon CnH2n-2
Ethyne, propyne etc.
HC ≡ CH Ethyne
Q47. Elements forming ionic compounds attain noble gas configuration by either gaining or losing electrons from their outermost shells. Give reason to explain why carbon cannot attain
noble gas configuration in this manner to form its compounds. Name the type of bonds formed in ionic compounds and in the compounds formed by carbon. Also give reason why
carbon compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.
Ans:
Carbon mainly forms covalent bonds because carbon atoms have 4 elections in their outermost shell. So it needs to gain or lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
1. It could gain four electrons forming C4- C4- anion. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons.
2. It could lose four electrons forming C4+ C4+ cation. But it would require a large amount of energy to remove four electrons from its outermost shell.
Because of these reasons, carbon shares its valence electrons to complete its octed with other atoms to form covalent bonds.
4+
Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. It cannot lose 4 electrons to form C cation because very high energy is required to remove 4 electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with 6
protons in this nucleus holding onto just 2 electrons. It also cannot gain 4 electrons to form C4- anion because it is difficult for 6 protons to hold onto 10 electrons. The type of bonds
formed in ionic compounds is ionic or electrovalent bonds and in compounds formed by carbon are covalent bonds.
Since the electrons are shared, there are no charged particles in carbon compounds and hence they are poor conductors of electricity.
A hydrocarbon (P) has the molecular formula C10H22 hydrocarbon (Q) has two carbon atoms less than (P) and belong to the same homologous series. A hydrocarbon (R) has two
carbon atoms more than (P) and belong to the same homologous series.
1. What is the molecular formula of (Q)?
1. C12H26
2. C8H16
3. C8H18
4. C8H14
2. To which homologous series do the compound (P), (Q) and (R) belong?
1. CnH2n
2. C2H2n-2
3. CnH2n+2
4. CnH2n+1
3. What is the molecular formula of (R)?
1. C12H26
2. C12H24
3. C12H22
4. C12H28
4. Identify the correct statement about compounds (P), (Q) and (R).
1. They have same melting and boiling points.
2. They have same chemical properties.
3. They have different general formula.
4. They differ by -CH unit.
5. Compounds (P), (Q) and (R) are:
1. Alkanes.
2. Alkenes.
3. Alkynes.
4. None of these.
Ans:
1. (c) C8H18
Explanation:
Molecular formula of (Q) is C8H18 as it has two carbon atoms less than (P).
2. (c) CnH2n+2
Explanation:
Compounds (P), (Q) and (R) are alkanes having general formula CnH2n+2.
3. (a) C12H26
Explanation:
Molecular formula of (R) is C12H26 as it has two carbon atoms more than (P).
4. (b) They have same chemical properties.
Explanation:
Compound (P), (Q) and (R) belong to same homologous series So they have different physical properties but similar chemical properties. They have same general formula CnH2n+2. They
differ by 2 carbon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms.
5. (a) Alkanes.
Q49. List two reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds. Name the type of bonding found in most of its compounds. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by this
kind of bonding?
Give reason why the carbon compounds:
1. Generally have low melting and boiling points.
2. Do not conduct electricity in molten state.
Ans:
Carbon forms a large number of compounds.
The two properties of carbon uihicli lead to the huge number of carbon compounds are:
Catenation: Catenation is the unique property of carbon atoms to form bonds with other atoms of carbon giving rise to large molecules.
Tetravalency: Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other monovalent elements.
Carbon compounds are formed mainly by covalent bonding, i.e., bond formed by sharing of electrons because:-
1. Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in their outermost shell. So needs to gain or lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration. It could gain four electrons forming C4- anion. But it would
be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons. It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation. But it would require a large amount of energy to remove four
electrons from its outermost shell. Because of these reasons, carbon shares its valence electrons to complete its octet with other atoms to form covalent bonds.
2. Carbon compounds generally have low melting and boiling points because carbon compounds are generally formed by covalent bonds in which the force of attraction between their
molecules is not very strong. Carbon compounds do not conduct electricity. As carbon compounds have covalent bonds between them, these do not give rise to any ions in their
solution form or molten state. So carbon compounds do not conduct electricity through them.
When an element exists in two or more different forms in the same physical state, these different forms are called allotropes and the phenomenon is known as allotropy. Allotropes
have similar chemical properties but they differ in their physical properties. Carbon exists in crystalline and amorphous forms. In crystalline form, it occurs as diamond, graphite and
fullerenes. Diamond is a colourless, transparent substance having extraordinary brilliance. It is the hardest natural substance known. It is used for cutting marble, granite and glass.
Graphite is a greyish-black, opaque substance. It is lighter than diamond i.e., it has lower density. It has sheet like structure having hexagonal layers. One layer slides over the other
layer which makes it soft to touch. It is the reason that graphite is used as a lubricant.
1. Substance Xis a moderate conductor of electricity. Substance X has the structure shown below:
Which statements about substance X are correct?
1. It is a covalent compound.
2. It has a giant molecular structure.
3. It has the same structure as graphite.
4. It has the same structure as diamond.
1. (I) and (III)
2. (II) and (III)
3. (II) and (IV)
4. (I), (II) and (IV)
2. Which of the following is correct about the structure of diamond?
1. Carbon atoms are held together by single covalent bonds.
2. Electrons move freely through the structure.
3. Layers of atoms slide easily over each other.
4. Carbon atoms conduct electricity in the molten state.
3. Which three allotropes of carbon, do the given figures represent?
I II III
a. Diamond. Graphite. Buckminster fullerene.
b. Graphite. Buckminster fullerene. Diamond.
c. Diamond. Buckminster fullerene. Graphite.
d. Graphite. Diamond. Buckminster fullerene.
4. Identify the incorrect statement(s).

1. Diamond is the hardest substance known while graphite is smooth and slippery.
2. Diamond is made up of billions of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral manner to form a giant lattice. All carbon atoms are
bonded by strong covalent bonds.
3. Graphite is a poor conductor of electricity unlike other non-metals.
4. Graphite has a giant covalent structure that is made up of layers of carbon atoms. in each layer, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms to form hexagonal
rings of carbon atoms.
1. (I) and (III)
2. Only (III)
3. (II) and (IV)
4. (I), (II) and (IV)
5. Structures of two different forms of carbon are given below:
Identify the two forms (I and II respectively) and how are they related to each other?
1. Diamond, Graphite, Isotopes of carbon.
2. Graphite, Diamond, Allotropes of carbon.
3. C12, C14, Allotropes of carbon.
4. C14, C12, Isotopes of carbon.
Ans:
1. (c) (II) and (IV)
Explanation:
Each atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms, which in tum, are bonded to four more atoms. Thus, X is a giant molecule and has a structure similar to that of diamond. Substance X
is not a compound as it consists of only one type of atoms. Thus, X is an element. Graphite has layers of carbon atoms.
2. (a) Carbon atoms are held together by single covalent bonds.
3. (d)
d. Graphite. Diamond. Buckminster fullerene.
4. (b) Only (III)

Explanation:
In graphite only three valence electrons are used for bond formation and hence fourth electron is free to move which makes it a good conductor of electricity.
5. (b) Graphite, Diamond, Allotropes of carbon.
Explanation:
Given structures are of graphite and diamond and these are allotropes of carbon.
Q51. 1. Give a chemical test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
2. Name the products formed when ethane burns in air. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction showing the types of energies liberated.
3. Why is reaction between methane and chlorine in the presence of sunlight considered a substitution reaction?
Ans:
1. A chemical test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Bromine water test: Unsaturated hydrocarbon gives addition reaction with Br2. So the colour of Br2-water gets decolorized.
R − C = C = R + Br 2 → R − BrC − R
whereas, Saturated hydrocarbons do not react with Br2-water so the colour of Br2-water does not get decolorized.
2. When ethane (CH3-CH3) is burned in air (oxygen), it forms carbon dioxide and water.
7
CH 3 − CH 3 + → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O + Heat
2O 2
This reaction is called an exothermic reaction due to the evolution of heat.
3. When methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of light, the following reaction takes place:
Sun light
CH 4 + Cl 2 → CH 3Cl + HCl
It is considered a substitution reaction because in this reaction hydrogen is substituted with chlorine.
Q52. An organic compound A (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with Na metal to form a compound B and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound A on treatment with
an alcohol C in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid forms a sweet-smelling compound D (molecular formula C3H6O2). Compound D on treatment with NaOH
solution gives back B and C. Identify A, B, C and D.
Ans:
1. A is ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
2. B is sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa
3. C is methanol, CH3OH
4. D is methyl ethanoate, CH3COOCH3
Q53. Look at Figure and answer the following questions:
1. What change would you observe in the calcium hydroxide solution taken in tube B?
2. Write the reaction involved in test tubes A and B respectively.
3. If ethanol is given instead of ethanoic acid, would you expect the same change?
4. How can a solution of lime water be prepared in the laboratory?
Ans:
1. Calcium hydroxide solution in the test tube B becomes milky.
2. Reaction in test tube A:
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Reaction in test tube B:
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
3. Ethanol does not react with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Hence, same change cannot be observed.
4. For this, take distilled water in a beaker and mix calcium carbonate powder in it. After stirring thoroughly, wait till the mixture settles. Decant the clear liquid from the beaker. This liquid
is lime water.
Q54. A four carbons atoms containing neutral organic compound X reacts with sodium metal to evolve a gas which burns with 'pop' sound. Another four carbon atoms containing carbon
compound reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to evolve a gas which turns lime water milky. When compounds X and Y are heated together in the presence of a little of
concentrated sulphuric acid, then a new compound Z is formed.
1. What is compound X? Also write its formula.

2. What is compound Y? Also write its formula.
3. What is compound Z? Also write its formula.
4. What type of smell is given by compound Z?
5. What is the general name of compounds like Z?
6. What is the general name of the reaction which which takes place between X and Y to form Z?
Ans:
1. The compound X is Butanol, and its formula is C4H9OH.
2. The compound Y is butanoic acid, and its formula is C3H7COOH.
3. The compound Z is butyl butanoate, and its formula is C3H7COOC4H9.
4. The type of smell produced by the compound is a sweet, fruity fragrance.
5. Ester is the general name given to the compound formed by the reaction of X and Y.
6. Esterification is the general name of the reaction which takes place between Butanol and butanoic acid to produce butyl butanoate.
Q55. Draw the structures for the following compounds.

1. Ethanoic acid
2. Bromopentane
3. Butanone
4. Hexanal.
Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Ans:
1. CH 3COOH,
H O ∣ ∥ H − C − C − OH ∣ H
2. There are many structural isomers possible for bromopentane. Among them, the structures of three isomers are given.
CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2Br,
H H H H H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ H − C − C − C − C − C − Br ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ H H H H H
H H H H H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣H−C−C−C−C−C−H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ H H H Br H
H H H H H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣H−C−C−C−C−C−H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ H H Br H H
3. CH 3CH 2COCH 3,
H H O H | | || |H − C − C − C − C − H ∣ ∣ ∣ H H H
4. CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CHO,
H H H H H O ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∥H−C−C−C−C−C−C−H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ H H H H H
Q56. What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.

Ans:
Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms as their constituents. These may be alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Alkane: H |H − C − H | H Methane H H | |H − C − C − H | | H H Ethane
H H H | | |H − C − C − C − H | | | H H H Propane
Alkyl group: H |H − C − | HMethyl group H H | |H − C − C − | | H H Ethyl group
H H H | | |H − C − C − C − | | | H H H Propyl group
The structures of compounds belonging to a few families are:
H | H − C − Cl | H H H | | H − C − C − OH | | H H
H H H | | | H − C − C − C − NH 2 | | | H H H
Q57. Consider the following organic compounds:

CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3COCH3, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH, C4H9COOC2H5, CH4, C2H6, CH3CHO, HCHO
Out of these compounds:
1. Which compound is most likely to be sweet-smelling?
2. Which compound on treatment with conc. H2SO4 at 170°C forms an alkene?
3. Which compound on repeated chlorination forms chloroform?
4. Which compound is added to alcohol to denature it?
5. Which compound is a constituent of vinegar?
6. Which compound is used to sterilise wounds and syringes?
Ans:
1. C4H9COOC2H5: Ester.
2. C2H5OH: Alcohol forms ethane, C2H
3. CH4: Methane.
4. CH3OH: Methanol.
5. CH3COOH: Acetic acid.
6. C2 H5OH: Ethanol.
Q58. Column
Column I
II
Combus
i. CHBr 2CH = CH + Br → | CHBr 2 tion rea
A.
ction
Test for
ii. CH COOH + NaHCO → CH COONa + H O + CO B. carboxyl
3 3 3 2 2
ic acid
H 2SO 4 Bromine
ii
C. water te
i. CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O → CH 3CH 2OH
st
i Hydratio
D.
v. CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) → CO 2(g) + 2H 2O n
Ans:
Column I Column II
i. CHBr 2CH = CH + Br → | CHBr 2 C. Bromine water test
ii. CH COOH + NaHCO → CH COONa + H O + CO D. Hydration

3 3 3 2 2
H 2SO 4
iii. CH = CH + H O → CH 3CH 2OH A. Combustion reaction
2 2 2
iv. CH (g) + 2O (g) → CO (g) + 2H O B. Test for carboxylic acid

4 2 2 2
Q59. An organic compound having the molecular formula C3H6O can exist in the form of two isomers A and B having different functional groups. The isomer A is a liquid which is used as
a solvent for nail polish. The isomer B is also a liquid. An aqueous solution of one of the lower homologues of B is used for preserving biological specimens in the laboratory.
1. What is compound A?
2. Write the electron-dot structure of A.
3. What is compound B?
4. Write the electron-dot structure of B.
5. Name the lower homologue of compound B which is used in preserving biological specimens.
Ans:
1. The isomer A is propanone (acetone).
2. The electron-dot structure of propanone is:
3. The isomer B is propanal.

4. The electron-dot structure of propanal is:
5. Methanol or formaldehyde is the lower homologue of compound B, which is used to preserve biological specimens.
Q60. Give the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples, each.
Ans:
Saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes contain either C—C or C—H bonds in their molecules. These are represented by the general formula CnH2n + 2 For example,
H H | |H − C − C − H | | H H Ethane H H H | | |H − C − C − C − H | | | H H H Propane
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain either atleast one >C = C< bond or triple —C ≡ C— bond in their molecules. These may be either alkenes or alkynes in nature. The general formula of
alkenes is CnH2n while that of alkynes is CnH2n - 2 for example,
H H | | H − C = C − H Ethene H |H − C − C = C − H | | | H H H Propene H− C ≡ C − H Ethyne
H |H − C − C ≡ C − H | H Propyne
Q61. A colourless organic liquid X of molecular formula C2H4O2 turns blue litmus to red. Another colourless organic liquid Y of molecular formula C3H6O has no action on any litmus but it
is used as a nail polish remover. A yet another colourless organic liquid Z of molecular formula C2H6O has also no action on litmus but it is used in tincture of iodine.
1. Name the liquid X. To which homologous series does it belong? Give the name of another member of this homologous series.
2. Name the liquid Y. To which homologous series does it belong? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.
3. Can you name an organic compound having the same molecular formula as liquid Y but which belongs to a different homologous series? What is this homologous series?
4. Name the liquid Z. To which homologous series does it belong? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.
Ans:
1. The liquid 'X' is ethanoic acid which turns the blue litmus red. It belongs to the homologous series of carboxylic acid. Methanoic acid is the other member of this homologous series.
2. The liquid 'Y' is propanone which is colourless, and is widely used as a nail polish remover. It belongs to the homologous series of ketones. Butanone is the name of the other member of
this homologous series.
3. Propanal is an organic compound having the same molecular formula as of the liquid 'Y' (Propanone), but the former belongs to the homologous series of aldehydes.
4. The liquid 'Z' is ethanol which has no action on the litmus, and is used in the tincture of iodine. It belongs to the homologous series of alcohols. Methanol is the other member of this
homologous series.
Q62. The solid element A exhibits the property of catenation. It is also present in the form of a gas B in the air which is utilised by plants in photosynthesis. An allotrope C of this element
is used in glass cutters.
1. What is element A?
2. What is the gas B?
3. Name the allotrope C.
4. State another use of allotrope C (other than in glass cutters).
5. Name another allotrope of element A which exists as spherical molecules.
6. Name a yet another allotrope of element A which conduct electricity.
Ans:
1. Carbon is the element A which exhibits the property of catenation.
2. Carbon dioxide is the gas B which is utilised by the plants for photosynthesis.
3. Diamond is the allotrope C of carbon which is used in glass cutters.
4. Diamond is used in making jewellery.
5. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon which exists as spherical molecules.
6. Graphite is another allotrope of carbon which conducts electricity.
Q63. Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail.
Ans:
The reaction that is used to convert vegetable oil to fat is called as hydrogenation reaction. Vegetable oils contain unsaturated hydrocarbons which can exhibit addition reaction with
hydrogen to form saturated hydrocarbons or fats. The reaction occurs in the presence of metal catalyst like finely divided nickel or palladium at 200°C and forms saturated vegetable fats.
The hydrogenation reaction is an industrial method for the manufacturing of vanaspati ghee from vegetable oil.
Ni , 473K
Vegetable oil+ H 2 → Vanaspati ghee
Here, R is any alkyl group which usually contains a large number of carbon atoms in vegetable oils.
Q64. Describe the structure of diamond. Draw a simple diagram to show the arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond.
Ans:
A diamond crystal is a giant molecule of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in the diamond crystal is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. The four surrounding
carbon atoms are at the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron. This rigid structure of diamond makes it a very hard substance.
Q65. Two organic compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C6H12. Write the names and structural formulae:
1. If A is a cyclic compound.
2. If B is an open chain compound.
3. Which compound contains single bonds as well as a double bond?
4. Which compound contains only single bonds?
Ans:
1. If A is a cyclic compound, then C6H12 is the molecular formula of the compound named cyclohexane.
2. If B is an open chain compound, then C6H12 is the molecular formula of the compound named hexene.
3. Hexene (B) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon comprising both single-bonded and double-bonded carbon atoms.
4. Cyclohexane is an alkane which contains only single-bonded carbon atoms.
Q66. You are given the following molecular formulae of some hydrocarbons:
C5H8; C7H14; C6H6; C5H10; C7H12; C6H12
1. Which formula represent cyclohexane as well as hexene?
2. Which formula represents benzene?
3. Which three formulae represent open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons having double bonds?
4. Which two formulae represent unsaturated hydrocarbons having triple bonds?
5. Which three formulae can represent cyclic hydrocarbons?
Ans:
1. C6H12 is the molecular formula which represents cyclohexane as well as hexene.
2. C6H6 represents is the molecular formula of benzene.

3. C7H14, C5 H10, C6 H12 are the molecular formulae for the open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons having double bonds.
4. C5H8 and C7H12 are the molecular formulae for the unsaturated hydrocarbons comprising triple bonds.
5. C7H14, C5H10, C6 H12 are the three molecular formulae which represent cyclic hydrocarbons.
Q67. Describe the structure of graphite with the help of a labelled diagram.
Ans:
The structure of graphite is very different from that of diamond. A graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in a graphite layer is
joined to other three carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds to form flat hexagonal rings. The various layers of carbon atoms in graphite are held together by weak Van der Waals forces.
Due to this sheet like structure, graphite is a comparatively soft substance.
Q68. Match the reactions given in Column (A) with the names given in column (B).
Column
Column (A)
(B)
+
H Addition r
a. CH OH + CH COOH → CH COOCH + H O i.
3 3 3 3 2 eaction
Substituti
Ni i
b. CH = CH + H → CH − CH on reactio
2 2 2 3 3 i.
n
Neutralisa
Sunlight ii
c. CH + Cl → CH 3Cl + HCl tion reacti
4 2 i.
on
Esterificati
i
d. CH COOH + NaOH → CH COONa + H O on reactio
3 3 2 v.
n
Ans:
The matching of Column A and Column B is as given,
Column (A) Column (B)
H+
a. CH 3OH + CH 3COOH → CH 3COOCH 3 + H 2O iv. Esterification reaction
Ni
b. CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 → CH 3 − CH 3 i. Addition reaction
Sunlight
c. CH 4 + Cl 2 → CH 3Cl + HCl ii. Substitution reaction
d. CH 3COOH + NaOH → CH 3COONa + H 2O iii. Neutralisation reaction
Q69. An organic compound A with molecular form C4H8O2 on alkaline hydrolysis gives two compound B and C. C on acidification with dil. HCl gives D. Oxidation of B with K2Cr2O7/
H2SO4 also gives D. Identify A, B, C and D and explain all the reactions involved.
Ans:
A - Ethyl ethanoate CH 3COOCH 2CH 3
B - Ethanol (C 2H 2OH)
C - Sodium ethanoate (CH 3COO − )
D - Ethanoic acid.
Esters upon alkaline hydrolysis gives back the carboxylic acid and the alcohol. The acid is initially obtained in its salt form. The reaction is called saponification.
NaOH
CH 3COOCH 2CH 2 → CH 3COONa + CH 3CH 2OH (A) (C) (B)
The salt (sodium ethanoate) is treated with dil HCl to obtain the carboxylic acid.
CH 3COONa + HCl → CH 3COOH + NaCl (C) (D)
Ethanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid in the presence of acidified potassium dichromate. Here, the acid used for acidification is H 2SO 4.
AcidifiedK 2Cr 2O 7 + Heat
CH 3CH 2OH → CH 2COOH (B) (D)
Q70. What is a functional group? Give examples of four different functional groups.
Ans:
For the definition of functional group and example,
Functional Group Family Representation
− OH Alcohols R− O − H
O || −C−H Aldehydes O | |R − C − H
O || −C− Ketones O | |R − C − R
O | | − C − OH Carboxylic acids O | | R − C − OH
−N − H | H Amines R− NH 2
−O − Ethers R− O − R
− X (halogen) Haloalkanes R−X
− NO 2 Nitroalkanes R− NO 2
Q71. An organic compound A having the molecular formula C3H8O is a liquid at room temperature. The organic liquid A reacts with sodium metal to evolve a gas which burns causing a
little explosion. When the organic liquid A heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C, it forms a compound B which decolourizes bromine water. The compound B adds on
one molecule of hydrogen in the presence of Ni as catalyst to forms compound C which gives substitution reactions with chlorine.
1. What is compound A?
2. What is compound B?
3. What type of reaction occurs when A is converted into B?
4. What is compound C?
5. What type of reaction takes place when B is converted into C?
Ans:
1. A is propanal, CH3-CH-CH OH
2. B is propene, CH CH=CH
3. Dehydration reaction.
4. C is propane, CH CH-CH
5. Addition reaction.
Q72. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Ans:
2HC ≡ CH + 5O 2 → 4CO 2 + 2H 2O + Heat
When ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty flame. This is due to incomplete combustion caused by limited supply of air. However, if ethyne is burnt with oxygen, it gives a clean flame with
temperature 3000ºC because of complete combustion. This oxyacetylene flame is used for welding. It is not possible to attain such a high temperature without mixing oxygen. This is the
reason why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used.
Q73. A carboxylic acid (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a compound 'X'. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline
KMnO4 followed by acidification gives the same carboxylic acid C2H4O2. Write the name and structure of,
1. Carboxylic acid.
2. Alcohol.
3. The compound 'X'.
Ans:
The organic acid X is ethanoic acid which is commonly known as acetic acid. Acids when heated with alcohol in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst form sweet smelling chemical
substances called esters. Thus, when ethanoic acid is heated with ethanol in the presence of few drops of concentrated H2SO4, an ester named ethyl ethanoate is formed. Hence the
compound X is ethanoic acid (chemical formula CH3COOH), while Y is ethyl ethanoate (chemical formula CH3COOC2H5).
1. Carboxylic acid = Ethanoic acid.

2. Alcohol = Ethyl alcohol.
3. Compound X = Ethyl ethanoate.
Q74. Draw the electron dot structure of ethyne and also draw its structural formula.
Ans:
Ethyne is a hydrocarbon with molecular formula C2H2. Here two carbon atoms are bonded together by a triple covalent bond and one hydrogen atom is bonded with each carbon atom
through a single covalent bond. Hence the electron dot structure of ethyne molecule can be representes as:
Structural formula of ethyne is: H ─ C ≡ C ─ H.
Q75. Explain the process of preparation of soap in laboratory.

Ans:
Soap can be prepared in the laboratory as follows:
1. Take about 20ml of castor oil (cottonseed oil, linseed oil or soya bean oil) in a beaker.
2. Add 30ml of 20% sodium hydroxide solution to it.
3. Heat the mixture with constant stirring till a paste of soap is formed.
4. Then add 5 to 10 grams of common salt (sodium chloride).
5. Stir the mixture well and allow it to cool. On cooling the solution, solid soap separates out.
6. When the soap sets, it can be cut into pieces called ‘soap bars’.
Q76. An organic acid X is a liquid, which often freezes during winter time in cold countries, having the molecular formula C2H4O2. On warming it with methanol in the presence of a few
drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a compound Y with a sweet smell is formed.
1. Identify X and Y. Also write their formulae showing the functional group present in them.
2. Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Ans:
1.
X is ethanic acid: O ||CH 3 − C − OH
Y is methyl ethanoate: O ||CH 3 − C − O − CH 3
Conc.H 2SO 4
2. CH 3COOH + CH 3OH → CH 3COOCH 3 + H 2O
Q77. An ester has the molecular formula C4H8O2. Write its structural formula. What happens when this ester is heated in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution? Write the balanced
chemical equation for the reaction and name the products. What is a saponification reaction?
Ans:
Esters in the presence of an acid or a base, give back alcohol and carboxylic acid as per the following reaction of the ester in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution.
NaOH
CH 3COOC 2H 5 → C 2H 5OH + CH 3COOH Ethanol Ethanoic acid
The above reaction of esters with an acid or a base to give back the parent alcohol and carboxylic acid is used in the preparation of soap, so is known as saponification reaction.
Q78. Write the molecular formula of ethene and also give three succeeding members with their names.
Ans:
The formula for ethene is CH 2 = CH 2 or C 2H 4.
The other three succeeding members of ethene are:-
1. Propene i.e CH 3 − CH = CH 2(C 3H 6)
2. Butene i.e CH 3 − CH 2 − CH = CH 2(C 2H 8)
3. Pentene i.e CH 3 − CH 3 − CH 2 − CH = CH 2(C 5H 10)
Q79. An organic compound X which is sometimes used as an antifreeze has the molecular formula C2H6O. X on oxidation gives a compound Y which gives effervescence with a baking
soda solution. Identify X and Y. Write the chemical equation of reaction.
Ans:
X is ethanol i.e. C 2H 5OH and Y is Ethanoic acid i.e. CH 3COOH.
Oxidation
C 2H 5OH(X) → CH 3COOH(Y)
2CH 3COOH + Na 2CO 3 → 2CH 3COONa + CO 2 ↑ + H 2o ( baking soda )
Q80. On dropping a small piece of sodium in a test tube containing carbon compound ‘X’ with molecular formula C2H6O, a brisk effervescence is observed and a gas ‘Y’ is produced. On
bringing a burning splinter at the mouth of the test tube the gas evolved burns with a pop sound. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Also write the chemical equation for the reaction. Write the
name and structure of the product formed, when you heat ‘X’ with excess conc. sulphuric acid.
Ans:
X is ethanol and Y is hydrogen.
Chemical equation:
2Na + 2C2H5OH → 2C2H5ONa + H2
Product formed: sodium ethaoxide
When X is heated with excess conc. sulphuric acid dehydration reaction takes place. Ethanol is converted to ethene (C2H4).
Q81. A carboxylic acid C 2H 4O 2 reacts with an alcohol in the presence of H 2SO 4 to form a compound ‘X’. The alcohol on oxidation with KMnO 4 alkaline followed by acidification gives
the same carboxylic acid, C 2H 4O 2. Write the name and structure of
1. Carboxylic acid.
2. Alcohol.
3. The compound ‘X’.
Ans:
Carboxylic acid, C 2H 4O 2:
H 2SO 4
C 2H 4O 2 + Alcohol → 'X'
Oxidation
Alcohol → C 2H 4O 2
Alkaline KMnO 4
1. carboxylic acid:
Name: CH 3COOH (Ethanoic Acid)
Structure: H |H − C − C − O − H | || H O
2. Alcohol: C 2H 5OH
Name: CH 3 − CH 2 − OH (Ethanol)
Structure: H H | |H − C − C − O − H | | H H
3. Compound 'X' Ester
Name: CH 3COOC 2H 5 (Ethyl ethanoate)
Structure: H H H | | |H − C − C − O − C − C − H | || | | H O H H
Chemical reactions:
H 2SO 4
CH 3COOH + CH 3CH 2OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5Corboxylic acid Alcohol (Ethanol) (X) (Ethyl ethanoate) (Ethanoic acid)
O
CH 3CH 2OH → CH 3COOH + H 2O Ethanol Ethanoic acid
alkaline KMnO 4
Q82. What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.

Ans:
Homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by CH2 group.
Example of Homologous series: All the alkanes have similar structures with single covalent bonds and show similar chemical properties, so they can be grouped together in the form of a
homologous series.
Homologous series of alkanes: Methane- CH4, Ethane- C2H6, Propane- C3H8, Butane- C4H10, Pentane- C5H12.
Q83. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between the two C-atoms and show addition reactions. Give the test to distinguish ethane from ethene.
Ans:
Distinction between ethane and ethene can be done with the help of bromine water test. Whereas ethene dicolourises the yellow colour of bromine water, ethane does not.
Q84. What are covalent compounds? Why are they different from ionic compounds? List their three characteristic properties.
Ans:
Covalent compounds are those compounds which are formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms/ which contain covalent bonds.
Covalent compounds are different from ionic compounds because the ionic compounds are formed by the transference of electrons.
Three characteristics of covalent compounds:
1. Generally have low melting and boiling points.

2. Generally insoluble or less soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
3. Do not conduct electricity.
Q85. What is meant by denatured alcohol? What is the need to denature alcohol?
Ans:
Denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding small amounts of poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate etc. This is
done to prevent the misuse of industrial alcohol for drinking purposes or black marketing (as it is supplied duty free for industrial purposes by the government).
Q86. The molecular formula of two carbon compounds are C4H8 and C3H8. Which one of the two is most likely to show addition reaction? Justify your answer. Also give the chemical
equation to explain the process of addition reaction in this case.
Ans:
Compound X has the molecular formula = C4H8 (CnH2n, alkene)
Compound Y has the molecular formula = C3H8 ( CnH2n+2, alkane)
C4H8 is unsaturated hydrocarbon, i.e. alkene (butene) and C3H8 is a saturated hydrocarbon, i.e. alkane (propane).
Saturated compounds undergo substitution reaction.
Unsaturated compounds undergo addition reaction at the multiple bonds.
For example, 1-butene and 2-butene will add a chlorine molecule (Cl2) to form 1,2-dichlorobutane and 2, 3-dichlorobutane, respectively. The reaction will be:
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + Cl2 → CH3CH2CH(Cl)−CH2Cl
Or
CH3CH=CHCH3 + Cl2 → CH3CH(Cl)−CH(Cl)CH3
Q87. Draw the electron dot structures for:
1. Ethanoic acid.
2. H2S.
3. Propanone.
4. F2.
Ans:
1. Ethanoic acid
2. H2S
3. Propanone
4. F2
Q88. What are isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane, C4H10. Why can't we have isomers of first three members of alkane series?
Ans:
Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures.
The two isomers of butane, C4H10 are:
Since branching is not possible, isomers are not possible for the first three members of alkane series.
Q89. A substance (X) be oxidised to acetic acid (CH3COOH)? Name substance (X) and write two tests to demonstrate acidic nature of acetic acid.
Ans:
The substance X is ethanol (C2H5OH).
The acidic nature of acetic acid can be shown using:
1. Litmus paper test: Chemicals which are acidic in nature turn blue litmus red
2. Sodium bicarbonate test: The reaction between sodium carbonate and ethanoic acid is result in the release of carbon dioxide gas . As the result of this reaction water is also produced
along with CH3COONa formation.
2CH 3COOH + Na 2CO 3 → 2CH 3COONa + CO 2 ↑ + H 2O
Q90. Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes:

C2H4, C3H4, C4H8, C5H12, C5H8, C3H8, C6H6
Ans:
Alkanes.
C5H12, C3H8
Alkenes.
C2H4, C4H8
Alkynes.
C3H4, C5H8
Q91. 1. Draw the structures for:

1. Ethanol.
2. Ethanoic acid.
2. Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid considered an oxidation reaction? Write the oxidising agent used in the reaction involved.
Ans:
1.
1. Ethanol- C2H5OH/ CH3CH2OH.
H H | |H− C − C − OH | | H H
2. Ethanoic Acid- CH3COOH.
H |H − C − C − OH | || H O
2. As oxygen is added to ethanol.
Oxidizing agent - Alkaline KMnO4 or Acidified K2Cr2O7.
Q92. Why are some of these called saturated and the other unsaturated compounds?
Ans:
Some compounds are called saturated because they contain single bond only between two carbon atoms but some are unsaturated because in these hydrocarbons, valence of carbon is
satisfied by double or triple bond.
Q93. Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which an addition reaction with hydrogen is possible. State the essential condition for an addition reaction.
Stating this condition, write a chemical equation giving the name of the reactant and the product of the reaction.
Ans:
Name and general formula of hydrocarbons undergoing addition reaction are:
Name General Formula
Alkene CnH2n
Alkyne CnH2n-2
Essential conditions required for the addition reaction to occur are:

1. The presence of multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) between carbon atoms in the chain of a hydrocarbon.
2. The addition of hydrogen should be carried out in the presence of a catalyst such as Nickel or platinum.
Chemical equation involved is:
Ni or Pt
CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 → CH 3 − CH 3
The reactant is Ethene and the product formed is Ethane.
Q94. 1. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds.

2. With a labelled diagram describe an activity to show the formation of an ester.
Ans:
1.
Esterification Saponification
Carboxylic acid reacts with acohols in the presence of a little conc. sulphuric acid to fro On treating an ester with a converted back to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic
m esters. acid.
Example: Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of a little conc. sulphuric ac Example: Ethyl ethanoate on reaction with sodium hydroxide gives ethanol and so
id to form exters. dium ethanoate.
cons. H 2SO 4
C 2H 5OH + CH 3COOH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O CH 3COOC 2H 5 + NaOH → C 2H 5OH + CH 3COONa
2.
Description: Ethyl alcohol and acetic acid are mixed in a test tube and a few drops of conc. H2SO4 are added. The mixture is warmed in a water bath.
Q95. What is meant by homologous series of carbon compounds? Classify the following carbon compounds into two homologous series and name them.
C3H4, C3H6, C4H6, C4H8, C5H8, C5H10.
Ans:
Organic compounds that have similar general formula belong to a series called homologous series. The chemical properties of the organic compounds in the homologous series are the
same because of the presence of the same functional group.
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, etc. form such series in which their respective members differ in mass by 14 atomic mass units. Each member in the series differs from the previous one by a
CH2 group.
The given carbon compounds can be classified into the following two homologous series:
1. Alkenes: Propene C3H6, Butene C4H8, Pentene C5H10.
2. Alkynes: Propyne C3H4, Butyne C4H6, Pentyne C5H8.
Q96. What are esters? How are they prepared? List two uses of esters.
Ans:
Esters are usually volatile liquids having pleasant smell. (in fruity smell)
Preparation When carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a - little concentrated sulphuric acid, it gives a pleasant smelling ester.
For example When ethanoic acid is warmed with ethanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a sweet smelling ester called ethyl ethanoate is formed.
conc.H 2SO 4
CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2OEthanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate
Uses:
1. Esters are used in making perfumes.
2. Esters are used in making artificial flavours and essences used in icecreams, sweets arid cold drinks.
Q97. Na, Mg and Al are the elements of the 3rd period of the Modern Periodic Table having group number 1, 2 and 13 respectively. Which one of these elements has the (a) highest
valency, (b) largest atomic radius, and (c) maximum chemical reactivity? Justify your answer stating the reason for each.
Ans:
1. Aluminium (Al) has the highest valency. Valency of Na is 1, Mg is 2, and Al is 3
2. Sodium (Na) has the largest atomic radius. As we move from left to right in a period, the atomic radius decreases as increase in nuclear charge pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus
reducing the atomic size.
3. Sodium (Na) has the maximum chemical reactivity. Reactivity decreases on moving from left to right in a period.
Q98. Giving their structures, state the number of single bonds, double bonds and triple bonds in the following compounds:
1. Ethyne.
2. Ethene.
3. Benzene.
Ans:
Ethyne: Single bonds: Two; Triple bond: One.
H− C ≡ C − H
Ethene: Single bonds: Four; Double bond: One.
Ethane: Single bonds: Nine; Double bonds: Three.
Q99. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Ans:
Soap molecule has two ends. One end is hydrophilic and another end is hydrophobic. When soap is dissolved in water and clothes are put in the soapy solution, soap molecules converge in
a typical fashion to make a structure; called micelle. The hydrophobic ends of different molecules surround a particle of grease and make the micelle; which is a spherical structure. In this,
the hydrophilic end is outside the sphere and hydrophobic end is towards the centre of the sphere. This is why mice lie formation takes place when soap is added to water. Since ethanol is
not as polar as soap, so micelles will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol.
Q100. When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4, a substance with fruity smell is produced. Answer the following:
1. State the class of compounds to which the fruity smelling compounds belong. Write the chemical equation for the reaction and write the chemical name of the product
formed.
2. State the role of conc. H2 SO4 in this reaction.
Ans:
When ethanol and ethanoic acid react with each other in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 acid, an ester is formed with a fruity smell. The chemical equation for the reaction is given
as:
A carboxylic acid is a very weak proton, therefore, the H2SO4 is used to protonate it to be able to react with the acid. However, the reaction is reversible therefore H2SO4 is also used as
drying agent to remove water and shift the equilibrium to favour the ester forming.
Q101. Give reasons for the following.

Alcohol supplied for industrial purpose is mixed with copper.
Ans:
Alcohol which is supplied for industrial purposes is made unfit for drinking by adding poisonous substances to it like methanol or copper sulphate to make it unfit for drinking and to
prevent it from being misused. Copper sulphate give it blue colour so it can be easily identified.
Q102. 1. Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of electricity?

2. Name the following compound:
3. Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate. How would you prove the presence of this gas?
Ans:
1. Covalent compounds are formed by sharing of electrons. Hence, they neither contain ions nor free electrons to conduct electricity. So, the covalent compounds are generally poor
conductors of electricity.
2. Propanone/ acetone.
3. Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas. To prove the presence of-this gas, allow it to pass through lime water. It turns lime water milky.
Q103. 1. Why are most carbon compounds poor conductors of electricity?

2. Write the name and structure of a saturated compound in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. Give the number of single bonds present in this compound.
Ans:
1. Carbon is a non-metal which is a poor conductor; hence, most of its compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
2.
Q104. Give names of the following:

1. An alcohol containing 5-carbon atoms.
2. On acid with 4-carbon atoms.
3. Simplest aldehyde.
Ans:
1. Pentanol (C5H11OH) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
2. Butyric acid: C4H8O2
3.
Q105. Ethene is formed when ethanol at 443K is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid. What is the role of sulphuric acid in this reaction? Write the balanced chemical
equation of this reaction.
Ans:
Conversion of ethanol to ethene is a dehydration reaction which occurs in the presence of excess of concentrated sulphuric acid. Here concentrated sulphuric acid acts as dehydrating
agent and remove water molecule from ethanol to form ethene.
Conc. H 2SO 4 , 443K
CH 3CH 2OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
Dehydration
Hence concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent as it removes water molecule.
Q106. What is black gold and how is it formed?

Ans:
Petroleum has been nicknamed as the Black Gold. petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil
fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and
pressure.
Q107. What is an oxidising agent? What happens when an oxidising agent is added to propanol? Explain with the help of a chemical equation.
Ans:
The compound that supplies oxygen in a reaction for oxidation and gets reduced is called an oxidizing agent. Examples of oxidizing agents are potassium permanganate, potassium
dichromate etc. When propanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution (or acidified potassium dichromate solution), it gets oxidised to propanoic acid.
Alkaline KMnO 4 + Heat
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − OH → CH 3 − CH 2 − COOH Propanol Propanoic acid
or, Acidified K 2Cr2O 7 + Heat
Q108. Explain esterification reaction with the help of a chemical equation. Describe an activity to show esterification.
Ans:
Esterification– A process in which an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react in the presence of conc. H2SO4 to form an ester.
Conc.H 2SO
CH 3COOH + C 2H 5 → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
Activity-
Take 1 mL of ethanol mixed with 1 mL of acetic acid along with few drops of conc. H2SO4 in a test tube.
Warm it for 5 min. in a water bath.
Pour the contents in a beaker containing 20 – 50 mL of water and smell the resulting mixture.
It will give a fruity smell indicating the formation of ester.
Q109. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions with the help of the chemical equations for each. State one use of each (i) esters, and (ii) saponification process.
Ans:
Sructural formula of ethanol:
H2 |H 3C − C − OH
On adding conc. sulphuric acid to ethanol and heating the mixture up to 443 k (443 K - 273 = 170ºC) gives ethene.
conc. H 2SO 4
C 2H 5OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2
170 C
The role of conc. H2SO4 in the above reaction is that it is used as a dehydratimg agent and causes dehydration of ethanol.
Q110. What would be observed on adding a 5% alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol in a test-tube? Write the name of the compound formed
during the chemical reaction. Also write chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.
Ans:
On adding 5% alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol, we would observe that the purple color of potassium permanganate starts disappearing; the
product formed by this process; ethanoic acid can turn blue litmus red.
AlkalineKmnO 4 ; Heat
CH 3CH 2OH + 2[O] → CH 3COOH + H 2O
or acidifiedK 2Cr 2O 7
Q111. Name the compound formed when ethanol is heated in excess of conc. sulphuric acid at 443 K. Also write the chemical equation of the reaction stating the role of conc. sulphuric
acid in it. What would happen if hydrogen is added to the product of this reaction in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel?
Ans:
The compound is alcohol i.e ethanol
When ethanol react with H2SO4 the product obtained is ethene.
Reaction involved:
H 2SO 3
CH 3CH 2OH → CH 2 = CH 2
443K
Role of conc. H2SO4:

It acts as dehydrating agent as it allows the removal of H2O from ethanol.
Q112. Define the term ‘structural isomerism’. Explain why propane cannot exhibit this property. Draw the structures of possible isomers of butane, C4H10.
Ans:
1. The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are known as structural isomers.
2. The phenomenon of occurring two or more different organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures is called 'structural isomerism'.
3. No isomerism is possible in prqpane as it has only 3 carbon atoms, it is not possible to have different arrangement of carbon atoms in propane.
4. Isomers of butane, C4H10:
H H H H | | | |H − C − C − C − C − H | | | | H H H H n − butane
H H H | | |H − C − C − C − H | | | H H−C−H H | H2 − Methyl propane
Q113. Three organic compounds A, B and C have the following molecular formulae:
A C 4H 8O 2
B C 4H 10O
C C 4H 8O
1. Which compound contains an alcohol group? Write its name and structural formula.
2. Which compound contains a carboxyl group? Write its name and structural formula.
3. Which molecular formula can represent an aldehyde as well as a ketone? Write the names and structural formulae of the aldehyde and ketone represented by this molecular
formula.
Ans:
1. The organic compound 'B' comprises an alcohol group. Butanol is the name of the compound, and its formula is C4H9OH.
H H H H | | | |H− C − C − C − C − OH | | | | H H H H
2. The organic compound 'A' contains a carboxyl group. The name of the acid is butanoic acid, and its formula is C3H7COOH.
H H H O | | | ||H− C − C − C − C − OH | | | H H H
3. Compound 'C' (C4H8O), represents the molecular formula of an aldehydes as well as a ketone. The aldehyde represented by this formula is butanal (C3H7CHO).
H H H O | | | ||H− C − C − C − C − H | | | H H H Butanal
H O H H | || | |H− C − C − C − C − H | | | H H H Butanone
Q114. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Ans:
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Compounds in which all the carbon - carbon bonds are single bonds Compounds in which at least one carbon - bond is a double or triple bond
Generally not very reactive. Shows, substitustion reaction (s) More reactive than saturatred hyfroctions. Responds to addition reaction (s)
Burns with clean flame in sufficent amounts of oxygen Burns with sooty flame in sufficient amounts of oxygen.
Q115. Write chemical equation of the reaction of ethanoic acid with the following: (a) Sodium; (b) Sodium hydroxide; (c) Ethanol.
Write the name of one main product of each reaction.
Ans:
1. 2CH 3COOH + 2Na → 2CH 3COONa + H 2 Sodium ethanoate/Sodium acetate
2. CH 3COOH + NaOH → CH 3COONa + H 2O Sodium ethanoate/sodium acetate
3. CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O Ethyl ethanoate/ester
Q116. Explain why, methanol is much more dangerous to drink than ethanol.
Ans:
Unlike ethanol, drinking methanol, even in a small quantity can be fatal leading to permanent blindness and even death. Methanol damages the optic nerve causing permanent blindness
in a person. This happens because methanol is oxidised to methanal in the liver of a person. This methanal reacts rapidly with the components of the cell causing coagulation of their
protoplasm. Due to this, the cells stop functioning normally.
Q117. Identify the compounds ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ in the following reactions:
conc.H 2SO 4
1. C 2H 5OH + CH 3CH 2COOH → ′A ′ + H 2O
2. CH 3COOC 2H 5 + NaOH → ′B ′ + Na 2CO 3

heat
3. CH 3COONa + NaOH(CaO) → ′C ′ + Na 2CO 3
Ans:
1. A = ESTER (CH3-C=O-O-CH2-CH3)
2. B = ACETIC ACID (CH3COONa)
3.
Q118. Write the name and the structural formula of the compound formed when ethanol is heated at 443 K with excess of conc. H 2SO 4 State the role of conc. H 2SO 4 in this reaction.
Write chemical equation for the reaction.
Ans:
Conc.H 2SO 4
C 2H 5OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
Ethanol Ethane
443k
The product formed is:
H 2SO 4 is a dehydrating agent. So, ethanol undergoes dehydration i.e., loses a water molecule to form ethane.
Q119. Which one of these two is more reactive and why?

Ans:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive because of the presence of double and triple bonds between them. These bonds tend to break in the presence of some reacting species to
become saturated compounds which are highly stable. The relative stability of hydrocarbons in the decreasing order is given by:
alkanes > alkenes > alkynes
Q120. Write the structural formula of ethanol. What happens when it is heated with excess of conc. H2SO4 at 443 K? Write the chemical equation for the reaction stating the role of conc.
H2SO4 in this reaction.
Ans:
Structural formula of ethanol:
H2 |H 3C − C − OH
On adding conc. sulphuric acid to ethanol to ethanol and heating the mixture up to 443 k (443 K - 273 = 170º C) gives ethene.
Conc H 2SO 4
C 2H 5OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2
170 ∘
The role of conc. H2SO4 in the above reaction is that it is used as a dehydrating agent and causes dehydration of ethanol.
Q121. List two tests for experimentally distinguishing between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid and describe how these tests are performed.
Ans:
Test 1 (Litmus Test).
Take two strips of blue litmus paper. Place a drop each of the alcohol and carboxylic acid on these strips separately. The blue litmus paper turns red in the case of carboxylic acid and
remains unaffected in the case of alcohol.
Test 2 (Sodium hydrogen carbonate test/sodium carbonate test).
A pinch of sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium carbonate is added, to both separately. If brisk effervescence with the evolution of a colourless gas is observed, it indicates the presence
of carboxylic acid.
If no change is observed then it confirms the presence of the alcohol.
Test 3 – Ester test.
Q122. 1. Differentiate, between alkanes and alkenes. Name and draw the structure of one member of each.
2. Alkanes generally give clean flame. Why?
Ans:
1.
Alkanes Alkenes
An alkane is hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only singl An alkane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected
e covalent bond. by a double bond.
General formula of alkane is C nH 2n + 2. General formula of C nH 2n.
The simplest alkane is methane (CH 4). The simplest alkene is ethene (C 2H 4).
Alkanes generally burn in air with a blue and non-sooty flame. Alkenes burn in air with a yellow and sooty flame.
Alkanes undergo substitution reactions. Alkenes undergo reactions.
Alkanes do not decolourise red-brown colour of bromine water. Alkenes decolourise the bromine water.
2. Alkanes burn in air with a blue and non-sooty flame because the percentage of carbon in the alkane is comparatively low gets oxidised completely by oxygen present in air.
Q123. What are esters? How are esters prepared? Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. What happens when an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide? Write the chemical
equation for the reaction and also state the name and use of this reaction.
Ans:
Ester is a Sweet smelling substance. It is used in perfumes, manufacturing of dye and flavoring agent. They are formed when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of acid, as
catalysts (H2SO4). This reaction resulting in the formation of Esters is known as "Esterification".
The chemical equation for the reaction involved:
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O. (Include H2SO4 as a catalyst)
CH3COOH = Ethanoic acid.
CH3CH2OH = Ethanol.
CH3COOC2H5 = Ethyl Acetate.
When esters (CH3COOC2H5) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) forms sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa) as the main product and ethanol (C2H5OH).
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH + heat.
This reaction is known as Saponification Reaction, Alkaline Hydrolysis or Esters Hydrolysis. This reaction is used in the production of soap and hence the name is Saponification Reaction. It
is an exothermic reaction since heat is evolved.
Q124. What makes the candle flame yellow and luminous?

Ans:
When a candle is lighted, the wax melts, rises up the wick and gets converted into vapours. In a candle, there is no provision for the proper mixing of oxygen (of air) for burning wax
vapours. So, the wax vapours bum in an insufficient supply of oxygen (of air) which leads to incomplete combustion of wax. This incomplete combustion of wax produces small unburnt
carbon particles. These solid carbon particles rise in the flame, get heated and glow to give out yellowish light. This makes the candle flame yellow and luminous.
Q125. Describe the structure of a soap molecule with the help of a diagram.
Ans:
A soap molecule has two parts: The long chain organic part and the ionic part containing the -COO-Na+ group. It has to be remembered that this is not an ion, the atoms are all covalently
bonded, the electrical charges show how the charges get polarized in the group. A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure shown below:
Q126. Give reasons for the following observations:

1. The element carbon forms a very large number of compounds.
2. Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted when the heated vessels get blackened by the flame.
3. Use of synthetic detergents causes pollution of water.
Ans:
1. Carbon atom can form four chemical bonds to other atoms, and because the carbon atom is just the right, small size to fit in comfortably as parts of very large molecules.
2. Blackening of vessels is due to deposition of waste materials in the holes of the burner. This deposition prevents complete combustion of fuel and creates black shoot. Thus the holes of
the burner need to be cleaned and unclogged to give undisturbed flow of gas.
3. A synthetic detergent is non-biodegradable and if they persist for a long time in our environment, they damage the environment. Thus their use causes pollution.
Q127. Draw the electron-dot structure for ethyne. A mixture of ethyne and oxygen is burnt for welding. In your opinion, why cannot we use a mixture of ethyne and air for this purpose?
Ans:
Ethyne burns in air with a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion caused by limited supply of air.
But ethyne burns in oxygen with a clean flame with temperature 30000C because of complete combustion.
This oxy-acetylene flame is used for welding.
Such a high temperature cannot be achieved without mixing oxygen. Therefore, mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding.
Q128. What are homologous series of carbon compounds? Write the molecular formula of two consecutive members of homologous series of aldehydes. State which part of these
compounds determines their (i) physical and (ii) chemical properties.
Ans:
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds which belong to the same family (i.e. possess same functional group) and show similar chemical properties. The members of this
series are called homologue and differ from each other by the number of CH 2 units in the main carbon chain.
Molecular formula of two consecutive members of homologous series of aldehydes:
CH 3-CHO and CH 3 − CH 2 − CHO
In CH 3 − CHO compound, -CHO part and in CH 3 − CH 2-CHO, -CH 2-CHO part will determine their physical and chemical properties.
Q129. Intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal. Comment.

Ans:
When methanol is entered in our body, it is metabolized in the liver and form formaldehyde which further converted to formate. Formate is essential for survival because it acts as building
block for many biomolecules but high levels of it can cause toxicity.
Formaldehyde also reacts with living cells and can cause coagulation of protoplasm. Excess of methanol in our body also affects the optic nerve and can cause blindness.
Q130. Name the reaction which is usually used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail. Write a chemical equation to illustrate your answer.
Ans:
Catalytic hydrogenation is usually used in conversion of vegetable oils to fats.
Hydrogenation of oils: Vegetable oils are unsaturated fats having double bonds between some of their carbon atoms and can undergo addition reactions. When a vegetable oil (like
groundnut oil) is heated with hydrogen in the presence of finely divided nickel as catalyst, then a saturated fat called vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) is formed. This reaction is called
hydrogenation of oils and it can be represented as follows:
Q131. 3ml, of ethanol is taken in a test tube and warmed gently in a water bath. A 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate is added first drop by drop to this solution, then in
excess.
1. How is 5% solution ofKMnO4 prepared?
2. State the role of alkaline potassium permanganate in this reaction. What happens on adding it in excess?
3. Write chemical equation of this reaction.
Ans:
1. 5g potassium permanganate is dissolved in 100ml of water for preparing a 5% solution of KMnO4.
2. Alkaline potassium permanganate is adding oxygen to alcohol and converting that to an acid. Hence, it is acting as an oxidising agent. When KMnO4 is added, initially colour disappears
because coloured permanganate ions of potassium permanganate are consumed to oxidise ethanol. When an excess of KMnO4 is added, colour does not change because there is no
more alcohol left for the reaction.
Alkaline KMnO 4 + Heat
3. C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOH Ethanol Acetric acid
Q132. Consider two elements 'X' (Atomic number 17) and 'Y' (Atomic number 20)
1. Write the positions of these elements in the modern periodic table giving justification.
2. Write the formula of the compound formed by the combination of 'X' and "Y'.
3. Draw the electron-dot structure of the compnd formed and state the nature of the bound formed between the two elements?
Ans:
1. Atomic no. of A - 17
Electronic configuration of A = 2, 8, 7
Since it has '7' electrons in its outermost shell.
So, group to which A belongs = 10 + 7 = group 17.
Period to which element A belongs = no. of shells = 3
So, period to which A belongs is 3rd
Atomic no. of B = 19
Electronic configuration of A = 2, 8, 8, 1
Since it has 'l' electrons in its outermost shell.
So, group to which B belongs = group 1.
Period to which element B belongs = no. of shells = 4
So, period to which B belongs is 4th
2. Since, Valency of A = -1
Valency of B = +1
So, when A combines with B, the formula will be BA.

3. The electron dot structure is as follows:
The bond formed between B and A is an ionic bond.
Q133. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
Ans:
1. Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar.
2. Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
3. Ethanol has no action on litmus paper whereas ethanoic acid turns blue litmus paper red.
4. Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate but Ethanoic acid gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Q134. Write the names of the following functional groups:

1. − CHO
2. − OH
3. − COOH
4.
5. − X
Ans:
1. Aldehyde group.
2. Alcohol group.
3. Carboxylic acid group.
4. Ketone group.
5. Halo group.
Q135. An aldehyde as well as a ketone can be represented by the same molecular formula, say C3H2O. Write their structure and them. State the relation between the two in the language
of science.
Ans:
Since the molecular formula is same for both aldehyde and ketone. Hence they are isomers (same molecular formula but different structural formula or functional group).
Their chemical name is,
Aldehyde: CH3CH2CHO = C3H6O (Propanal)
Ketone: CH3COCH3 = C3H6O(Propanone)
Q136. What is meant by isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane, C4H10. Explain why we cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane series.
Ans:
Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures.
Since branching is not possible, isomers (two different structures) are not possible for the first three members of alkane series.
Q137. Give reasons for the following observations:

1. Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted when the vessels being heated get blackened by the flame.
2. Use of synthetic detergents causes pollution of water.
Ans:
1. Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted b ecause blackening of vessels show that the air holes of the gas stove are getting blocked and hence the fuel is not burning completely
(due to insufficient supply of oxygen).
2. Some of the detergents (synthetic) are not bio-degradable, that is they cannot be decomposed by micro organisms like bacteria and hence cause water pollution.
Q138. An organic compound ‘X’ on heating with cone. H 2SO 4 forms a compound ‘Y’ which on addition of one molecule of hydrogen in the presence of nickel forms a compound ‘Z’. One
molecule of compound ‘Z’ on combustion forms two molecules CO 2 of and three molecules of H 2O. Identify giving reasons the compounds ‘X’, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’. Write the chemical
equations for all the chemical reactions involved.
Ans:
Q139. Why coal and petroleum are considered as air pollutants?

Ans:
carbon monoxide Sulphur Dioxide nitrogen oxide are the main pollutants produced by burning of coal and petroleum. which are major pollutants of the environment. Therefore, coal and
petroleum are considered to be pollutants of air.
Q140. How is ethene prepared from ethanol? Give the reaction involved in it.
Ans:
From ethanol: This method involves the slow oxidation of a dilute solution of ethanol (10-15 per cent) by oxygen present in air in the presence of an enzyme acetobactor.
Acetobactor
CH 3CH 2OH + O 2 → CH 3COOH + H 2O Ethanol (Air) Ethanoic acid (as vinegar)
The acid obtained is in the form of dilute solution called vinegar.
We have also studied under ethanol that it gets oxidized to ethanoic acid in the presence of dilute solution of alkaline KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7.
Q141. Name two oxidising agents that are used for the conversion of alcohols to acids. Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of,
1. Litmus test.
2. Reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Ans:
Alkaline potassium permanganate KMnO4 and Acidified K2Cr2O7 can be used as an oxidizing agent for a conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid. Oxidizing agent for the conversion of
ethanol to ethanoic acid.
1. Litmus test: Ethanoic acid changes blue litmus paper to red. Whereas ethanol does not change the colour of litmus paper.
2. Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3 Test: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate give brisk effervescence with the liberation of carbon dioxide gas which turns lime
water milky.
Q142. With the help of an example, explain the process of hydrogenation. Mention the essential conditions for the reaction and state the change in physical property with the formation
of the product.
Ans:
Hydrogenation is a process to obtain saturated hydrocarbons from unsaturated hydrocarbons.
See a common example: The unsaturated hydrocarbon ethene is reduced to ethane. The conditions require pressure (different for different reactions) and catalyst such as Ni, Pd, and Pt .....
The Physical properties might change as follows:
1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are mainly insoluble in water but saturated are soluble. Therefore the insoluble becomes soluble.
2. The boiling point and freezing point changes as accordance to the compounds.
Q143. Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.

Ans:
Soap are sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. Two ends of molecules of soap behave differently. This ionic end is hydrophilic and it is oriented towards water. The other
hydrocarbon end is hydrophobic and it is oriented towards dirt which is oily in nature. A micelle formation around the oily dirt takes place. When flushed with excess of water, the micelle
containing the dirt is removed, thus cleaning the clothes, etc.
Q144. A cyclic compound ‘X’ has molecular formula C6H6. It is unsaturated and burns with a sooty flame. Identify ‘X’ and write its structural formula. Will it decolourise bromine water or
not and why?
Ans:
A' is benzene,
It will not decolorise bromine water because position of double bond is not fixed.
Q145. Explain why, diamond is hard while graphite is soft (though both are made of carbon atoms).
Ans:
A diamond crystal is a giant molecule of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in the diamond crystal is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. The four surrounding atoms
are at the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron. This rigid structure of diamond makes it a very hard substance.
The structure of graphite is very different from that of diamond. A graphite crystal consists of layers of carbon atoms or sheets of carbon atoms and these layers are held together by
weakVan der Waals forces. Due to this sheet like structure, graphite is a comparatively soft substance.
Q146. Write one chemical equation to represent each of the following types of reactions of organic substances:
1. Esterification.
2. Saponification.
3. Substitution.
Ans:
1.
2.
3.
Q147. Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which an addition reaction with hydrogen can take place. Stating the essential conditions required for an addition
reaction to write the chemical equation giving the name of the reactant and the product of such a reaction.
Ans:
Addition reactions are characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons, i.e., Alkenes and Alkynes.
General formula of - Alkene: CnH2n, Alkyne: CnH2N-2
For example, Ethene undergoes addition reaction with hydrogen when heated in the presence of nickel catalyst to from ethane saturated hydrocarbon.
Thus addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon gives a saturated hydrocarbon. Thus reaction is known as hydrogenation.
Q148. Write the structural formulae of all the isomers of hexane.

Ans:
1. CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3 Hexane
2. CH 3 | CH 3 − CH − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3 2 − Methylpentane
3. CH 3 | CH 3 − CH 2 − CH − CH 2 − CH 3 3 − Methylpentane
4. CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 − CH − CH − CH 3 2, 3 dimethylbutane
5. CH 3 | CH 3 − C − CH 2 − CH 3 | CH 32, 2 dimethylbutane
Q149. What is the difference between the molecules of soaps and detergents, chemically? Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Ans:
Soaps Detergents
Detergent molecules are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic aci
Soap molecules are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
ds
They form scum upon reaction with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard wat
They do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions.
er.
Cleansing action of soaps: The oily spot present on clothes is organic in nature and insoluble in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved
in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to the oily spot and remove it from the cloth. Then, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in the form of micelle and trap the dirt at
the centre of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water. Hence, the oily spots are easily rinsed away by water.
Q150. Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Describe an activity for the preparation of an ester with the help of a well labelled diagram. Write an
equation for the chemical reaction involved in the formation of the ester. Also write the names of all the substances involved in the process of esterification.
Ans:
Activity:
1. Take 1ml of pure ethanol (absolute alcohol) in a test-tube and add 1ml of glacial ethanoic acid to it. Then add 2 or 3 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to the mixture.
2. Warm the test-tube containing above reaction mixture in hot water bath (a beaker containing hot water) for about 5 minutes.
3. Pour the contents of the test-tube in about 50ml of water taken in another beaker and smell it.
4. A sweet smell is obtained indicating the formation of an ester.
Reaction:
Cons . H 2SO 4
CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2OEhanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate Water(Acetic acid) (Ethyl alcohol) (Ethylacetate − ester)
Q151. What is meant by homologous series of organic compounds? Write the chemical formulae of two members of a homologous series and state which part determines the,
1. Physical properties,
2. Chemical properties,
of these compounds.
Ans:
A homologous series may be defined as a family of organic compounds having the same functional group, and the successive (adjacent) members of which differ by a CH unit or 14 mass
units.
Two consecutive members of homologous series of Aldehydes: CHCHO and CHCHO.
A carbon compound is made up of two parts: R-F, where R is the hydrocarbon part and F is the functional group part.
So, this R (hydrocarbon) part determines the physical properties of a compound and the F (functional group) part determines the chemical properties of the compound.
Q152. State the meaning of functional group in a carbon compound. Write the functional group present in (i) ethanol and (ii) ethanol acid and also draw their structures.
Ans:
An 'atom' 'or' 'a group of atoms' which makes a carbon compound reactive and decides its properties (or functions ) is called a functional group.
Compound Functional Group Structure

Ethanol Hydroxy (-OH) CH3CH2OH
Ethanoic acid Carboxylic acid (-COOH) CH3COOH
Q153. 1. Define the term functional group. Identify the functional group present in
1. O ∥H −C −H
2. H OH | |H− C − C = O | H
2. What happens when 5% alkaline KMnO4 solution is added drop by drop to warm ethanol taken in a test tube? State the role of alkaline KMnO4 solution in this reaction.
Ans:
1. The functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms joined in a specific manner, which gives the chemical properties of the organic compound and are the centers for chemical
reactivity.
1. Aldehyde group.
2. Carboxylic acid.
2. The KMNO4 turns to green K2MNO4 which then again gets converted to MNo2 which discharges brown colour which serves as the test for unsaturation for ethane.
Q154. Complete the following reactions:
1. CH 3COOH + NaOH →
2.
873 − 923K
3. CH 3OH + O 2 →
MoO 3
4. CH 2 = CH 2 + Br →
5. CH 3COOC 2H 5 + NaOH →
H 2SO 4
6. CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O →
Ans:
1. This is an example of neutralization reaction,
CH 3COOH + NaOH → CH 3COONa + H 2O

2.
3. Alcohols will get oxidised to acids in the presence of MoO3 which is an oxidising agent. In this case, methanol (CH3OH) gets oxidised to methanoic acid (HCOOH).
873 − 923K
CH 3OH + O 2 → HCOOH
MoO 3
4. CH 2 = CH 2 + BR → CH 2Br − CH 2Br
This is an example of addition reaction.
5. CH 3COOC 2H 5 + NaOH → CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH

This is an example of saponification reaction and is used in the preparation of soaps.
H 2SO 4
6. CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O → CH 3 − CH 2 − OH
This is an addition reaction, where H+ is added to one of the carbon and OH- is added to the other carbon.
Q155. What is a soap? Name one soap.

Ans:
A soap is the sodium salt (or potassium salt) of a long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid) which has cleansing properties in water.
Example: Sodium stearate, C17H35COO-NA+
Q156. Why homologous series of carbon compounds are so called? Write chemical formula of two consecutive members of a homologous series and state the part of these compounds
that determines their (i) physical properties, and (ii) chemical properties.
Ans:
Homologous series of carbon compounds are so called because in such a series of compounds, the same functional group dictates the properties of the carbon compound regardless of the
length of the carbon chain. The two consecutive members of a homologous series are CH 3OH and C 2H 5OH.
Q157. How would you name the following compounds?

1. CH 3 − CH 2 − Br
2. H ∣H − C = O
3. H H H H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣H−C−C−C−C−C≡C−H ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ H H H H
Ans:
1. Bromomethane
2. Methanal
3. Hexyne.
Q158. A solid element X has four electrons in the outermost shell of its atom. An allotrope Y of this element is used as a dry lubricant in machinery and also in making pencil leads.
1. What is element X?
2. Name the allotrope Y.
3. State whether allotrope Y is a good conductor or non-conductor of electricity.
4. Name one use of allotrope Y (other than lubrication and pencil leads)
5. Name two other allotropes of element X.
Ans:
1. Element X: Carbon.
2. Allotrope Y: Graphite.
3. Y is a good conductor of electricity.
4. Y is used for making graphite electrodes or carbon electrodes in dry cells.
5. Allotropes of X: Diamond and buckminsterfullerene.
Q159. What is meant by homologous series of carbon compounds? Write the general formula of (i) alkenes, and (ii) alkynes. Draw the structures of the first member of each series to show
the bonding between the two carbon atoms.
Ans:
Homologous Series: A homologous series is a series of organic compounds that belongs to the same family (i.e., possesses the same functional group) and show similar chemical
properties. The members of this series are called homologues; they differ from each other by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.
General Formula:
Alkenes: CnH2n
Alkynes: CnH2n-2
Structures: The first member of alkenes is ethene and its structure is given below.
H |H − C = C − H | H
The first member of alkynes is ethyne and its structure is given below.
H-C ≡ C-H
Q160. A hard material X which is mined from the earth is used as a house hold fuel and also for the generation of electricity at Thermal Power Stations. A soft material Y is also used us a
fuel in the form of candles. A gaseous material Z which occurs along with petroleum is increasingly being used as a fuel in running vehicles in its compressed form.
1. What are materials, X, Y and Z?
2. When materials X, Y and Z are burned separately:
1. When material burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame?
2. Which material ultimately burns without producing a flame?
3. Which material can burn in a gas stove by producing a blue flame?
Ans:
1. X is coal, Y is wax Z is natural gas.
2.
1. Y (wax).
2. X (coal).
3. Z (natural gas).
Q161. Two carbon compounds X and Y have the molecular formula C4H8 and C5H12 respectively. Which one of these is most likely likely to show addition reaction ? Justify your answer.
Also give the chemical equation to explain the process of addition reaction in this case.
Ans:
Saturated compounds: C5H12 (Compound Y) - undergo substitution reaction.
Unsaturated compound: C4H8 (Compound X) undergo addition reaction at the multiple bonds.
For example, l-butene and 2-butene will add a chlorine molecule (Cl2) to form 1, 2-dichlorobutane and 2, 3-dichlorobutane respectively.
The reaction will be:
CH3 - CH2 - CH = CH2 + Cl2 → CH3 - CH2 - CH (Cl) - CH2Cl
or
CH3 - CH = CH - CH3 + Cl2 → CH3CH(Cl) - CH(Cl) - CH3
Q162. What are hydrocarbons? Write the general formula of,

1. Saturated hydrocarbons.
2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and draw the structure of one hydrocarbon of each type.
Ans:
Hydrocarbons are defined as the compounds which are composed of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms. The names and general formula for saturated Hydrocarbons is Alkane and the formula
is: CnH2n+2. The 'n' represents number of carbon atoms in molecule of the alkane. The names and general formula for unsaturated hydrocarbons are:
Alkene and Alkyne. The general formula for alkene is: CnH2n and for Alkyne, it is: CnH2n-2
Structure of saturated hydrocarbon:
Molecular formula for 1 carbon atom = CH4
Structure:
H |H − C − H | H
Structure of unsaturated hydrocarbon:
Molecular formula for 2 carbon atom is Ethene C2H4
The structure of Ethene is as follows:
Molecular formula for 2 carbon atom is Ethyne C2H2.
Q163. Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Ans:
CH3Cl(methyl chloride) is made up of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom. Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, each hydrogen atom has one valence electron,
and a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. Carbon atom shares its four valence electrons with three hydrogen atoms and 1 chlorine atom to form methyl chloride as follows:
From the above reaction, in the dot structure of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) there are four pairs of shared electrons between carbon and other atoms. Each pair of shared electrons constitutes
one single covalent bond. So, methyl chloride has four single covalent bonds.
Q164. Explain giving chemical equation, how are esters prepared? Specify any one property and one use of esters.
Ans:
Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydrides or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with
alkyl halides. The reaction is called esterification reaction.
Esterification is a process or a general name for a chemical reaction, in which two reactants (alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product.
acid
R− OH + R' − COOH → R' − COO − R + H 2O(alcohol) (carbpxylic) (ester)
Q165. A carboxylic acid (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a compound ‘X’. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline
KMnO4 followed by acidification gives the same carboxylic acid C2H4O2. Write the name and structure of,
1. Carboxylic acid.
2. Alcohol.
3. The compound ‘X’.
Ans:
The organic acid X is ethanoic acid which is commonly known as acetic acid. Acids when heated with alcohol in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst form sweet smelling chemical
substances called esters. Thus, when ethanoic acid is heated with ethanol in the presence of few drops of concentrated H2SO4, an ester named ethyl ethanoate is formed. Hence the
compound X is ethanoic acid (chemical formula CH3COOH), while Y is ethyl ethanoate (chemical formula CH3COOC2H5).
1. Carboxylic acid = Ethanoic acid.

2. Alcohol = Ethyl alcohol.
3. Compound X = ethyl ethanoate.
Q166. What happens when (write chemical equation in each case).

1. Ethanol is burnt in air?
2. Ethanol is heated with excess conc. H2SO4 at 443 K?
3. A piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
Ans:
C 2H 5OH + 3O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O
Conc.H 2SO 4
CH 3CH 2OH → c 2H 4 + H 2O
Δ443K
2C 2H 5OH + 2Na → 2C 2H 5ONa + H 2.
Q167. State the meaning of the functional group in an organic compound. Write the formula of the functional group present in alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
Ans:
Definition: Functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that is bonded to a carbon chain. It defines the chemical property of the organic compound.
Compound Functional Group
Alcohol -OH
Aldehyde -CHO
Ketone >C=O
Carboxylic acid -COOH
Q168. An aldehyde as well as a ketone can be represented by the same molecular formula, say C3H6O. Write their structure and name them. State the relation between the two in the
language of science.
Ans:
Since the molecular formula is same for both aldehyde and ketone. Hence they are isomers (same molecular formula but different structural formula or functional group). Their chemical
name is,
Aldehyde = Propanal
Ketone = Propanone
O ||CH 3 − CH 2 − C − H Propanal CH 3 |CH 3 − C = O Propanone
Q169. Name the functional group of organic compounds that can be hydrogenated. With the help of suitable example explain the process of hydrogenation mentioning the conditions of
the reaction and any one change in physical property with the formation of the product. Name any one natural source of organic compounds that are hydrogenated.
Ans:
Both alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons and therefore can be hydrogenated. The functional group in alkenes is the double bond while the functional group in alkynes is the
triple bond.
Hydrogenation is defined as the process of conversion of an unsaturated compound into saturated organic compound by the addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. For
example alkenes can be converted into alkanes by the carrying out hydrogenation in the presence of nickel as the catalyst. Following is the equation for the reaction
The vegetable oils are unsaturated hydrocarbons that can be converted into saturated hydrocarbons by hydrogenation. On hydrogenation, physical properties like melting point, boiling
point etc change.
Q170. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents like ethanol also?
Ans:
Soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. When soap is added to the water, the hydrophilic end (acid end) will align along the surface of water and the
hydrophobic tail (carbon chain) remains out of water. When a soap is dissolved in water, it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the soap molecules cluster together to form
spherical aggregates called micelles. In a soap micelle, soap molecules are arranged radially with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
No, micelle will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol because hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are soluble in organic solvents like ethanol.
Q171. Describe how petroleum was formed in the earth.

Ans:
Petroleum oil (and natural gas) was formed by the decomposition of the remains of extremely small plants and animals buried under the sea millions of years ago. It is believed that
millions of years ago, the microscopic plants and animals which lived in seas, died. Their bodies sank to the bottom of the sea and were soon covered with mud and sand. The chemical
effects of pressure, heat and bacteria, converted the remains of microscopic plants and animals into petroleum oil and natural gas just as they converted forest trees into coal. This
conversion took place in the absence of oxygen or air. The petroleum thus formed got trapped between two layers of impervious rocks (non-porous rocks) forming an oil trap.
Q172. Why does carbon form largest number of compounds? Give two reasons.
Ans:
Catenation: The property of carbon element due to which its atoms can join one another to form long carbon chains is called catenation.
Tetravalency: Carbon has a valency of four. So, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent element.Compounds of carbon are formed
with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many other elements, giving rise to compounds with specific properties which depend on the elements other than the carbon
present in the molecule.
Q173. Give any two differences between the properties of diamond and graphite. What causes these differences?
Ans:
1. Diamond is hard whereas graphite is soft.
2. Diamond is a non-conductor of electricity whereas graphite is a good conductor of electricity. The difference in the physical properties of diamond and graphite arises because of the
different arrangements of carbon atoms in them.
Q174. Give the molecular formula of one homologue of each of the following:
1. C3H6
2. C2H6
3. C2H2
Ans:
1. C4H8
2. C3H8
3. C3H4
Q175. What are hydrocarbons? Explain with examples.

Ans:
A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only is called a hydrocarbon (Hydrogen + Carbon = Hydrocarbon).
For exampe: methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4), and ethyne (C2H2), all are hydrocarbons as they are made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen.
Q176. Write the names and formulae for the first three members of the homologous series of chloroalkanes.
Ans:
Chloromethane: CH3Cl
Chloroethane: C2H5Cl
Chloropropan: C3H7Cl
Q177. Explain how coal was formed in the earth.

Ans:
Coal was formed by the decomposition of large land plants and trees buried under the earth millions of years ago. It is believed that millions of years ago, due to earthquakes and
volcanoes, etc., the forests were buried under the surface of the earth and got covered with sand, clay and water. Due to high temperature and high pressure inside the earth, and in the
absence of air, wood was converted into coal.
Q178. How are the following pairs related?

2, 2 - dimethylpropane and 2-methylbutane.
Ans:
The structural formula of the two compounds are shown below.
CH 3 | CH 3 − C − CH 3 | CH 3
2, 2-dimethylpropane.
CH 3 − CH − CH 2 − CH 3 | CH 3
2-methylbutane.
Note: That both compounds have the same molecular formula C5H12. Since they have same molecular formula but different structural formula, they are isomers.
Q179. Write down the structures and names of two isomers of butane (C4H10).
Ans:
Q180. Draw the structures for the following compounds:

1. Ethanal.
2. Propanal.
3. Butanal.
4. Pentanal.
Ans:
1. H O | ||H− C − C − H | H Ethanal
2. H H O | | ||H− C − C − C − H | | H H Propanal
3. H H H O | | | ||H− C − C − C − C − H | | | H H H Butanal
4. H H H H O | | | | ||H− C − C − C − C − C − H | | | | H H H H Pentanal
Q181. Mention the essential material (chemicals) to prepare soap in the laboratory. Describe in brief the test of determining the nature (acidic/alkaline) of the reaction mixture of
saponification reaction.
Ans:
Soap is prepared by heating animal fat or vegetable oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide.
heat
Fat or oil+ NaOH → Soap + Glycerol.
The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalis is called Saponification.
Raw Materials required for preparation of soap in Laboratory:
Vegetable oil, Sodium Hydroxide, Common salt, Beaker, Bunsen burner.
TEST: soaps are mostly basic in nature and we can do litmus test red litmus will turn to blue.
Q182. What is an oxidising agent? Name two oxidising agents which can oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid.
Ans:
An oxidising agents is one which oxidises others substances by providing oxygen or removing hydrogen. Alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate can be used
as oxidising agents.

1. Propanone.
2. Butanone.
Ans:
H O H | || |H− C − C − C − H | | H H Propanone
H O H H | || | |H− C − C − C − C − H | | | H H H Butanone
Q184. How can diamonds be made artificially? How do synthetic diamonds differ from natural ones?
Ans:
Diamonds can be made artificially by subjecting pure carbon to very high pressure and temperature. The synthetic diamonds are small whereas natural diamonds are big.
Q185. Write the names and structural formulae of all the possible isomers of hexane.
Ans:
Q186. Explain why, diamond can be used in rock drilling equipment but graphite cannot.
Ans:
Due to its rigid structure, diamond is the hardest known substance to man. Hence, it is used in rock drilling equipments but graphite is soft and hence not used in rock drilling equipments.
Q187. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Ans:
The two properties are:
1. Catenation- The ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
2. Tetravalancy of carbon.
Q188. Describe a test for carboxylic acids.
Ans:
Litmus test: Some blue litmus solution is added to the organic compound (to be tested). If the blue litmus solution turns red, it shows that the organic compound is acidic in nature and
hence it is a carboxylic acid.
Q189. Define a homologous series. Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of the following:
CH3OH
Ans:
Homologous series: A series of organic compounds having similar structures and chemical properties and in which the successive compounds differ by -CH2 group is called a homologous
series.
Ethyl alcohol: C2H5OH
H H | |H− C − C − OH | | H H
Q190. Write the molecular and structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon whose molecule contains 8 atoms of carbon.
Ans:
Molecular formula: C8H16
Q191. How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property?
Ans:
A carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to give brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas but an alcohol does not react with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Q192. Explain the given reaction with the example:

Combustion reaction.
Ans:
When a substance burns in the presence of oxygen, the reaction is called combustion. Following is an example of combustion reaction.
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light

C 2H 4 and C 3H 7Cl
Ans:
C 2H 5Cl and C 3H 7Cl differ by a - CH2 unit. Also these 2 can be represented by the formula C nH 2n+1Cl. l. Therefore they are homologues.
Q194. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It is exhibited by both carbon and silicon. Compare the ability of catenation of the two
elements. Give reasons.
Ans:
Both carbon and silicon show the ability of catenation. But compounds made by silicon are reactive and less stable. On the other hand, bonds formed by carbon are very strong and hence
organic compounds are more stable than silicon compounds. It can be said that carbon shows better catenation ability than silicon.
Q195. Give the general formula of an:

1. Alkane.
2. Alkene.
3. Alkyne.
Ans:
1. CnH2n+2
2. CnH2n
3. CnH2n-2
Q196. What is meant by an addition reaction? Give an example (with equation) of an addition reaction of an alkene.
Ans:
The reaction in which an unsaturated hydrocarbon combines with another substance to give a single product is called an addition reaction.
Example: Ethene reacts with hydrogen when heated in the presence of nickel catalyst to form ethane
NiCatalyst
CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2 → CH 3 − CH 3
Heat
Q197. What will you observe when dilute ethanoic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid are put on universal indicator paper, one by one? What does it show?
Ans:
Dilute ethanoic acid turns universal indicator paper to orange, showing that its pH is about 4 which tell us that ethanoic acid is a weak acid. On the other hand, dilute hydrochloric acid
turns universal indicator paper to red, showing that its pH is about 1. This shows us that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
Q198. Write three common functional groups present in organic compounds. Give their symbols /formulae.
Ans:
1. Halo group: -X
2. Alcohol group: -OH
3. Aldehyde group: -CHO
Q199. Why does ethyne (acetylene) burn with a sooty flame?

Ans:
Ethyne (acetylene) burn with a sooty flame because ethyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon and the percentage of carbon in these hydrocarbons is comparatively higher which does not get
oxidised completely in oxygen of air.
Q200. Write:
1. Structural formula.
2. Electron-dot structure, of any one isomer of n-heptane(C7H16).
Ans:
Q201. Write two points of difference in the structures of diamond and graphite.
Ans:
Diamond:
1. Each carbon atom is linked to four other carbon atoms.
2. A diamond crystal has a tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms.
Graphite:
1. Each carbon atom is joined to only three other carbon atoms.
2. A graphite crystal has flat hexagonal rings structure.
Q202. Give the IUPAC names for the following:

1. H |CH 3 − C − CH 3 | CH 3
2.
3. H H H | | |H− C = C − C − H | H
4. H |H− C − C ≡ C − H | H
Ans:
1. 2-methylpropane.
2. 2-methylbutane.
3. Propene.
4. Propyne.
Q203. How would you convert:

1. Ethanol into ethene?
2. Propanol into propanoic acid?
Name the process in each case and write the equations of the reactions involved.
Ans:
1. Dehydration: Conversion of ethanol into ethene.
Cons.H 2SO 4 ; 170 ∘ C
CH 3 − CH 2OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
( Dehydration )
2. Oxidation: Conversion of propanol acid.
AlkalineKmnO 4 ; Heat
CH 3CH 2CH 2OH + 2[O] → CH 3CH 2COOH + H 2O
Q204. Consider the following organic compounds:

HCHO, C2H5OH, C2H6, CH3COOH, C2H5Cl
Choose two compounds which can react in the presence of conc. H2SO4 to form an ester. Give the name and formula of the ester formed.
Ans:
C2H5OH (ethanol) and CH3COOH (ethanoic acid) are the compounds which can react with each other, in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid, to form a sweet smelling ester
called ethylethanoate. Its formula isCH3-COO-CH2-CH3.
The chemical equation for the above reaction is as follows:
Conc.H 2SO 4
C 2H 5OH + CH 3COOH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
Q205. Write the molecular formula of:

1. An alkane.
2. An alkene.
3. An alkyne, each having 20 carbon atoms?
Ans:
1. An alkane comprising 20 atoms of carbon (n = 20):
C20H2×20 + 2 = C20 H42
2. An alkene comprising 20 atoms of carbon (n = 20):
C20H20×2 = C20H40
3. An alkyne comprising 20 atoms of carbon (n = 20):
C20H2×20-2 = C20H38
Q206. Which alcohol is used in cough syrups and tonics?

Ans:
Ethanol (C2H5OH) is used in cough syrups and tonics. Ethanol is a good solvent. It is most commonly used in medicines because it is an excellent solvent, which in a sense is better than
water to keep the other ingredients dissolved in the right liquid form and it gets diluted in some cough syrups.
Q207. Give any two uses of ethanoic acid.

Ans:
1. Dilute ethanoic acid (in the form of vinegar) is used as a food preservative in the preparation of pickles and sauces.
2. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and esters used in perfumes.
Q208. What happens when propanoic acid is warmed with methanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid? Write equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
Propanoic acid will react with the alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to form esters.
CH 3CH 2COOH + CH 3OH → CH 3CH 2COOCH 3 + H 2OPropanoic acid Methanol Methyl propanoate water
Q209. What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Ans:
Q210. A mixture of ethyne (acetylene) and oxygen is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Ans:
A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame (due to incomplete combustion) which is not hot enough to melt metals for
welding.
Q211. Why covalent compound are volatile in nature with low boiling and low melting point?
Ans:
Covalent compounds have weak forces of attraction between the binding molecules. Thus less energy is required to break the force of bonding. Therefore covalent compounds have low
melting and boiling point.
Q212. Write names and formulae of hydrocarbons containing a single and a double bond (one example for each). Give one characteristic chemical property of each.
Ans:
1. Single bond: Methane, CH4. They are quite unreactive hence they undergo substitution reaction with chlorine in presence of sunlight.
2. Double bond: Ethene, CH2 = CH2. They undergo addition reaction in the presence of a catalyst like nickel or palladium.
Q213. Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Ans:
Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test tubes:
1. Cooking oil decolourises bromine water (showing that it is an unsaturated compound).
2. Butter does not decolourise bromine water (showing that it is a saturated compound).
Q214. How do diamond can be prepared artificially?

Ans:
Artificial diamonds are made by subjecting pure carbon or graphite to high pressure and temperature this method of preparing diamonds is called High pressure,High temperature.
Q215. Give account of chemical properties?

Combustion of ethanol.
Ans:
Ethanol upon combustion gives carbon dioxide and water.
C 2H 5 + 30 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O
Q216. How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Ans:
We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. Acid reacts with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate
to evolve CO2 gas that turns lime water milky.
Metal Carbonate / Metal Hydrogencarbonate + Carboxylic acid ↓ Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
Alcohols, on the other hand, do not react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Q217. Mention two uses of ethanoic acid.

Ans:
Ethanoic or acetic acid is used in making dyes, pigments, and paint and coating additives. It is used in printing on fabric. It is a component of wood glue and other sealants. Acetic acid is
also used as a cleaning and degreasing solvent.
Q218. Which of the two is better for washing clothes when the water is hard: soap or detergent? Give reason for your answer.
Ans:
Detergent is better for washing clothes in hard water. They are better cleansing agents than soaps because they do not form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts with hard water, and
hence can used for washing even with hard water.
Q219. A student adds a spoon full of powdered sodium hydrogen carbonate to a flask containing ethanol acid. List two main observations, he must note in his note book, about the
reaction that takes place. Also write chemical equation for the reaction.
Ans:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is the base which on reaction with acid gives brisk effervescence. Also, a colorless and odorless gas is evolved.
The chemical reaction is given as;
CH 3COOH + NaHCO 3 → CH 3COOONa + H 2O + CO 2.

C 3H 4 and C 2H 4
Ans:
C 3H 4 is an alkyne and C 2H 4 is an alkene. Both the compounds contain double or triple bonds. Therefore, they belong to the family of unsaturated compounds.

Reaction of C2H5OH with sodium metal
Ans:
Ethanol (or) ethyl alcohol reacts with metallic sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide.
2C 2H 5OH + 2Na → 2C 2H 5ONa + H 2 (Ethanol) (Sodium ethoxide)
Q222. What is meant by a substitution reaction? Give an example (with equation) of the substitution reaction of, an alkane.
Ans:
The reaction in which one or more) hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by some other atoms (like chlorine), is called a substitution reaction.
Example: Substitution reaction of methane with chlorineMethane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.
Sunlight

Substitution reaction.
Ans:
Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive. But in the presence of sunlight, chlorine substitutes hydrogen one by one.
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl (in the presence of sunlight)
This substitution can go on till, carbon tetrachloride is obtained.
Q224. Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Ans:
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy.
Q225. Give the molecular formula of butane and mention the names of its two isomers. Name one fuel which contains both these isomers.
Ans:
The molecular formula of butane is C4H10; Its isomers are n-butane and 2-methylpropane; LPG.
Q226. How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Ans:
1. CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3
2. CH 3 − CH 2 − CH − CH 3 ∣ CH 3
3. CH 3 ∣ CH 3 − C − CH 3 ∣ CH 3

Dehydration of C2H5OH.
Ans:
Ethanol when dehydrated using conc. H2SO4 forms ethene.
443K
CH 3CH 2OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
conc.H 2SO 4
Q228. State one use of diamond which depends on its ‘extraordinary brilliance’ and one use of graphite which depends on its being ‘black and quite soft’.
Ans:
Diamonds are used for making jewellery. Graphite is used for making pencil cores or ‘pencil leads’.
Q229. Match the formulae in group A with appropriate names from group B:
Group A: CH3COOH, CH3CHO, CH3OH
Group B: Ethanol, Methanol, Ethanal, Ethanoic acid.
Ans:
CH3COOH: Ethanoic acid.
CH3CHO: Ethanal.
CH3OH: Methanol.
Q230. Give the harmful effects of drinking alcohol.
Ans:
Harmful effects of drinking alcohol:
1. Alcohol slows down the activity of the nervous system and brain due to which the judgement of a person is impaired and his reaction becomes slow.
2. Heavy drinking of alcohol on a particular occasion leads to staggered movement, slurred speech and vomiting.
Q231. Draw the structure of diamond.

Ans:
Diamond is a form of carbon in which each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms. This forms a strong, rigid, three - dimensional structure Diamond is the hardest
natural substance, and no other natural substance can scratch it. This property makes diamonds useful for cutting and grinding tools as well as for rings and other jewelry.
Q232. A neutral organic compound X of molecular formula C2H6O on oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate gives an acidic compound Y. Compound X reacts with Y on warming in
the presence of conc. H2SO4 to give a sweet smelling substance Z. What are X, Y and Z?
Ans:
1. X is ethanol.
2. Y is ethanoic acid.
3. Z is ethyl ethanoate
Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form ethyl ethanoate ester.
Q233. How is ethanoic acid obtained from ethanol? Write down the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
Ethanoic acid is obtained from ethanol by the means of oxidation reaction. When ethanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution (or acidified potassium dichromate
solution), it gets oxidised to ethanoic acid. It is called an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to it during this conversion.
AlkalineKmno 4 ; Heat
Q234. State two disadvantages of incomplete combustion.

Ans:
Disadvantages of incomplete combustion:
1. It leads to the formation of soot which is nothing but unburnt carbon which pollutes the atmosphere, blackens cooking utensils.
2. It leads to the formation of an extremely poisonous gas called carbon monoxide.
Q235. What happens when wood is burnt in a limited supply of oxygen? Name the residue left behind after the reaction and state two advantages of using this residue as a fuel over
wood.
Ans:
The wood is burnt in the limited supply of air to obtain charcoal. When wood is burnt in the limited supply of oxygen, water and volatile materials are removed and charcoal is left behind
as the residue.
Charcoal is considered a better fuel than wood because:
1. It has higher heat generation efficiency.
2. It produces less smoke.
3. It leaves very less residue behind.
Q236. Select the hydrocarbons which belong to the same homologous series. Give the name of each series.
CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C4H10, C3H4, C3H6.
Ans:
Alkanes: CH4, C2H6, C4H10
Alkenes: C2H4, C3H6
Alkynes: C2H2, C3H4
Q237. Which type of synthetic detergents are biodegradable?

Ans:
Branched synthetic detergents are less biodegradable compared to detergents equipped with continuous chain of carbon atoms. Alkyl benzene sulfonates that are continuous chain are
known to be completely biodegradable. In addition another continuous chain option called alkyl sulfates such as CH3(CH2)16CH2OSO3Na+ is also bio degradable.
Q238. Why have detergents replaced soap as a washing agent?

Ans:
Detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps because they do not form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts with hard water, and hence can be used for washing even with hard
water.
Q239. How would you distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid by chemical test?
Ans:
Litmus test: Some blue litmus solution is added to the organic compound (to be tested). If the blue litmus solution turns red, it shows that the organic compound is acidic in nature and
hence it is a carboxylic acid (ethanoic acid). Ethanol has no effect on any litmus solution.
Q240. What is meant by homologous series?

Ans:
A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties in which each successive member differs by CH2.
Eaxample: Methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H8).
There are a part of homologous series & the difference among these molecules is that they have different numbers of CH2 groups.
Q241. What is buck minster fullerene? How is it related to diamond and graphite?
Ans:
Buck minster fullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules. It burns on heating to form carbon dioxide and nothing
is left behind. This shows that it is made up of carbon only like diamond and graphite.
Q242. Write the IUPAC name of:

1. CH 3COCH 2CH 3
2. CH 3 − CH − CH 3 | OH
3. HCOOH
4. CH 3COOCH 3
Ans:
1. Butanone
2. Propan-2-ol
3. Methanoic acid
4. Methyl ethanoate
Q243. Give the names and structural formulae of one saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and one unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon.
Ans:
Saturated cyclic hydrocarbon: Cyclohexane, C6H12
Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon: Benzene, C6H6
Q244. The structural formula of an ester is:

H O H H | || | |H− C − C − O − C − C − H | | | H H H
Write the formula of the acid and the alcohol from which it is formed.
Ans:
Acid: Ethanol acid.
O ||CH 3 − C − OHAlcohol:EthanolCH 3 − CH 2 − OH
Q245. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Ans:
When soap is used for washing clothes with hard water, a large amount of soap in water reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate called
scum. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Q246. Give two differences between ionic and covalent compounds.

Ans:
1. Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons that are positively and negatively charged, whereas, covalent compounds are formed by sharing the electrons.
2. In an ionic compound, bonding involves a metal and nonmetal, whereas, in the covalent compound, bonding is between nonmetals.
3. Ionic compounds are more soluble in water than covalent compounds.
4. Ionic compounds have definite shape whereas, covalent has no shape.
5. Ionic compounds are the good conductor of electricity, whereas covalent compounds are the bad conductor of electricity.
Example: Ionic compounds: Nacl (Sodium Cloride) covalent compounds: CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
Q247. Give any two differences between soaps and detergents.

Ans:
Soaps Detergents
i. Soaps are biodegradable. Detergents are not biodegradable.
ii. Soaps have relatively weak cleansing action. Detergents have a strong cleansing action.
Q248. When you add sodium hydrogen carbonate to acetic acid in a test tube, a gas liberates immediately with a brisk effervescence. Name this gas. Describe the method of testing this
gas.
Ans:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate on reaction with acetic acid releases carbon dioxide gas.
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Test for carbon dioxide:
The presence of carbon dioxide can be tested by bringing a burning splinter near the mouth of the cylinder containing carbon dioxide - it gets extinguished.
If carbon dioxide is passed through limewater, it turns milky white.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Q249. What is meant by a functional group? Explain with an example.

Ans:
An ‘atom’ or ‘a group of atoms’ which makes a carbon compound (or organic compound) reactive and decides its properties (or functions) is called a functional group. The alcohol group, -
OH, present in ethanol, C2H5OH, is an example of a functional group.
Q250. A compound ‘X’ is C2H4. Draw its electron dot structure. Will it dissolve in water or not? Will it conduct electricity in aqueous solution? Will it have high melting or low melting
point?
Ans:
Compound X is Ethene (C2H4).
Electron dot structure of Ethene:
Sparingly soluble in water but highly soluble in organic solvents.

It does not conduct electricity.
The boiling point is -102°C, and melting point is -169°C
Q251. Why graphite is smooth?

Ans:
Graphite is a form of crystalline carbon in which each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are arranged in layers, with strong bonds within
each layer but only weak bonds between layers. The weak bonds between layers allow the layers to slide over one another, so graphite is relatively soft and slippery. This makes it useful as
a lubricant.
Q252. What is saponification? Write the reaction involved in this process.

Ans:
When ester treated with an alkali, the reaction gives ethanol and sodium ethanoate. This reaction is called saponification reaction because this reaction forms the basis of preparation of
soap. This can be given by following equation.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Q253. What are the raw materials required for making soap in a laboratory (or at home)?
Ans:
1. Vegetable oil (like castor oil, cottonseed oil or soyabean oil).
2. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).
3. Sodium chloride (common salt).
Q254. How two successive members of a homologous series differ from each other?
Ans:
A homologous series is a series of compounds in which each member differs from the next/previous by CH2CHX2 or 14 mass units. Physical properties change in a homologous series but
chemical properties remain almost the same because the functional group does not change.
Q255. How would you convert:

1. Ethanol to Ethanoic acid
2. Ethanol to Ethene
Give chemical equation only.
Ans:
1. Ethanol can be converted into ethanoic acid by treating it with alkaline KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7 and heating. Following is the chemical equation for the reaction.
CH3-CH2-OH Alkaline KMnO4 → CH3-COOH
2. Ethanol can be converted to ethene in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. It is called as dehydration reaction.C
H3-CH2-OH → (Concentrated H2SO4) CH2 = CH2 + H2O
Q256. Which of the following hydrocarbons can decolourise bromine water and which cannot? Why?
C6H12, C6H14, C6H10
Ans:
C6 H12 and C6 H10C a decolourise bromine water since these are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
C6 H14 cannot decolourise bromine water since it is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Q257. Explain why, graphite can be used as a lubricant but diamond cannot.
Ans:
Due to its softness, powdered graphite can be used a lubricant whereas diamond being extremely hard can not be used as lubricant.
Q258. Write the molecular formula and structure of cyclohexane. How many covalent bonds are there in a molecule of cyclohexane?
Ans:
Molecular formula of cyclohexane is C6H12.
Q259. A gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium. Name the gas evolved and also write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
When ethanol reacts with sodium, then hydrogen gas is evolved. This reaction can be given by following equation:
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2
Q260. Why are vegetable oils healthy as compared to vegetable ghee? How are vegetable oils converted into vegetable ghee? Name the process.
Ans:
1. Vegetable oils contain unsaturated fatty acids while vegetable ghee contains saturated fatty acids which are said to be harmful for health.
2. Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghee by adding hydrogen in the presence of catalysts palladium(Pd) or nickel(Ni).
3. The process involved in this is addition reaction (hydrogenation). It is defined as the addition of hydrogen atoms in carbon atoms of an organic compound.
Q261. Which of the following hydrocarbons will give substitution reactions and why?
CH4, C3H6, C3H8, C4H6, C5H12, C5H10.
Ans:
CH4, C3H8, C5H12 all these are saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes) and hence will give substitution reactions.
Q262. Describe one reaction of a carboxylic acid.

Ans:
Reaction with alcohols: Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of a little of conc. sulphric acid to form esters.
Cons . H 2SO 4
Q263. Give the name and structural formula of one member each of the following:
1. Alkane.
2. Alkene.
3. Alkyne.
4. Cycloalkane.
Ans:
1. Methane is an alkane with the molecular formula CH4.
2. Ethene is an alkene with the molecular formula C2H4.
3. Ethyne is an alkyne with the molecular formula C2H2.

H− C ≡ C − H Ethyne
4. Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12.
Q264. Friedrich Wohler converted an inorganic compound into an organic compound in the laboratory.
1. Give the name and formula of inorganic compound.
2. Write the name and formula of organic compound formed.
Ans:
1. Ammonium cyanate, NH4CNO
2. Urea, CO(NH2)2
Q265. How would you name the following compound?

CH3-CH2-Br
Ans:
Ethylbromide:
1. Ketones.
2. CH3COOH
3. Formaldehyde.
Q266. Why soap solution appears cloudy?

Ans:
Soap is mixed with water to form micelle which gives the solution a cloudy appearance when soap is added to the water the fatty acid ionizes. The polar water soluble gets attracted to
water while the non-polar tails attract each other. Then the ions are attracted to each other and form the special clusters and sometimes in a form of emulsions which gives a cloudy look.
Q267. Carbon, Group (14) element in the Periodic Table, is known to form compounds with many elements.
Write an example of a compound formed with,
1. Chlorine (Group 17 of Periodic Table)
2. Oxgygen (Group 16 of Periodic Table)

Ans:
1. The compound is carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
2. The compound is carbon dioxide (CO2)
Q268. List two observations which you make when you add a pinch of sodium hydrogen carbonate to acetic acid in a test tube. Write chemical equation for the reaction that occurs.
Ans:
When a pinch of sodium hydrogen .carbonate is added to acetic acid in a test tube, two observations are made.
1. Brisk effervescence.
2. Evolution of a colorless and odorless gas which is CO2.
CH3COOH(aq) + NaHCO3(s) + CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(i) + CO2(g)
Q269. Why compounds like petrol, coal, etc generate heat or light or both on combustion?
Ans:
Examples of fuel include wood, coal, natural gas, and oil.Combustion is where you burn a fuel in the presence of an oxidant like oxygen. Heat is produced, because the bonds in
thefuel store more energy than the bonds in the water and carbon dioxide that are the products of combustion. As a result, the bonds present in the molecules of fuel break, releasing
energy. Sometimes, the energy released falls in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum (which means the energy released is visible to human eye) which we call as light.
Sometimes the energy released falls under infrared region, which we commonly call as heat. Basically, the compounds generate heat or light or both due to the release of energy from the
breaking of molecular bonds.

Ethane and propane.
Ans:
Ethane and propane are homologues and belong to the same homologous series. They differ from each other by one CH2 group. The formula of propane is (C3H8) and the formula of
ethane is (C2H6).
Q271. Why are coal and petroleum called fossil fuels?

Ans:
Coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels because they are produced through the decomposition of the pre-historic organisms (plants and animals) buried deep in the soil since millions of
years ago.
Q272. An organic compound ‘A’ of molecular formula C2H4O2 turns blue litmus red and gives brisk effervescence with NaHCO3. Identify ‘A’ and give chemical reaction.
Ans:
Because the compound gives brisk effervescence on reacting with NaHCO3, therefore the compound is a carboxylic acid. Also, its chemical formula suggests that it is a carboxylic acid with
two carbon atoms. Thus, the compound is ethanoic acid (or carboxylic acid) and its chemical formula is CH3COOH.
Following is the chemical equation for the reaction:
CH 3COOH + NaHCO 3 → CH 3COONa + H 2O + CO 2

Oxidation of ethanol.
Ans:
Ethanol on Oxidation in the presence of acidified potassium permanganate (or) potassium dichromate forms ethanol (or)acetaldehyde initially and ethanoic acid (or) acetic acid finally.
Kmno 4 KMnO 4
H+ H+
C 2H 5OH + (O) → CH 3CHO → CH 3CHOOH (ethanol) (rthanal) (rhani acid)
(o)
Q274. What is the unique property of carbon atom? How is this property helpful to us?
Ans:
The most unique property of carbon atom is its ability to combine itself, atom to atom to form long chains. This property of self combination is useful to us because it gives rise to an
extremely large number of carbon compounds (or organic compounds).
Q275. Explain why, ethene decolourises bromine water whereas ethane does not.
Ans:
Ethene decolourises bromine water because ethene is an alkene. And all alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated compounds which decolourise bromine water. On the other hand, ethane
being an alkane is a saturated compound which does not decolourise bromine water.
Q276. Graphite is a covalent molecule but a good conductor of electricity. Why?

Ans:
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity. Its structure is the main reason for this property. Each carbon atom in graphite is directly linked to only three carbon atoms through covalent
bonds. Therefore, out of the four valence electrons in a carbon atom, only three are used for bonding and the fourth is relatively free and can move from one carbon atom to the other.
These free electrons make graphite a good conductor of electricity and also a good lubricant.
Q277. Write the covalent bonding in nitrogen.

Ans:
Nitrogen is a non-metal.A nitrogen atom has 5 electrons in its outer shell.Nitrogen is in group 5 of the periodic table.
Two nitrogen atoms will each share three electrons to form three covalent bonds and make a nitrogen molecule (N2).
This is a picture of a nitrogen molecule.
By sharing the six electrons where the shells touch each nitrogen atom can count 8 electrons in its outer shell.
These full outer shells with their shared electrons are now stable.
The N2 molecule will not react further with other nitrogen atoms.
Q278. What is meant by ‘heteroatom’? Give examples. Write the names and formulae of two organic compounds containing different heteroatoms.
Ans:
In an organic compound, any atom other than carbon and hydrogen is called a heteroatom.
Example: Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Oxygen (O) Chloromethane– CH3Cl and methanol– CH3OH.
Q279. A compound ‘X’ has molecular formula C4H10. It undergoes substitution reaction readily than addition reaction. It burns with blue flame. It is present in LPG. Identify ‘X’ and give the
balanced equation for its combustion and substitution reaction with Cl2 in presence of sunlight.
Ans:
X is Butane-C4H10
Butane belongs to Alkanes and undergoes combustion reaction and gives blue non sooty flame.
Combustion reaction:
C 4H 10 + 13O 2 → 4CO 2 + 5H 2O + Energy

Butane undergoes substitution reaction with chlorine in presence of sunlight.
C 4H 10 + Cl 2 → C 4H 9Cl + HCl
C 4H 9Cl + Cl 2 → C 4H 8Cl 2 + HCl
C 4H 8Cl 2 + Cl 2 → C 4H 7Cl 3 + HCl

Reaction continues till all hydrogen atoms are replaced by Cl.
Q280. Name the functional groups present in the following compounds:

1. CH3COOH
2. CH3CH2CHO
3. C2H5OH
4. CH3COCH2CH3
Ans:
2. Aldehyde group.
3. Alcohol group.
4. Ketone group.
Q281. Name the functional present in the following compounds.

1. HCHO
2. CH3CHO
3. CH3COOH
4. CH3OH
Ans:
1. Aldehyde
2. Functional group = Aldehyde(-CHO)
IUPAC name- Ethanal
3. Functional group = Carboxylic acid(-COOH)
IUPAC name- Ethanoic acid
4. Alcohol
Q282. Explain why, diamond has a high melting point.

Ans:
Diamond has a high melting point because a lot of heat energy is required to break the network of strong covalent bonds in the diamond crystal.
Q283. Name the functional groups present in the following compounds:

1. CH3CHO
2. CH3CH2COOH
3. CH3COCH3
4. CH3CH2CH2OH
Ans:
1. The functional group present in CH3CHO is the formyl group (-CHO).
2. The functional group present in CH3CH2COOH is the group of carboxylic acids (-COOH).
3. The functional group present in CH3COCH3 is the carbonyl group (-CO-).
4. The functional group present in CH3CH2CH2OH is the alcohol (hydroxyl) group (-OH).
Q284. Is ethanol harmful for drinking? If yes, why?

Ans:
Ethanol is harmful for drinking. Drinking ethanol in small amounts causes drunkenness. If it is consumed in large quantities, then it can slow down metabolic processes and affect the
central nervous system. This will lead to lack of coordination, mental confusion, stupour etc.
Q285. Write three difference between soaps and detergents.

Ans:
Soaps Sodium metal
1. Soap are made from fat and alkali by specification method. 1. Detergents are carbonic compounds which are not alkaline.
2. There are cheap. 2. They are costly.
3. There are not suitable for delicate clothes. 3. They are suitable for delicate clothes.
4. They are clean better in hot water. 4. They clean both in hot and cold water.
5. They don’t produce lather with hard water and are not able to clean the cloth. 5. They clean the cloth even in hard water.
Q286. Describe one reaction of ethanol.

Ans:
Ethanol gets oxidised to ethanoic acid in the presence of potassium permanganate solution (alkaline) which acts as an oxidising agent.
Q287. Why is common salt (sodium chloride) added during the preparation of soap?
Ans:
Common salt is added to the mixture to make the soap come out of solution. Though most of the soap separates out on its own but some of it remains in solution. Common salt is added
to precipitate out all the soap from the aqueous solution.

Hydrogenation reaction.
Ans:
Addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation reaction. Hydrogenation is used for converting unsaturated vegetable oil into
fat. This can be shown by following equation:
Ni
R 2C = CR 2 + H 2 → R 2C − CR 2 | | H H
Q289. What is the IUPAC name of:
1. CH3–CH2–CH=CH2
2. CH3CHO?
Ans:
The IUPAC name of the organic compound:
1. CH3–CH2–CH=CH2 is But-1-ene or 1-Butene
2. CH3CHO is methn-al
Q290. Why is soap not suitable for washing clothes when the water is hard?
Ans:
When soap is used for washing clothes with hard water, a large amount of soap in water is reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate
called scum, before it can be used for the real purpose of washing.
Q291. Why does the element carbon from a large number of carbon compounds?
Ans:
Carbon forms a large number of carbon compounds because carbon atoms can link with one another by means of covalent bonds to form long chains of carbon atoms.
Q292. What is the molecular formula and structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon whose one molecule contains 8 hydrogen atoms?
Ans:
The molecular formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon is C4H8, as it satisfies the general formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon, i.e. CnH2n. Here, the number of hydrogen atoms is already given as
8
8, i.e. 2n = 8. Therefore, n = 2
= 4. Here, n represents the number of carbon atoms. Therefore, the molecular formula is C4H8.
The structural formula of the cyclic hydrocarbon C4H8 is as follows:
Q293. What is a detergent? Name one detergent.

Ans:
A detergent is the sodium salt of long chain benzene sulphonic acid which has cleansing properties in water.
Example: Sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulphonate.
Q294. What is saponification? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved in this process. Name all the substances which take part in this process and also those which are
formed.
Ans:
The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalis is called saponification.
Heat
Factor Oil+ Sodiumhydroxide → Soap + Glyoerol(Anester) (Analkali) (Sodium salt (An alcohol) of fatty acid)
Q295. Explain why carbon generally forms compounds by covalent bonds.

Ans:
Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell. To attain stability, it should either gain 4 electrons or lose 4 electrons. It cannot lose 4 electrons as it involves a lot of energy. Also, it cannot gain
4 electrons because the nucleus cannot hold on to the four extra electrons added. Therefore, to complete the octet, it shares 4 electrons with other atoms. That is why, carbon forms
compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
Q296. You are provided with as organic compound having the molecular formula, C2H6. Give the name and formula of the compound formed when:
One H atom of C2H6 is replaced by a CHO group.
Ans:
C2H5CHO- propionaldehyde, propanal
Q297. Give the names and structural formulae of the next two higher homologues of methane.
Ans:
H H H | | |H− C − C − C − H | | | H H H Propane H H | |H− C − C − H | | H H Ethane
Q298. Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?

Ans:
The conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is called an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to it during this conversion.
CH 3CH 2OH + 2[O] → CH 3COOH + H 2OEthanol Nascent Ethanoic acid Water Oxygen
Q299. State two uses of ethanol (other than as a fuel).

Ans:
Uses of ethanol:
1. It is used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers, medicines, perfumes, dyes, soaps and synthetic rubber.
2. It is used as a solvent. Many organic compounds which are insoluble in water are soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Saponification reaction.
Ans:
When ester is treated with an alkali, the reaction gives ethanol and sodium ethanoate. This reaction is called saponification reaction because this reaction forms the basis of preparation of
soap. This can be given by following equation.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Q301. Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups:
1. Aldehyde group.
2. Alcohol group.
4. Halo group.
Ans:
1. Ethanal: CH3CHO
2. Methanol: CH3HO
3. Chloromethane: CH3Cl
Q302. Write the name and molecular formula of an organic compound having its name suffixed with ‘- ol’ and having two carbon atoms in the molecule. With the help of a balanced
chemical equation indicate what happens when it is heated with excess of conc. H2SO4 .
Ans:
Molecular formula: CH3-CH2-OH and name: Ethanol.
When it is heated with an excess of conc. Sulphuric acid elimination of water molecule takes place to give ethane.
Δ
C 2H 5OH + H 2SO 4 → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O + H 2SO 4
Q303. Explain the meaning of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples each.
Ans:
Saturated Hydrocarbons: These are the ones in which the carbon atoms are connected by only single bonds. They are also known as alkanes.
Example: Methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6)

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: These are the ones in which two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond or a triple bond.
Example: Ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2)
Q304. Give reasons for the following.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons show addition reaction.
Ans:
Unsaturated hydrocarbon contains either double or triple bonds, which are reactive, so they break easily and convert into single covalent bonds hence they easily undergo addition
reactions.
Q305. What do you observe when you drop a few drops of acetic acid to a test tube containing:
1. Phenolphthalein.
2. Distilled water.
3. Universal indicator.
4. Sodium hydrogen carbonate powder.
Ans:
Acetic acid is a weak acid. The following changes will occur when a few drops of acetic acid are added to the given solutions:
1. Phenolphthalein remains colorless, as acetic acid shows a change in colour in basic substances.
2. Acetic acid dissolved in water.
3. Acetic acid turns the colour of the universal indicator to pale orange.
4. When added to sodium hydrogen carbonate powder, acetic acid causes effervescence because of the evolution of carbon dioxide gas in the process.
Q306. What is the effect of drinking methanol?

Ans:
When methanol is consumed, it is oxidised to methanal in the liver. Methanal reacts rapidly with the components of cell, leading to the coagulation of protoplasm. Consumption of
methanol can also damage the optic nerve, resulting in blindness.
Q307. Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity but diamond is a non-conductor of electricity?
Ans:
Due to the presence of free electrons in a graphite crystal, it conducts electricity however; a diamond crystal does not have free electrons so it does not conduct electricity.
Q308. State two characteristics of a homologous series.
Ans:
1. All the members of the homologous series can be represented by the same general formula.
2. Any two adjacent homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae.
Q309. Describe, giving equation, a chemical reaction which is characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons (or alkanes).
Ans:
Substitution reaction of methane with chlorine: Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.
Sunlight

Oxidation reaction.
Ans:
When oxygen is added to alcohol to make carboxylic acid, this is called oxidation reaction. Following is an example of oxidation of alcohol.
alk KMnO 4 / α idified K 2Cr 2O 7
CH 3CH 2CH 2OH → CH 3CH 2COOH
Q311. How would you test for an alcohol?

Ans:
Sodium metal test: Add a small piece of sodium metal to the organic liquid (to be tested), taken in a dry test tube. If bubbles (or effervescence) of hydrogen gas are produced, it indicates
that the given organic liquid is an alcohol.
Q312. What is graphite? Of what substance is graphite made?
Ans:
Graphite is a greyish-black opaque substance. It is made up of carbon.
Q313. Why did United Nations act to control the production of chlorofluoro-carbons (CFCs) used in refrigerators?
Ans:
Chlofluoro carbons are responsible for the depletion ozone layer. Due to depletions of ozone layer, UV radiation reaches the earth. These UV radiations cause skin cancer, damage to eyes
and immune system. Therefore, United Nations tried to freeze CFC production.
Q314. What happens when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid? Write equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a sweet smelling ester named ethyl ethanoate is formed.
Cons.H 2SO 4
Q315. For demonstrating the preparation of soap in the laboratory which of the following combinations of an oil and a base would be most suitable?
1. Mustard oil and calcium hydroxide.
2. Castor oil and calcium hydroxide.
3. Turpentine oil and sodium hydroxide.
4. Mustard oil and sodium hydroxide.
Ans:
4. Mustard oil and sodium hydroxide.
Q316. Which compound has an addition reaction with - chlorine?

1. C2H4
2. C2H5OH
3. C2H6
4. CH3CO2H
Ans:
3. C2H4
Q317. Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon tetrachloride.
Ans:
Carbon tetrachloride: CCl4.
Q318. The number of carbon atoms present in the molecule of fifth member of the homologous series of alkynes is:
1. Four.
2. Five.
3. Six.
4. Seven.
Ans:
3. Six.
Explanation:
The number of carbon atoms present in the molecule of the fifth member of the homologous series of alkynes is 6, as the first compound of this series has minimum two carbon atoms.
Q319. How does ethanoic acid react with sodium hydrogencarbonate? Give equation of the reaction which takes place.
Ans:
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to evolve brisk effervescene of carbon dioxide gas.
CH 3COOH + NaHCO 3 → CH 3COONa + CO 2 + H 2O
Q320. Write the names of the following compound.

H H H H H H H | | | | | | |H − C − C − C − C − C − C − C = O | | | | | | H H H H H H
Ans:
Heptanal.
Q321. Which of the following compounds can have a double bond?

C4H10; C5H8; C5H10
Ans:
C5H10 can have a double bond because it satisfies the general formula for alkenes i.e., CnH2n. Here, there are 5 carbon atoms; hence, n is 5. Substituting n in the formula CnH2n, we get,
C5H2×5 = C5H10
Q322. The molecular formula of a homologue of butane is:

1. C4H8
2. C3H6
3. C4H6
4. C3H8
Ans:
4. C3H8
Explanation:
C3H8 is the molecular formula of a homologue of butane as it satisfies the general formula CnH2n+2 of the alkane series.
Q323. Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula CnH2n.
Ans:
Alkene series has the general formula of CnH2n. Propene is the second member of the alkene family and has C3H6 as the molecular formula.
Q324. Which of the following compounds contains a carboxylic acid group?

CH3OH, CH3COOH, CH3CHO, CH3COCH3
Ans:
CH3COOH is the compound which contains a carboxylic acid group (-COOH).
Q325. In the neighbourhood of your school, hard water required for an experiment is not available. Select from the following groups of salts available in your school, a group each member
of which, if dissolved in distilled water, will make it hard:
1. Sodium chloride, calcium chloride.
2. Potassium chloride, sodium chloride.
3. Sodium chloride, magnesium chloride.
4. Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride.
Ans:
4. Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride.
Explanation:
Hardness of water is due to the calcium and magnesium ions. So to make water hard salt of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride is added to distilled water.
Q326. The soap molecule has a:

1. Hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
2. Hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.
3. Hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail.
4. Hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail.
Ans:
1. Hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
Explanation: Oil and grease is trapped inside a micelle because of hydrophobic tail. Hydrophilic head makes the outer surface of micelle. Thus, a micelle is easily washed by water.
Q327. Which of the following hydrocarbons is unsaturated?

C3H4; C2H6
Ans:
C3H4 (CnH2n-2) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It has three carbon atoms, of which two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. Here, n is 3. Now, substituting n in the formula of the
alkynes, we get, C3H2×3-2 = C3H4. This compound is called propyne. C2H6 is a saturated hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms bonded by a single bond.
Q328. What is the role of metal or reagents written on arrows in the given chemical reaction?
Conc. H 2SO 4
CH 3COOH + CH 3CH 2OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
Ans:
Catalyst.
Q329. Write the IUPAC names of the following:

1. HCHO
2. CH3CHO
3. CH3CH2CHO
4. CH3CH2CH2CHO
Ans:
1. Methanal.
2. Ethanal.
3. Propanal.
4. Butanal.
Q330. Name the hydrocarbon formed when ethanol is heated with cone. H2SO4 at 170°C? What is this reaction known as?
Ans:
Ethene is formed when ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 at 170 C. This reaction is called dehydration.
Q331. When ethane is burnt in excess of air, the products of combustion are?
1. C and H2O
2. CO and H2O
3. CO2and H2
4. CO2and H2O
Ans:
4. CO2and H2O
Explanation:
Equation for combustion of ethane is:
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
Therefore the products formed are carbon dioxide and water.
Q332. An organic compound X of molecular formula C2H2O gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate. Give the name and formula of X.
Ans:
Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Q333. For question two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
as given below:
1. Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.
Assertion: Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Reason: lt has one free valence electron.
Ans:
Q334. A student adds a few drops of ethanoic acid to test tubes X, Y and Z containing aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate respectively. If he
now brings a burning splinter near the mouth of the test tubes immediately after adding the ethanoic acid in each one of them, in which of the test tube or test tubes the flame
gets extinguished?
1. X and Y
2. Y and Z
3. X and Z
4. Only Z
Ans:
4. Only Z.
Explanation:
The chemical reactions in test tubes X, Y and Z can be written as:
Test tube X:
CH3COOH + NaCl → No reaction
Test tube Y:
CH3COOH + NaOH →CH3COONa + H2O
Test tube Z:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Thus, the flame will be extinguished when test tube Z is brought near a burning splinter due to evolution of carbon dioxide gas, which does not support combustion.
Hence, the correct option is D
as given below:
Assertion: In alkanes, alkenes and alkynes the valency of carbon is always four.
Reason: All hydrocarbons except alkanes contain double bonds.
Ans:
Explanation:
Only alkenes contain double bond, alkynes contain triple bond, but in all hydrocarbons carbon remains tetravalent.
Q336. Which of the following represents saponification reaction?

CaO
1. CH 3COOHNa + NaOH → CH 4 + Na 2CO 3
H 2SO 4
2. 2CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
3. 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2
4. CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Ans:
4. CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Explanation: Saponification reaction is reaction of ester with base like NaOH to form the parent alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid.
Q337. Pentane has the molecular formula C5H12. It has:

1. 5 covalent bonds.
Ans:
Explanation: Pentane contains four C - C bonds and twelve C - H covalent bonds.
Q338. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

Organic compounds having O ||− C − OH functional group are known as _________.
Ans:
Organic compounds having O ||− C − OH functional group are known as Carboxylic acids.
as given below:
Assertion: Covalent compounds are generally poor conductor of electricity.
Reason: They consist of molecules and not ions which can transfer charge.
Ans:
Q340. Name a fossil fuel other than coal and petroleum.
Ans:
Natural gas.
Q341. Which one of the following sets of materials can be used to prepare soap?
1. Neem oil and calcium hydroxide.
2. Castor oil and sodium hydroxide.
3. Mineral oil and sodium hydroxide.
4. Neem oil and magnesium hydroxide.
Ans:
Explanation:
Castor oil adds lather and moisturizing properties to the soap, whereas turpentine oil is more used for medicinal purposes. Calcium salts are not used for soaps as they form insoluble
scum.
Q342. Structural formula of ethyne is:

1. H− C ≡ C − H
2. H 3 − C ≡ C − H
3.
4.
Ans:
1. H− C ≡ C − H
Explanation: General formula for alkyne is CnH2n-2. There must be at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. With two carbon atom, the possible structure would be H− C ≡ C − H.
Q343. A student takes about 2 mL ethanoic acid in a dry test tube and adds a pinch of sodium hydrogen carbonate to it. He reports the following observations:
1. Immediately a colourless and odourless gas evolves with a brisk effervescence.
2. The gas turns lime water milky when passed through it.
3. The gas burns with an explosion when a burning splinter is brought near it.
4. The gas extinguishes the burning splinter that is brought near it.
The correct observations are:
1. I, II and III
2. II, III and IV
3. III, IV and I
4. I, II and IV
Ans:
4. I, II and IV.
Explanation:
The correct answer is: option (d) when acetic acid is added to NaHCO3 solution, and when a burning splinter is brought near the mouth of each test tube, the splinter would be
extinguished due to the evolution of carbon dioxide gas with brisk effervescence from the test tube.
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa+ H2O + CO2
Q344. The usual disease caused by the excessive drinking of alcohol over a long period of time is:
1. Diabetes.
2. Cataract.
3. Cirrhosis.
4. Arthritis.
Ans:
3. Cirrhosis.
Explanation:
Cirrhosis is the liver disease caused by the excessive consumption of alcohol over a prolonged period.
Q345. How is soap made? Write a word equation involved in soap making.
Ans:
Soap is made by heating animal fat or vegetable oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.
Heat
Fat or oil+ Sodium hydroxide → Soap + Glycerol
Q346. A student takes about 6 ml of distilled water in each of the four test tubes P, Q, R and S, then dissolves an equal amount of four different salts namely sodium chloride in ‘P',
potassium chloride in ‘Q', calcium chloride in ‘R' Cand magnesium chloride in ‘S'. He then adds 10 drops of soap solution to each test tube and shakes its contents. The test tubes in
which scum (insoluble substance) is formed with soap are:
1. P and Q
2. Q and R
3. R and S
4. Q and S
Ans:
3. R and S.
Explanation:
Analogous organs are that which are different in origin but similar in function.
Q347. The molecular formula of the third member of the homologous series of ketones is:
1. C4H8O
2. C3H6O
3. C5H10O
4. C6H12O
Ans:
3. C5H10O
Explanation:
The molecular formula of the third member from the homologous series of ketones is C5H10O (Pentanone or C2H5-CO-C2H5).
Q348. Vinegar is a solution of:

1. 5 - 8% acetic acid in water.
2. 5 - 8% acetic acid in alcohol.
4. 30 - 40% acetic acid in alcohol.
Ans:
Explanation:
Vinegar is a solution comprising 5 to 8 percent ethanoic acid mixed with water.
Q349. In order to study personification reaction we first prepare 20% solution of sodium hydroxide. If we record the temperature of this solution just after adding sodium hydroxide flakes
to water and also test its nature using litmus, it may be concluded that the process of making this solution is:
1. Exothermic and the solution is alkaline.
2. Endothermic and the solution is alkaline.
3. Endothermic and the solution is acidic.
4. Exothermic and the solution is acidic.
Ans:
Explanation:
The reaction of Sodium hydroxide with water is an exothermic reaction. As Sodium hydroxide is base, its aqueous solution is basic in nature. i.e. its alkaline solution. The alkaline nature of
the solution is proved by litmus test. Turn red litmus paper blue.
NaOH + H2O → Na+ + OH- + H2O + Heat
Thus option (A) is correct statement.
Q350. Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series having functional group –Br.
Ans:
The molecular formulas of first two members of homologous series having functional group -Br are CH3Br, C2H5Br.
Q351. Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an example of:
2. Substitution reaction.
3. Displacement reaction.
4. Oxidation reaction.
Ans:
Explanation: It is hydrogenation reaction means addition of hydrogen to double bonds of unsaturated compounds found in oil.
Heat
CH 3COOH 2CH 3 + NaOH → CH 3COONa + CH 3CH 2OH Ethyl ethanoate Sodium Sodium Ethanol hydroxide ethanoate
(Sapon ification)
Q352. Write the IUPAC names of the following:

1. CH3COCH3
2. CH3COCH2CH3
Ans:
1. Propanone.
2. Butanone.
Q353. In order to form a branched organic compound, what should be the minimum number of carbon atoms?
Ans:
To form a branched organic compound there should be 4 carbon atoms present. 3 in the parent chain and 1 in the branched chain. The compound is 2 - methylpropane (isobutane).
CH 3 − CH − CH 3 | CH 3
Q354. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide? Write equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a salt called sodium ethanoate and water.
CH 3COOH + NaOH → CH 3COONa + H 2O
Q355. What is covalent bonding?

Ans:
A covalent bond in chemistry is a chemical link between two atoms or ions in which the electron pairs are shared between them. A covalent bond may also be termed a molecular bond.
Q356. If water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate then out of soaps and synthetic detergents, which one will you use for cleaning the dirt of clothes?
Ans:
As the water contain Ca2+ ions, therefore it is hard water. Hence synthetic detergents are preferred over the soaps for cleaning the clothes because calcium salts of detergents are soluble
in water while calcium salts of soap are insoluble. As a result, lot of soap is wasted.
Q357. Name one liquid carbon compound which is being used as an additive in petrol in some countries.
Ans:
Ethanol is used as an additive in petrol.
Q358. Name the functional group present in propanone.

Ans:
O 11Ketone / -C-
Q359. Which is denatured spirit?

1. Ethanol only.
2. Ethanol and methanol (5 - 10%)
3. Ethanol and methanol (50%)
4. Methanol only.
Ans:
2. Ethanol and methanol (5 - 10%)
Explanation:
Soap is mixed with water to form micelle which gives the solution a cloudy appearance when soap is added to the water the fatty acid ionizes. The polar water soluble gets attracted to
water while the non-polar tails attract each other. Then the ions are attracted to each other and form the special clusters and sometimes in a form of emulsions which gives a cloudy look.
as given below:
Assertion: Diamond and graphite do not have the same crystal structure.
Reason: Diamond is crystalline while graphite is amorphous.
Ans:
Explanation:
In diamond, C-atoms are sp3 hybridized while in graphite, they are sp2 hybridized. Diamond and graphite both are crystalline forms of carbon.
Q361. Which of the following are carboxylic acids:

C2H4O2, C2H4O, C2H6O, C3H6O2?
Ans:
1. C2H4O2 or CH3COOH(Carboxylic acid)
2. C2H4O or CH3CHO(Aldehyde)
3. C2H6O or C2H5OH(Alcohol)
4. C3H6O2 or CH3CH2COOH(Carboxylic acid)
Thus i. and iv. belongs to Carboxylic acids.
Q362. A student adds a few drops of ethanol acid to test tubes X, Y and Z containing aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate respectively. If he now
brings a burning splinter near the mouth of the test tubes immediately after adding the ethanol acid in each one of them, in which of the test tube or test tubes the flame gets
extinguished?
1. X and Y
2. Y and Z
3. X and Z
4. Only Z
Ans:
4. Only Z.
Explanation:
Test tube X:
Test tube Y:
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Test tube Z:
Hence, the correct option is D.
Q363. Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
1. CH4
2. C2H6
3. C3H8
4. C4H8
Ans:
4. C4H8
Explanation: Successive members of same homologous series are differ by - CH2 unit. CH4, C2H6, C3H8 belong to same series that is of alkane and differ by ─ CH2 unit but C4H8 does not
belong to this.
Ans:
Catalyst.
Q365. Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of HCOOH.
Ans:
Ethanoic acid: CH3COOH
Q366. What is diamond? Of what substance is diamond made?

Ans:
Diamond is a colourless transparent substance having extraordinary brilliance. It is made up of carbon.
Q367. Explain why, alkanes are excellent fuels.

Ans:
Alkanes burn in air to produce a lot of heat due to which they are known to be excellent fuels.
Q368. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that:
1. The food is not cooked completely.
2. The fuel is not burning completely.
3. The fuel is wet.
4. The fuel is burning completely.
Ans:
Q369. Write any two harmful effects of drinking alcohol.

Ans:
1. Heavy drinkers are at risk of harmful, potentially life-threatening liver problems.
2. Alcohol is the main cause of liver cirrhosis in developed countries.
Q370. Why is ethanol used as a fuel?

Ans:
Since, ethanol burns with a clear flame giving a lot of heat, therefore, it is used as a fuel.
as given below:
Assertion: Carbon possesses property of catenation.
Reason: Carbon atoms form double as well as triple bonds during catenation.
Ans:
Explanation:
Catenation property of carbon is primarily due to its small size, electronic configuration and unique strength of carbon-carbon bonds.
Q372. Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and 3rd member of the homologous series whose first member is ethene.
Ans:
The molecular formula of the 2nd member of the homologous series is C3H6 and the 3rd member of the homologous series is C4H8 whose first member is ethene.
Q373. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of:

1. Phosphorus.
2. Sulphur.
3. Carbon.
4. Tin.
Ans:
3. Carbon.
Explanation: Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon with 60 carbon atoms which are joined together in a spherical shape.
Q374. While studying the saponification reaction, what do you observe when you mix an equal amount of colourless vegetable oil and 20% aqueous solution of NaOH in a beaker?
1. The colour of the mixture has become dark brown.
2. A brisk effervescence is taking place in the beaker.
3. The outer surface of the beaker has become hot.
4. The outer surface of the beaker has become cold.
Ans:
3. The outer surface of the beaker has become hot.
Explanation:
While studying saponification reaction when equal amount of colorless vegetable oil and 20% aqueous solution of NaOH in mixed in a beaker, the beaker becomes hot from outside. This is
because, NaOH reacts with the aqueous solution to release heat and an exothermic reaction takes place.
Hence option c is correct.
Q375. The IUPAC name of the following structure is:

H H H H | | | | |H − C − C − C − C − O − H | | | H H H
1. Pentanone.
2. Butyric acid.
3. Butanoic acid.
4. Butanone.
Ans:
4. Butanone.
Explanation:
Butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH3.
Q376. Give an example for the test of unsaturation.

Ans:
In organic chemistry, the bromine test is a qualitative test for the presence of unsaturation (carbon - to - carbon double or triple bonds) , phenols and anilines. The bromine test is a
qualitative test (here it is the colour of the solution) which can determine if the compound is unsaturated.
Explanation:
Q377. Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series having functional group –OH.
Ans:
The molecular formula for two consecutive members of this series is:
CH3OH (Methanol)
C2H5OH (Ethanol).
Q378. Which of the following is the molecular formula of benzene?

C6H6, C6H10, C6H12, C6H14,
Ans:
Benzene: C6H6
Q379. Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups:
1. Alkene group.
2. Alkyne group.
Ans:
1. Ethene: CH2 = CH2
2. Ethyne: CH ≡ CH
Q380. A hydrocarbon with molecular formula C3H6 decolories bromine water.

Draw its structure.
Ans:
CH2=CH-CH3
Q381. Which of the following is the correct representation of electron dot structure of nitrogen?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ans:
4.
Explanation: In this structure, each nitrogen atom gets 8 electrons. This is not in the case of other options.
Q382. The solid and liquid fuels which do not vaporise on heating, burn without producing a flame. [True/ False]
Ans:
True.
Explanation:
When the oxygen supply is insufficient, then the fuels burn incompletely producing mainly a yellow flame. Those solid and liquid fuels which do not vaporise on heating, burn without
producing a flame. For e.g. Coal, Charcoal.
Q383. Name the functional groups present in the following compound.

CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Ans:
Aldehyde.
Q384. Why is vinegar used in pickles?

Ans:
Vinegar is a commonly used preservative. It helps in storing food for a long time.
Q385. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of a large number of carbon compounds?
Ans:
Catenation (Self linking of carbon atoms to form long chains) and Tetravalency.
Q386. What is the difference between two consecutive homologues:

1. In terms of molecular mass?
2. In terms of number and kind of atoms per molecule?
Ans:
1. 14u.
2. Two consecutive homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae.
Q387. Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth members of homologous series of carbon compounds represented by the general formula CnH2n+2.
Ans:
Third member: C3H8
Fifth member: C5H12
Q388. Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

1. H 3C − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3
2. H 3C − C ≡ C − CH 3
3. H 3C − CH − CH 3 | CH 3
4. H 3C − C = CH 2 | CH 3
1. 1 and 3
2. 2 and 3
3. 2 and 4
4. 3 and 4
Ans:
3. 2 and 4
Explanation: These compounds show double and triple bonds. Hence they are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Q389. How does graphite act as a lubricant?

Ans:
Graphite is used as a lubricant in the form of graphite powder or mixed with petroleum jelly or with any lubricant oil to form graphite grease.
Q390. The formation of chains by atoms of the same element is known as:
1. Catenation
2. Nitration
3. Chelation
4. Condensation
Ans:
1. Catenation
Explanation:
Catenation is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains.
Catenation occurs most readily in carbon, which forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures.
This is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature.
Q391. One of the following molecular formulae represents a ketone. This formula is:
1. C5H12O
2. C6H12O2
3. C6H14O
4. C6H12O
Ans:
4. C6H12O
Explanation:
C6H12O (hexanone or C2H5-CO-C3H7) represents a ketone.
Q392. Select alkene and alkyne from the following:

C6H12, C3H4, C2H4, CH4, C4H8, C5H8
Ans:
C4H8, C2H4 are alkenes
C5H8, C3H4 is alkyne
CH4 is alkane
Q393. A saturated hydrocarbon has fifty hydrogen atom in its molecule. The number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be:
1. Twenty five.
2. Twenty four.
3. Twenty six.
4. Twenty seven.
Ans:
2. Twenty four.
Explanation:
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that have the general formula CnH2n+2. According to the question, the number of hydrogen atoms is 50, i.e.,
2n + 2 = 50.
48
∴n= 2
= 24
Q394. Which class of chemicals is linked to the decrease in the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere of the earth?
Ans:
The depletion of ozone layer is due to the use of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons.

Ethyne has ________ carbon-hydrogen single bonds.
Ans:
Ethyne has Two carbon-hydrogen single bonds.
Q396. In addition to some propane and ethane, LPG cylinders contain mainly two isomers of another alkane. Name the two isomers and write their condensed structural formulae.
Ans:
n-butane and iso-butane.
Q397. A student takes four test tubes marked P, Q, R and S of 25 mL capacity and fill 10 mL of distilled water in each. He dissolves one spoon full of four different salts in each as – KCl in P,
NaCl in Q, CaCl2 in R and MgCl2 in S. He then adds about 2 mL of a sample of soap solution to each of the above test tubes. On shaking the contents of each of the test tubes, he is
likely to observe a good amount of lather (foam) in the test tubes marked:
1. P and Q.
2. R and S.
3. P, Q and R.
4. P, Q and S.
Ans:
1. P and Q.
Explanation:
Soap molecules are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. On reaction with calcium or magnesium ions, the soap solution forms insoluble precipitates. However, the
formation of foam by the soap solution is hardly influenced by the presence of sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate. Thus, on shaking each of the test tubes well, the student
observes a good amount of lather in the test tubes marked P and Q. Hence, the correct option is A.
Q398. Draw the structures of:

Sodium stearate.
Ans:
CH 3(CH 2) 16 − C − O − Na + || O
Q399. Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following:

1. Propane.
2. Propene.
3. Propyne.
4. Chloropropane.
1. (i) and (ii)
2. (ii) and (iv)
3. (iii) and (iv)
4. (ii) and (iii)
Ans:
4. (ii) and (iii)
Explanation:
A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a 'double bond' or a 'triple bond' is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
2. Propene, CH 3CH = CH 2
3. propyne, CH 3 − C ≡ CH both have double and triple bonds, respectively hence unsaturated. Propane and chloropropane are saturated hydrocarbons which contain only single bonds.
Q400. During hydrogenation of oil, the catalyst commonly used is:

1. Pd on CuCl2
2. Fe
3. Ni
4. H2 + O2
Ans:
3. Ni
Explanation:
Nickel is used as a catalyst to hydrogenate vegetable oil at comparatively low temperatures.

Hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 are called __________.
Ans:
Hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2 are called Alkynes.
Q402. Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy. [True/ False]
Ans:
True.
Explanation:
A Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because most of the carbon compounds produce lot of heat and energy when burnt in air i.e. they have high calorific value.
Q403. Choose those compounds from the following which can turn blue litmus solution red:
HCHO, CH3COOH, CH3OH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3CHO.
Give reasons for your choice.
Ans:
CH3COOH and HCOOH can turn blue litmus solution red. These are organic acids.
as given below:
Assertion: Olefins have the general formula CnH2n+1.
Reason: There is atleast one double bond between two carbon atoms in their molecules.
Ans:
Explanation:
Olefins are unsaturated hydrocarbons. There is at least one double bond between two carbon atoms in their molecules and they have the general formula CnH2n.
Q405. The functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain is:
1. Alcohol group.
2. Aldehyde group.
3. Carboxyl group.
4. Ketone group.
Ans:
4. Ketone group.
Explanation:
The ketone group (-CO-), with the general formula R-CO-R, is always present in the middle of a carbon chain.
Q406. Which of the two has a branched chain: isobutane or normal butane?
Ans:
Isobutene.
Q407. Which compounds are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer?
Ans:
Methane (CH4), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water vapor (H2O) are the other gases than CFCS (Chloro flouro carbons) those have impact on the depletion of ozone layer.
as given below:
Assertion: Saturated hydrocarbons are chemically less reactive.
Reason: All the valencies of carbon atom are satisfied by single covalent bonds.
Ans:
Q409. Name any two fossil fuels.

Ans:
Coal and Petroleum.

Ethene and ethyne are examples of _________ hydrocarbons.
Ans:
Ethene and ethyne are examples of Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Q411. Which of the following will give addition reaction and why?
C4H10, C2H6, C2H4, CH4, C3H8, C3H4.
Ans:
C2H4 and C3H4 will give addition reactions because these are unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkene and Alkyne) and unsaturated hydrocarbons give addition reactions.
as given below:
Assertion: Both aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl group.
Reason: In aldehydes, the functional group is attached to atleast one hydrogen atom.
Ans:
Q413. A student puts a drop of reaction mixture of a personification reaction first on a blue litmus paper and then on a red litmus paper. He may observe that:
1. There is no change in the blue litmus paper and the red litmus paper turns white.
2. There is no change in the red litmus paper and the blue litmus paper turns red.
3. There is no change in the blue litmus paper and the red litmus paper turns blue.
4. No change in colour is observed in both the litmus papers.
Ans:
3. There is no change in the blue litmus paper and the red litmus paper turns blue.
Explanation:
Saponification reaction mixture is basic in nature. Formation of soap that is saponification involves base (usually sodium hydroxide, NaOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of
fatty acids, to form the sodium salt of a carboxylate. Hence reaction mixture is basic.
So, the student will observe that there is no change in the blue litmus paper but red litmus will turn blue.
Q414. Draw the structure of chlorobutane.

Ans:
H H H H | | | |H− C − C − C − C − Cl | | | | H H H H Chlorobutane
Q415. Buckminsterfullerene is a spherical molecule in which 60 carbon atoms are arranged in interlocking hexagonal and pentagonal rings of carbon atoms.
1. How many hexagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene?
2. How many pentagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene?
Ans:
1. 20 hexagons.
2. 12 pentagons.
Q416. The correct electron dot structure of a water molecule is:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Ans:
3.
Explanation: This dot structure shows a complete octet after oxygen shared two electrons with two univalent atoms of hydrogen.
Q417. By how many carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms do any two adjacent homologues differ?
Ans:
1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms i.e.,
CH2 group.

Butanoic acid.
Ans:
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − C − O − H || O
as given below:
Assertion: Ethanol is first member of the alcohol homologous series.
Reason: A homologous series can be represented by a general formula.
Ans:
Explanation:
Methanol is first member of the alcohol homologous series.
Q420. Which of the following can be used for the denaturation of ethyl alcohol?
1. Pyridines.
2. Dyes.
3. Methyl alcohol.
4. All of these.
Ans:
3. Methyl alcohol.
Explanation:
Denatured alcohol. Ethyl alcohol to which a poisonous substance, such as acetone or methanol, has been added to make it unfit for consumption.
Q421. Select saturated hydrocarbons from the following:

C3H6 ; C5H10 ; C4H10 ; C6H14 ; C2H4
Ans:
Among the given hydrocarbons, only alkanes are saturated.
Alkanes have a general formula, CnH2n+2.
Among the given hydrocarbons, the ones that follow the above mentioned general formula are as follows:
1. C4H10 (n = 4)
2. C6H14 (n = 6)
Q422. Name the simplest ketone.

Ans:
Propanone.

Sodium ethoxide.
Ans:
CH 3 − CH 2 − O − Na +
Q424. What do you mean by covalent bonding?

Ans:
Covalent bond is a chemical bonding process in which pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. The force of attraction or repulsion between two atoms, when they share electron
pair or bonding pairs, is called as Covalent Bonding. Covalent bonding occurs between non-metal elements.
Q425. Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following:

1. Propane.
2. Propene.
3. Propyne.
4. Chloropropane.
1. 1 and 2
2. 2 and 4
3. 3 and 4
4. 2 and 3
Ans:
4. 2 and 3
Explanation: Both propene and propyne are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

CnH2n is the general formula of __________.
Ans:
CnH2n is the general formula of Alkanes.
Q427. Consider the following comments about saponification reactions:

1. Heat is evolved in these reactions.
2. For quick precipitation of soap sodium chloride is added to the reaction mixture.
3. Saponification reactions are special kind of neutralisation reactions.
4. Soaps are basic salts of long chain fatty acids.
The correct comments are:
1. I, II and III.
2. II, III and IV.
3. I, II and IV.
4. Only I and IV.
Ans:
3. I, II and IV.
Explanation:
Saponification is a hydrolysis reaction not a neutralization reaction since it does not lead to formation of any water molecule.
Q428. One of the following molecular formula can represent two organic compounds having different functional groups. This molecular formula is:
1. C5H12O
2. C5H10O
3. C5H10O2
4. C5H12
Ans:
2. C5H10O
Explanation:
C5H10O represents two organic compounds ketones (C2H5-CO-C2H5) and aldehydes (C2H5-CH2-CH2-CHO) which have different functional groups.
Q429. Explain the term ‘isomers’. Give one example of isomers.

Ans:
The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are known as isomers for ex: n-butane and iso-butane are isomers.
Q430. Two neighbours of Homologous series differ by:

1. CH
2. CH2
3. CH3
4. CH4
Ans:
2. CH2
Explanation:
A homologous series is a series of compounds in which each member differs from the next/previous by CH2or 14 mass units.
Q431. When ethanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution, it gets converted into ethanoic acid. In this reaction, alkaline potassium permanganate acts as:
1. Reducing agent.
2. Oxidising agent.
3. Catalyst.
4. Dehydrating agent.
Ans:
2. Oxidising agent.
Explanation:
Alkaline potassium permanganate solution is an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. It acts as an oxidising agent by providing oxygen, and converts ethanol to ethanoic acid.
Q432. Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylie acids because:
1. Mineral acids are completely ionised.
2. Carboxylic acids are completely ionised.
3. Mineral acids are partially ionized.
4. Carboxylic acids are partially ionized.
1. (i) and (iv)
2. (ii) and (iii)
3. (i) and (ii)
4. (iii) and (iv)
Ans:
1. (i) and (iv)
Explanation:
Because mineral acids are completely ionised and carboxylic acids are partially ionized.
Q433. Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula CnH2n-2.
Ans:
Second member of the homologous series having formula CnH2n-2 is Ethyne. Molecular formula - C2H2
Q434. While preparing soap a small quantity of common salt is generally added to the reaction mixture of vegetable oil and sodium hydroxide. Which one of the following may be the
purpose of adding common salt?
1. To reduce the basic nature of the soap.
2. To make the soap neutral.
3. To enhance the cleansing power of the soap.
4. To favour the precipitation of the soap.
Ans:
4. To favour the precipitation of the soap.
Explanation:
Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids, and these salts are less soluble than a strong electrolyte sodium chloride.
So, sodium chloride is added to precipitate the soap by common-ion effect.
Alk. KMnO 4
Heat
Ans:
Oxidizing agent.
Q436. Which of the following will give brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate and why ?
CH3COOH, CH3CH2OH
Ans:
CH3COOH will give brick effervescence. Being acid, it reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Q437. Give the general name of the class of compounds having the general formula CnH2n+2. Write name of the first member of this homologous series.
Ans:
Alkynes: CnH2n+2
First member: Ethyne.
Q438. Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?
Ans:
4.
Explanation:
CH3 group is attached to the second carbon atom of the chain forming a branch. Hence, compound in structure (iv) is a branched chain hydrocarbon.
Q439. The number of covalent bonds in pentane (molecular formula C5H12) is:
1. 5
2. 12
3. 17
4. 16
Ans:
4. 16
Explanation:
The number of covalent bonds in pentane is 16.
This is clear from the structure of pentane shown below:
H H H H H | | | | |H− C − C − C − C − C − H | | | | | H H H H H
Q440. Which allotrope of carbon is soft, greasy and is used as solid lubricant for heavy machinery operating at a high temperature?
Ans:
graphite is used as a dry lubricant for machines at high temperature where we cannot use oil.
Q441. The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C10H18. Name its homologous series.
Ans:
Alkynes: CnH2n-2
as given below:
Assertion: Graphite is soft and slippery to touch.
Reason: Graphite has sheet like layered structure.
Ans:
Q443. A molecule of ammonia (NH3) has:

1. Only single bonds.
2. Only double bonds.
3. Only triple bonds.
4. Two double bonds and one single bond.
Ans:
1. Only single bonds.
Explanation: Ammonia is a covalent molecule in which center nitrogen atom is bonded with three hydrogen atoms through single covalent bond.
Q444. Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following:
Alcohols.
Ans:
Ethanol: C2H5OH
Q445. What do you call the compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms?
Ans:
Isomers.
Q446. Alcoholic beverages contain:

1. Glycerol
2. Ethyl alcohol
3. Methyl alcohol
4. Propyl alcohol
Ans:
2. Ethyl alcohol
Explanation:
Alcoholic beverages contain ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
Its chemical formula is C2H5OH.
Q447. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group:

1. Carboxylic acid.
2. Aldehyde.
3. Ketone.
4. Alcohol.
Ans:
3. Ketone.
Q448. Write IUPAC name of the compound having the formula n-C4H10.
Ans:
Butane.
Q449. Write the IUPAC names, common names and formulae of the first two members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids.
Ans:
IUPAC name Comman name Formula
Methanoic acid Formic acid HCOOH
Ethanoic aicd Acetic acid CH3COOH

The IUPAC name of acetylene is _______.
Ans:
The IUPAC name of ethylene is Ethyne.
Q451. Select the correct observation about dilute solution of acetic acid:
1. It smells like rotten egg and turns blue litmus red.
2. It smells like vinegar and turns red litmus blue.
3. It smells like rotten egg and turns red litmus blue.
4. It smells like vinegar and turns blue litmus red.
Ans:
4. It smells like vinegar and turns blue litmus red.
Q452. A student prepared 20% sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker to study saponification reaction. Some observations related to this are given below:
1. Sodium hydroxide solution turns red litmus blue.
2. Sodium hydroxide readily dissolves in water.
3. The beaker containing solution appears cold when touched from outside.
4. The blue litmus paper turns red when dipped into the solution.
The correct observations are:
1. I, II and IV.
2. I, II and III.
3. only III and IV.
4. only I and II.
Ans:
4. Only I and II.
Explanation:
NaOH is a base and it turns red litmus blue & it dissolves in water. it is exothermic reaction so the beaker become hot when touch.
Q453. One of the following burns without producing a flame. This is:
1. Wood.
2. Charcoal.
3. LPG.
4. Candle.
Ans:
2. Charcoal.
Explanation:
Charcoal glows red and burns without a flame.
Q454. The pencil leads are made of mainly:
1. Lithium.
2. Charcoal.
3. Lead.
4. Graphite.
Ans:
4. Graphite.
Explanation:
The pencil leads are mainly made of graphite.
Q455. For preparing soap in the laboratory we require an oil and a base. Which of the following combinations of an oil and a base would be best suited for the preparation of soap?
1. Castor oil and calcium hydroxide.
2. Turpentine oil and sodium hydroxide.
4. Mustard oil and calcium hydroxide.
Ans:
Explanation:
Castor in soaps contributes to fluffy, stable lather, conditioning, moisturizing, quicker trace, softer soap. Turpentine is for medicinal and mustard oil is used for cooking.
Sodium hydroxide is a strong base soluble in water. However, calcium is not preferred as it forms scum. Hence, castor oil and sodium hydroxide are best suited for soap.
Q456. Which hormone:

gives girls soft skin?
Ans:
Oestrogen.
Q457. What is soap?

Ans:
Soap is the term for a salt of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products. Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that
is, it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons.
Q458. Which of the following can damage optic nerve leading to blindness, if taken internally?
1. CH3COOH
2. C2H5OH
3. NaHCO3
4. CH3OH
Ans:
4. CH3OH
Explanation:
CH3OH (methanol), when consumed, oxidises into methanal into the liver. This causes coagulation of protoplasm in the cells, as methanal reacts rapidly with the components of the cells.
Due to this, the cells stop functioning and damage the optic nerve leading to blindness.
Q459. What is the general name of all the compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen?
Ans:
Hydrocarbons.
Q460. The molecular formulae of two members of a homologous series are C3H4and C6H10. Write the molecular formula of the member with five carbon atoms in a molecule.
Ans:
Alkynes, Molecular formula- CnH2n-2
Q461. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of the element:

1. Phoshorus.
2. Fluorine.
3. Carbon.
4. Sulphur.
Ans:
3. Carbon.
Explanation:
Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of the element carbon, and contains 60 carbon atoms joined in a spherical structure.
Q462. What is the function of conc.H2SO4 in the formation of ethene from ethanol?
Ans:
Conc.H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent in the reaction of formation of ethene from ethanol.
Q463. Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of _____________.

Ans:
Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of Sulphonic acids.
Explanation:
Detergents are sodium and potassium salts of long chain Sulphonic acids.
Q464. Write the molecular formula and structure of benzene.

Ans:
C6H6
Q465. A reaction scheme is shown below:

Catalyst Acidifled x
Ethene+ Steam → X → Y→Z (VI)
Potassium dichromate
What is the final product Z?
1. A carboxylic acid.
2. An alcohol.
3. An alkene.
4. An ester.
Ans:
4. An ester.
Q466. Which of the following represents cyclohexane?
1. C6H14
2. C6H12
3. C6H10
4. C6H6
Ans:
1. C6H14
Explanation:

H H | | H−C−C−C≡C−H | | H H
Ans:
Butyne.
Q468. The functional group present in propanal is:

1. −OH
2. −COOH
3. −CO−
4. −CHO
Ans:
4. −CHO
Explanation:
The functional group present in propanal (C2H5CHO) is -CHO (aldehydes group).
Q469. Two statements are given - one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below:
1. Both A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
Assertion(A): In a homologous series of alcohols, the formula for the second member is C2H5OH and the third member is C3H7OH.
Reason(R): The difference between the molecular masses of the two consecutive members of a homologous series is 144.
Ans:
Explanation:
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds that contains identical functional group and differs only in the length of the carbon chain in the compound.
The general formula for homologous series for alcohols is C(n)H(2n + 1)OH, where n is a natural number.
Substituting n = 2 and n = 3 we get C2H5OH and C3H7OH respectively, which verifies the assertion made.
The two consecutive members of the homologous series varies only by a CH2 group, hence the difference in molecular mass of two consecutive members is equal to 14.
Q470. The number of carbon atoms joined in a spherical molecule of buckminsterfullerene is:
1. Fifty.
2. Sixty.
3. Seventy.
4. Ninety.
Ans:
2. Sixty.
Explanation:
The number of carbon atoms joined in a spherical molecule of buckminsterfullerene is 60.
Q471. Draw the structure for bromopentane. Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Ans:
H H H H H | | | | |H− C − C − C − C − C − Br | | | | | H H H H H Bromopentane
Yes, Structural isomers are possible for bromopentane.
Q472. Which functional group do you think can be present in an organic compound having the molecular formula C5H10O2? Write the formula of the organic compound.
Ans:
Carboxylic group: (-COOH)
C4H9COOH
Q473. Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate. How would you prove the presence of this gas?
Ans:
Carbon dioxide (CO) gas is evolved in the reaction. When passed through lime water, it turns lime water milky.
Q474. What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Ans:
Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the colour of blue litmus will remain blue.
Q475. Which functional group is likely to be present in an organic compound having the molecular formula C4H10O? Write the formula of the organic compound.
Ans:
Alcohol group: -OH
C4H9OH
Q476. In partial oxidation; alcohols are converted into …………

Ans:
Aldehydes.
Q477. The molecular formulae of some organic compounds are given below. Which of these compounds contains an aldehyde group?
1. C3H8O
2. C3H6O2
3. C3H6O
4. C3H7Cl
Ans:
3. C3H6O
Explanation:
C3H6O contains an aldehydes group, as the compound satisfies the general formula of the aldehydes CnH2nO.
Q478. Name the black substance of pencil. Will the current flow through the electrical circuit when we use the sharpened ends of the pencil to complete the circuit?
Ans:
Graphite Yes, current will flow through the circuit since graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Q479. Name one chemical compound which can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid.
Ans:
Sodium hydrogencarbonate can be used to distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid.
Q480. Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are:
1. Sodium ethanoate and hydrogen.
2. Sodium ethanoate and oxygen.
3. Sodium ethoxide and hydrogen.
4. Sodium ethoxide and oxygen.
Ans:
Explanation:
2C 2H 5OH + 2Na → 2C 2H 5ONa + H 2 Sod.ethoxide
Q481. A student takes about 4 mL of distilled water in four test tubes marked P, Q, R and S. He then dissolves in each test tube an equal amount of one salt in one test tube, namely
sodium sulphate in P, potassium sulphate in Q, calcium sulphate in R and magnesium sulphate in S. After that he adds an equal amount of soap solution in each test tube. On
shaking each of these test tubes well, he observes a good amount of lather (foam) in the test tubes marked.
1. P and Q.
2. Q and R.
3. P, Q and S.
4. P, R and S.
Ans:
1. P and Q.
Explanation:
Soap molecules are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. On reaction with calcium or magnesium ions, the soap solution forms insoluble precipitates. However, the
formation of foam by the soap solution is hardly influenced by the presence of sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate. Thus, on shaking each of the test tubes well, the student
observes a good amount of lather in the test tubes marked P and Q. Hence, the correct option is A.
Q482. State any two uses of diamond.

Ans:
1. Used in rock drilling equipment.
2. Used in making jewellery.
Q483. What do you mean by catenation?

Ans:
Catenation is the binding of an element to itself through covalent bonds to form chain or ring molecules.
Examples: Carbon is the most common element that exhibits catenation. It can form long hydrocarbon chains and rings like benzene.
Q484. Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because:
1. Mineral acids are completely ionised.
2. Carboxylic acids are completely ionised.
3. Mineral acids are partially ionised.
4. Carboxylic acids are partially ionised.
1. 1 and 4
2. 2 and 3
3. 1 and 2
4. 3 and 4
Ans:
1. 1 and 4
Explanation: Mineral acids like HCl are completely ionized in solvent like water whereas carboxylic acids such as CH3COOH are only partially ionized.
as given below:
Assertion: The functional group present in alcohols is -OH.
Reason: It is the same group as present in water, hence water and alcohol have similar properties.
Ans:
Explanation:
In alcohols -OH group is attached to an alkyl group hence water and alcohol have different properties.
Q486. Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of:

1. Carbon monoxide only.
2. Carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide.
3. Carbon dioxide only.
4. Coal.
Ans:
2. Carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide.
Explanation: Both CO and CO2 gases are present in traces in the atmosphere.
Q487. In order to study saponification reaction we first prepare 20% solution of sodium hydroxide. If we record the temperature of this solution just after adding sodium hydroxide flakes
Ans:
Explanation:
The reaction of Sodium hydroxide with water is an exothermic reaction. As Sodium hydroxide is base, its aqueous solution is basic in nature. i.e. its alkaline solution. The alkaline nature of
Q488. Alcohols are converted into carboxylic acid only under ………
Ans:
Complete oxidation (in the presence of strong oxidizing agents like acidified potassium dichromate)
Q489. Give the IUPAC name of the following:

H H O | | | | H − C − C − C − OH | | H H
Ans:
propanoic acid
Q490. In an experiment to study the properties of ethanoic acid, a student takes about 3 mL of ethanoic acid in a dry test tube. He adds an equal amount of distilled water to it and shakes
the test tube well. After some time he is likely to observe that.
1. A colloid is formed in the test tube.
2. The ethanoic acid dissolves readily in water.
3. The solution becomes light orange.
4. Water floats over the surface of ethanoic acid.
Ans:
2. The ethanoic acid dissolves readily in water.
Explanation:
On addition of 3ml of ethanoic acid to a test tube containing 3ml of distilled water, a clear solution will be formed having no color due to high Solubility of ethanoic acid in water.
Q491. The following questions, a statement of Assertion is given by the corresponding statement of Reason. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as.
1. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
2. If both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
3. If Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
4. If Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Assertion Diamond does not conduct electricity.
Reason Diamond has high refractive index.
Ans:
If both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
A material’s ability to conduct electricity is determined by the number and mobility of its free electrons.
In diamond, each carbon atom uses all four of its valence electrons to bond with neighboring atoms. That doesn’t leave any electrons free for conducting electricity.
Q492. Which of the following compounds can have a triple bond?

C2H4, C3H4, C3H6
Ans:
Among the given compounds, only C3H4 has a triple bond as it corresponds to the general formula for alkynes CnH2n-2, where n = 3.
Q493. Write the name and formula of an organic compound containing a ketone functional group.
Ans:
Acetone: CH3COCH3
Q494. Calcium is element with atomic number = 20. Is it more reactive or less reactive than Mg.
Ans:
Mg has three outer shells thus electrons are closer to the nucleus of the atom and requires more energy in order to react to achieve ‘full outer shell’.
Ca has 4 shells and this 2+ electrons in the outer shell is less attracted to the nucleus making it more likely to want to achieve the ‘full outer shell’ so it takes less energy to lose those 2
electrons than magnesium.
When less energy is required for an atom to achieve its ‘full outer shell’ it is more reactive. When the electrons are being pulled by subatomic forces it takes a lot more energy to react.
Thus Ca is more reactive than Mg.
Q495. Name the three allotropic forms of carbon.

Ans:
Diamond, graphite and buck minster fullerene.
Q496. Name the gas evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium.
Ans:
Hydrogen gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium.
Q497. Write the electron dot structure of C3H8.

Ans:
Carbon, a group 4A element, has four electrons and forms four bonds. Hence each C atom in propane forms four bonds. Hence three carbons are combining with 8 hydrogens each of
which forms one bond. Joining the three carbons and adding the appropriate number of hydrogens to each yields only one possible structure.
H H H | | | H−C−C−C−H | | | H H H or H H H : : :H ⋅ ⋅ C ⋅ ⋅ C ⋅ ⋅ C ⋅ ⋅ H : : : H H H
This is the final structure of propaneC3H8.
Q498. The structures of three hydrocarbons are given below.
Which statement is correct for all the above three compounds?

1. They are isomers of each other.
2. They have the same general formula.
3. They have the same physical properties.
4. They react with aqueous bromine.
Ans:
2. They have the same general formula.
Q499. An unsaturated hydrocarbon having a triple covalent bond has 50 hydrogen atoms in its molecule. The number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be:
1. 24
2. 25
3. 26
4. 28
Ans:
3. 26
Explanation:
The general formula for unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bond, is CnH2n - 2. Where 'n' is the number of atoms in one molecule. If the number of hydrogen atoms in its molecule is 50,
then the number of carbon atoms should be 26 (2n - 2 = 50; therefore, n = 26).
Q500. What type of compound is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of cone. H2SO4?
Ans:
Esters are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of conc.H2SO4.
Q501. Why is graphite used for making dry cell electrodes but diamond is not?
Ans:
Graphite is used for making dry cell electrodes but diamond is not because graphite is a good conductor of electricity whereas diamond is a bad conductor of electricity.
Q502. What type of chemical bonds are formed by carbon? Why?
Ans:
Carbon forms covalent bonds because it can achieve the inert gas electron arrangement only by sharing of electrons.

Glycerol.
Ans:
Glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol.
CH 2 − CH − CH 2 | | | OH OH OH
Q504. Give the name and structural formula of an alkyl group.

Ans:
Methyl
H |H− C − | H
Q505. In case of a water molecule, hydrogen acquires a ______ configuration.

Ans:
Single covalent bond configuration.
Explanation: The water molecule is chemically written as:
H—O—H

The form of carbon which is known as black lead is __________.
Ans:
The form of carbon which is known as black lead is Graphite.
Q507. Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel?

1. Petrol.
2. Cock.
3. Charcoal.
4. Coal.
Ans:
3. Charcoal.
Explanation:
Charcoal is not a fossil fuel. It is formed from wood and coal.
Q508. In which of the following compounds, -HO functional group?
1. Butanone.
2. Butanol.
3. Butanoic acid.
4. Butanal.
Ans:
2. Butanol.
Explanation:
Because OH is the functional group of alcohol and it has suffix ol.
Q509. Give the IUPAC name of the following:

H O H H | || | |H − C − C − C − C − H | | | H H H
Ans:
Butanone
Q510. How many isomers of the following hydrocarbons are possible?

1. C3H8
2. C4H10
3. C5H12
4. C6H14
Ans:
1. None.
2. Two.
3. Three.
4. Five.
Q511. The atomic number of carbon is:

1. 5
2. 6
3. 12
4. 14
Ans:
2. 6
Q512. The correct structural formula of butanoic acid is:
Ans:
Explanation: Formula of butanoic acid is C3H7COOH.
Q513. Write down:

1. Structural formula.
2. Electron-dot formula, of any one isomer of hexane(C6H14), other than n-hexane.
Ans:

Sodium ethanoate.
Ans:
CH 3 − C − O − Na + || O
Q515. Write the formula of the functional group present in carboxylic acids.
Ans:
The formula of the functional group present in carboxylic acids is R-COOH (where, R is an alkyl group).
Q516. A student adds a few drops of ethanoic acid to test tubes X, Y and Z containing aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate respectively. If he
now brings a burning splinter near the mouth of the test tubes immediately after adding the ethanoic acid in each one of them, in which of the test tube or test tubes the flame
gets extinguished?
1. X and Y
2. Y and Z
3. X and Z
4. Only Z
Ans:
4. Only Z.
Test tube X:
Test tube Y:
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Test tube Z:
Hence, the correct option is D.

The next higher homologue of ethane is _________.
Ans:
The next higher homologue of ethane is Propane.
Q518. One of the following organic compounds cannot decolourise the red-brown colour bromine water. This compound is:
1. C14H28
2. C7H12
3. C6H14
4. C9H16
Ans:
3. C6H14
Explanation:
C6H14 is an alkane as its formula can be expressed as CnH2n+2. Alkanes are stable and cannot decolourize reddish-brown bromine water in the absence of a catalyst.
Q519. Give the IUPAC name of the following compound:

C2H6
Ans:
Ethane.
Q520. The name of the compound CH3CH2CHO is ___________.

Ans:
The name of the compound CH3CH2CHO is Propanal.
Q521. Give the common name and IUPAC name of C2H2.

Ans:
Common name: Ethyl alcohol.
IUPAC name: Ethano.
Q522. Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and 3rd member of the homologous series where the first member is ethyne.
Ans:
The molecular formula of the 2nd member of the homologous series is C3H4 and the 3rd member of the homologous series is C4H6 whose first member is ethyne.
Q523. An element X which has 6 electrons in its outermost shell, require 2 electrons to complete its octet for attaining noble gas configuration. X is an essential element for the survival of
all living beings. What is X?
Ans:
X is oxygen electronic configuration of Oxygen is 2, 6. Oxygen is used for respiration by the living beings.
Q524. A hydrocarbon having one double bond has 100 carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be:
1. 200
2. 198
3. 202
4. 196
Ans:
1. 200
Explanation:
Alkenes have double bonds and are represented by the formula CnH2n. Here, 'n' is the number of carbon atoms in its molecule. Therefore, substituting 'n' with 100 in the formula of the
alkenes, we get 200 hydrogen atoms.
Q525. Name a chemical reaction which is characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons (like alkenes and alkynes).
Ans:
Addition reactions are a characteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The organic acid present in vinegar is ___________.
Ans:
The organic acid present in vinegar is Ethanoic acid.
Q527. We need 20% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide for the study of saponification reaction. When we open the lid of the bottle containing solid sodium hydroxide we observe it in
which form?
1. Colourless transparent beads.
2. Small white beads.
3. White pellets/ flakes.
4. Fine white powder.
Ans:
3. White pellets/ flakes.
Q528. The IUPAC name of CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 is pentane. [True/ False]

Ans:
True.
Explanation:
IUPAC name CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 of this compound is n-pentane.
Q529. Write the two examples of the crystalline form of carbon.

Ans:
In the crystalline form of carbon, many atoms are bonded together in a repeating pattern. The arrangement of atoms in the crystal differs for each form of carbon. Two forms are:
1. Diamond:
Diamond is a form of carbon in which each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms. This forms a strong, rigid, three-dimensional structure . Diamond is the hardest
natural substance.
2. Graphite:
Graphite is a form of crystalline carbon in which each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are arranged in layers, with strong bonds within
each layer but only weak bonds between layers. The weak bonds between layers allow the layers to slide over one another, so graphite is relatively soft and slippery. This makes it useful as
a lubricant.
Q530. What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?

Ans:
The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.
Application: Vegetable oils are hydrogenated to form vegetable ghee (or vanasapati ghee).
Q531. Write the molecular formula of the first two members of the homologous series having functional group.
Ans:
The molecular formulas of the first two members of the homologous series having functional group.
Are follow, CH3COCH3, CH3COC2H5

The next homologue of C2H5OH is _________.
Ans:
The next homologue of C2H5OH is C3H7OH.
Q533. What would happen if graphene is heated in sufficient supply of air?

1. It aggregates to form graphite.
2. It gets converted into diamond.
3. Carbon dioxide gas is released.
4. It becomes a non-conductor.
Ans:
2. It gets converted into diamond.
Q534. What is the physical state of CH3COOH?

Ans:
Liquid state.
Q535. A student took four test tubes P, Q, R and S and filled about 8 mL of distilled water in each. After that he dissolved an equal amount of Na2SO4 in P, K2SO4 in Q, CaSO4 in R and
MgSO4 in S. On adding an equal amount of soap solution and shaking each test tube well, a good amount of lather will be obtained in the test tubes:
1. P and Q
2. P and R
3. P, Q and S
4. Q, R and S
Ans:
1. P and Q
Explanation:
Soaps do not form lather with hard water (water containing calcium and magnesium ions). Among the given test tubes, test tubes R and S contain calcium and magnesium ions,
respectively. So the addition of soap solution in these will not produce lather.
On the other hand, water present in test tubes P and Q are soft water (containing sodium and potassium ions), so the addition of soap solution in these will produce a good amount of
lather.
Hence, the correct answer is P and Q
Hence, the correct answer is the option (d).
Q536. Write the molecular formula of ethanol.

Ans:
C2H5OH
Q537. Name the following compounds.
H H H H | | | |H − C − C − C − C − C − O − H | | | | || H H H H O
Ans:
3 - methylpentane.
Q538. State whether the following statement is true or false:

Diamond and graphite are the covalent compounds of carbon element (C).
Ans:
False.
Explanation:
Diamond and graphite are the allotropic forms of carbon (C) with covalent bonding between different carbon atoms.
Q539. Which property of ethanol makes it suitable for preparing medicines such as tincture of iodine, cough syrups and other tonics?
Ans:
Because it is a good solvent. That’s why it is used in making of tincture, iodine, cough syrup, tonic etc.
Q540. Identify and name the functional groups present in the following compound.
H H H H | | | |H − C − C − C = C − H | | H H
Ans:
But-1-ene ( > C = C < )
Q541. Identify the functional group present in the following compound and name it according to IUPAC system:
CH3OH
Ans:
Alcohol group: Methanol.
Q542. Give IUPAC names of the following compounds:

1. C4H9OH
2. C5H11OH
Ans:
Butanol: C4H9OH
Pentanol: C5H11OH
Q543. Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon compounds? These:
1. Are good conductors of electricity.
2. Are poor conductors of electricity.
3. Have strong forces of attraction between their molecules.
4. Do not have strong forces of attraction between their molecules.
1. 1 and 3
2. 2 and 3
3. 1 and 4
4. 2 and 4
Ans:
4. 2 and 4
Explanation: Organic compound are made of covalent bonds. These bonds have weaker forces of attraction. Covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
Q544. Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane.

Ans:
The numbers of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane are seven.
Q545. What happens when ethyl alcohol reacts with sodium metal?
Ans:
When ethyl alcohol reacts with sodium metal, hydrogen gas is liberated along with the formation of sodium ethoxide.
2CH 3CH 2OH + 2Na → 2CH 3CH 2O − Na + + H 2 ↑ (Sodium ethoxide)
as given below:
Assertion: Diamond is the hardest natural known substance.
Reason: Diamond is used for cutting marble, granite and glass.
Ans:
Q547. Write the molecular formula of an alkene and alkane with twenty carbon atoms.
Ans:
alkanes; c20h42
alkenes; c20h40
alkynes; c20h38
Q548. What is a homologous series of carbon compounds?

Ans:
A Homologous series is the family of organic compound having the same functional group ,and the successive (adjacent) members of which differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
Q549. What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Ans:

Propanone.
Ans:
CH 3 − C − CH 3 || O
Q551. Consider the following statements related to diamond and graphite.

1. Both diamond and graphite are used as abrasives.
2. Diamond and graphite have different arrangements of carbon atoms.
3. The carbon atoms in graphite have a different number of neutrons from those in diamond.
4. The carbon atoms in both graphite and diamond have four single covalent bonds. The incorrect statement(s) is/are.
1. I and III.
2. II and IV.
3. I, III and IV.
4. All of these.
Ans:
4. All of these.
Q552. What is the common name of:

1. Methanoic acid.
2. Ethanoic acid.
Ans:
1. Methanoicacid- Formic acid.
2. Ethanoic acid- Acetic acid.

Q553. Write the names of any two isomers represented by the molecular formula C5H2.
Ans:
Isopentane and neopentane.
Q554. Name two salts each of calcium and magnesium which make the water hard?
Ans:
These salts are:
Calcium chloride- CaCl 2 Magnesium chloride- MgCl 2.
Calcium sulphate- CaSO 4 Magnesium sulphate- MgSO 4.
Q555. Name the element whose allotropic form is graphite.

Ans:
Carbon.
Q556. Compound X is a six carbon compound. When it is burnt, light is generated. Here, the colour of the flame is yellow because of the presence of carbon particles. Compound X cannot
be
1. C6H12
2. C6H14
3. C6H6
4. C6H10
Ans:
2. C6H14
Q557. Hard water is not available for an experiment. Some salts are given below:
1. Sodium chloride.
2. Sodium sulphate.
3. Calcium chloride.
4. Calcium sulphate.
5. Potassium chloride.
6. Magnesium sulphate.
Select from the following a group of these salts, each member of which may be dissolved in water to make it hard.
1. I, II, V.
2. I, III, V.
3. III, IV, VI.
4. II, IV, VI.
Ans:
3. III, IV, VI.
Explanation:
Hard water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. So, the salts that can be added to water to make it hard are calcium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.
Q558. The molecular formula of an organic compound is C18H36. Name its homologous series.
Ans:
Alkene: CnH2n
Q559. Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?

1. H 3C − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 | CH 3
2. H 3C − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3
3. CH 3 | H 2C − H 2C − H 2C − CH 2 | CH 3
4.
Ans:
4.
Explanation: A branched chain hydrocarbon must contain some side chains which are bonded with parent carbon chain.
Q560. In the soap micelles:

1. The ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster.
2. Ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster.
3. Both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster.
4. Both ionic end and carbon exterior of the cluster.
Ans:
Explanation:
A 'spherical aggregate of soap molecules' in the soap solution in water is called a 'micelle'. In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged readily with hydrocarbon ends directed
towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
Q561. Which of the following cannot exhibit isomerism?

1. C4H10
2. C5H12
3. C3H8
4. C6H14
Ans:
3. C3H8
Explanation:
C3H8 is the compound which cannot exhibit isomerism, as it contains only 3 carbon atoms. Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons containing 4 or more carbon atoms.
Q562. State two characteristic features of carbon which when put together give rise to a large number of carbon compounds.
Ans:
The two characteristics are:
1. Tetravalency: Tetra stands for 4 and valent stands for valency.
2. Catenation: catenation means self bonding and the formation of long chains.
Q563. Complete and balance the following equations:
1. CH 4 + O 2 →
Sunlight
2. CH 4 + Cl 2 →
Ans:
1. CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2O + Heat + Light
2. CH 4 + Cl 2 → CH 3Cl + HCl
Q564. A student adds 2 mL of acetic acid to a test tube containing 2 mL of distilled water. He then shakes the test tube well and leaves it to settle for some time. After about 5 minutes he
observes that in the test tube there is:
1. A clear transparent colourless solution.
2. A clear transparent pink solution.
3. A precipitate settling at the bottom of the test tube.
4. A layer of water over the layer of acetic acid.
Ans:
1. clear transparent colourless solution.
Explanation:
Acetic acid dissolves completely in distilled water and gives a clear, colorless and transparent solution. Hence, the correct option is A.
Q565. In which of the following compounds, -OH is the functional group?

1. Butanone.
2. Butanol.
3. Butanoic acid.
4. Butanal.
Ans:
2. Butanol.
Explanation: -OH is the functional group in butanol which is an alcohol.

1. Ethanoic acid.
2. Propanoic acid.
Ans:
1. Ethanoic acid.
H O | ||H− C − C − OH | H
2. Propanoic acid.
H H O | | ||H− C − C − C − OH | | H H
Q567. Which of the following molecular formula corresponds to ethylbutanoate ester?

1. C5H10O2
2. C6H12O2
3. C7H14O2
4. C8H16O2
Ans:
2. C6H12O2
Explanation:
Ethylbutanoate ester has the molecular formula C6H12O2 (C2H5COOC3H7).
Q568. Out of the following pairs of compounds, the unsaturated compounds are:
1. C2H6 and C4H6
2. C6H12 and C5H12
3. C4H6 and C6H12
4. C2H6 and C4H10
Ans:
3. C4H6 and C6H12
Explanation:
C4H6 and C6H12 are unsaturated compounds as they correspond to the formula CnH2n-2 and CnH2n. They belong to the group alkyne and alkene respectively.
Q569. Write the molecular formula of the first two members of the homologous series having functional group -COOH.
Ans:
The molecular formulas of the first two members of the homologous series having functional group –COOH are HCOOH, CH3COOH
Q570. Name the hardest natural substance known.

Ans:
Diamond.
Q571. Which of the two is better for our health butter or vegetable oil? Why?
Ans:
Vegetable oil is better because it has unsaturated fatty acids which are good for our health.
Q572. One of the following substances is not added to make denatured alcohol. This is:
1. Methyl alcohol.
2. Copper sulphate.
3. Chloroform.
4. Pyridine.
Ans:
3. Chloroform.
Explanation:
Chloroform is not an ingredient for manufacturing denatured alcohol. For denaturation of alcohol, methyl alcohol, copper sulphate and pyridine are used.
Q573. Draw the structure for ethanoic acid molecule, CH3COOH.

Ans:
H |H − C − C − O − H | || H O
Q574. Write the names of the following functional groups:

1. − C ≡ C −
2.
Ans:
1. Alkyne.
2. Alkene.
as given below:
Assertion: Carbon and its compounds can be used as fuels.
Reason: They are highly inflammable and have high calorific value.
Ans:
Q576. The number of oxygen molecules used in the combustion of 1 molecule of ethanol is?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Ans:
3. 3
Explanation:
Balanced equation for combustion of ethanol can be written as:
C2H5OH + 3O2 →
2CO2 + 3H2O
Therefore, for combustion of 1 molecule of ethanol, 3 molecules of oxygen are required.
Q577. What type of fuels:

1. Burn with a flame?
2. Burn without a flame?
Ans:
1. Fuels which vaporise on heating, burn with a flame.
2. Fuels which do not vaporise on heating, burn without a flame.
Q578. What type of compound is CH3COOH?

Ans:
CH3COOH is a c arboxylic acid.
Q579. What is the common name of methanol?

Ans:
Methyl alcohol.
Q580. The pair of elements which exhibits the property of catenation is:
1. Sodium and silicon.
2. Chlorine and carbon.
3. Carbon and sodium.
4. Silicon and carbon.
Ans:
2. Silicon and carbon.
Explanation:
Silicon and carbon exhibit the property of catenation.

The functional group present in ethanol is _________.
Ans:
The functional group present in ethanol is -OH (alcohol).
Q582. While studying saponification reaction for the preparation of soap, the teacher suggested to a student to add a small quantity of common salt to the reaction mixture. The function
of common salt in this reaction is to:
1. Reduce the alkalinity of the soap.
2. Reduce the acidity of the soap.
3. Enhance the cleansing capacity of soap.
4. Favour precipitation of soap.
Ans:
4. Favour precipitation of soap.
Explanation:
The correct option is D.
Common salt is added in saponification reaction because it helps in the precipitation of soap by decreasing its solubility.
Q583. The property of self-combination of the atoms of the same element to form long chains is known as:
1. Protonation.
2. Carbonation.
3. Coronation.
4. Catenation.
Ans:
4. Catenation.
Explanation:
The property of atoms of an element to self-combine and form long chains is known as catenation.
Q584. Give the common name of:

1. Ethyne.
2. Ethene.
Ans:
1. Acetylene.
2. Ethylene.
Q585. Write the name and chemical formula of the simplest organic acid.
Ans:
Formic acid: HCOOH.
Q586. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the:

1. Absence of sunlight.
2. Presence of sunlight.
3. Absence of moisture.
4. Presence of H2SO4
Ans:
Explanation:
When chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature and in the presence of sunlight, substitution reaction takes place.
Q587. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of:

1. Phosphorus
2. Sulphur
3. Carbon
4. Tin
Ans:
3. Carbon
Explanation:
Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of carbon with formula C60.
It has carbon atoms arranged in the form of a football.
It is soft, slippery, brittle, electrical insulator, and insoluble in water.
They are known as buckyballs due to their resemblance with football.
Q588. How would you name the following compound?

H |H− C = O
Ans:
The name of the compound is methanal, as the structure contains one carbon atom and an aldehyde group (-CHO), which is indicated by using 'al' as the suffix. Hence, replacing the last
letter 'e' of methane with 'al' we get the name methanal.
Q589. Which of the following two organic compounds belong to the same homologous series? C2H6, C2H6O, C2H6O2, CH4O
Ans:
CH4 and C2H6 both these organic compounds belong to one homologous series.
Q590. The number of isomers formed by the hydrocarbon with molecular formula C5H12 is:
1. 2
2. 5
3. 3
4. 4
Ans:
3. 3
Explanation:
The number of isomers formed by the hydrocarbon pentane, with molecular formula C5H12, is 3. They are n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane.
Q591. Name the functional group present in CH 3 − C ≡ CH.

Ans:
The functional group present in CH 3 − C ≡ CH is the alkyne group (triple bond).
Q592. Give IUPAC names and formulae of an organic compound containing single bonds and the other containing a triple bond.
Ans:
Methane (single bond): CH4
Ethyne (triple bond): C2H2
Q593. Propanol can be converted to propanoic acid with the help of _____________.
Ans:
Propanol can be converted to propanoic acid with the help of oxidation reaction.
Explanation:
Propanol is converted into propanoic acid by an oxidation reaction, where catalysts such as potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate are used. Propanol can be converted to
propanoic acid by the oxidation process.
Q594. A neutral organic compound is warmed with some ethanoic acid and a little of conc. H2SO4. Vapours having sweet smell (fruity smell) are evolved. What type of functional group is
present in this organic compound?
Ans:
The functional group present in this organic compound is the alcohol (hydroxyl) group (-OH). When a neutral organic compound of alcohol group such as ethanol (C2H5OH) is warmed with
some ethanoic acid, in the presence of a small quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid, a sweet smelling ester is produced.
Q595. Which property of diamond allows it to be used in knives for cutting marble?
Ans:
Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance in the world. Its hardness is made use of in making knives to cut marbles.
Q596. Diamond is a covalent solid, yet has a high melting point. Why?
Ans:
Diamond has a 3D network involving strong C - C bond which are very difficult to break and,in turns has high melting point.
Q597. What change will you observe if you test soap solution with a litmus paper (red and blue)? Give reason for your observation.
Ans:
Red litmus paper turns blue in soap solution and no change occurs on blue litmus paper because soap is basic in nature.

Reaction of C2H5OH with ethanoic acid.
Ans:
Ethyl alcohol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4 to form ethyl acetate, an ester with sweet odour.
coneH 2SO 4
C 2H 5OH + CH 3COOH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 (ethanol) (Acetic acid)
△
Q599. Write the structural formula of propene.

Ans:
Q600. Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an example of_________.
1. Addition reaction
2. Substitution reaction
3. Displacement reaction
4. Oxidation reaction
Ans:
1. Addition reaction
Explanation:
Hydrogenation of oils in presence of palladium or nickel catalyst to form fat is an addition reaction.
During hydrogenation, vegetable oils are reacted with hydrogen gas at about 60°C.
A nickel catalyst is used to speed up the reaction.
The double bonds are converted to single bonds in the reaction.
In this way unsaturated fats can be made into saturated fats – they are harden

Name the hydrocarbon.
Ans:
propene
Q602. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the:

1. Absence of sunlight.
3. Presence of water.
4. Presence of hydrochloric acid.
Ans:
Explanation: These reactions are called photochemical reactions.
Q603. What is the molecular formula and structure of the alcohol which can be thought to be derived from pentane ?
Ans:
C5H12O or C5H11OH
Q604. Which amongst the following contains triple bond?

1. C2H4
2. C2H6
3. C2H2
4. C4H8
Ans:
3. C2H2
Explanation:
C2H2 are alkynes as they contain a single carbon-carbon triple bond and follow the general formula CnH2n-2
Q605. Give one example of a hydrocarbon, other than pentane, having more than three isomers.
Ans:
Hexane, C6H14
Q606. The hydrocarbon 2-methylbutane is an isomer of:
1. n-pentane.
2. n-butane.
3. Propane.
4. Iso-butane.
Ans:
1. n-pentane.
Explanation:
The hydrocarbon 2-methylbutane is an isomer of n-pentane.
Q607. One mole of a hydrocarbon X reacted completely with one mole of hydrogen gas in the presence of a heated catalyst. What could be the formula of X?
1. C2H6
2. C5H10
3. C3H8
4. C7H16
Ans:
2. C5H10

The form of carbon which is used as a lubricant at high temperature is __________.
Ans:
The form of carbon which is used as a lubricant at high temperature is Graphite.
Q609. The first member of alkyne homologous series is ___________.

Ans:
The first member of alkyne homologous series is ethyne.
Q610. Which of the following are alkenes? CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6 and C3H8.
Ans:
C2H4, C3H6 are alkenes since they contain a single carbon-carbon double bond and follow general formula CnH2n.
Here, C2H4 and C3H6 are alkenes (put n = 2, 3)
One H atom of C2CH6 is replaced by a OH group.
Ans:
C2CH5OH- Acetone Molar Mass
Q612. Why does carbon form a large number of compounds?

Ans:
Carbon has a valency of four. So, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono - valent element.Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen,
nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many other elements, giving rise to compounds with specific properties which depend on the elements other than the carbon present in the
molecule.
Q613. What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint - The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of
a ring.)
Ans:
Q614. What substance should be oxidised to prepare CH3COOH?

Ans:
Ethanol, CH3CH2OH should be oxidised to prepare CH3COOH.
as given below:
Assertion: Diamond is not good conductor of electricity.
Reason: It has no free electrons.
Ans:
Explanation:
In diamond, one carbon atom is attached to four other carbon atoms, hence it has no free electron.
Q616. The organic compounds which are isomeric with one another are:
1. Alcohols and aldehydes.
2. Aldehydes and carboxylic acids.
3. Ketones and aldehydes.
4. Alcohols and ketones.
Ans:
3. Ketones and aldehydes.
Explanation:
Ketones and aldehydes are the organic compounds which are isomeric to one another.
Q617. Write two characteristics of homologous series.

Ans:
Characteristics of homologous series:
1. Each member of a homologous series differ from its consecutive member by CH2.
2. Consecutive members of a homologous series differ by 14amu.
3. They contain same functional group.
Q618. Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g. hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic
configuration of:
1. Helium.
2. Neon.
3. Argon.
4. Krypton.
Ans:
2. Neon.
Explanation: The compound formed is methane (CH4). In this, carbon atom has a complete octet and configuration of neon which is a noble gas element.
Q619. Draw the structure of butanoic acid.

Ans:
H H H O | | | ||H− C − C − C − C − OH | | | H H H Butanoic acid
Q620. The first member of alkyne homologous series is:

1. Ethyne.
2. Ethene.
3. Propyne.
4. Methane.
Ans:
1. Ethyne.
Explanation: Alkyne is an organic compound with triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms therefore first member of homologous series must have atleast two carbon atoms with
one triple bond that is ethyne (CH ≡ CH).
Q621. People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is
agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Ans:
Agitation is necessary to obtain complete mecells formation and the emulsion of oil in water so that the whole of dirt is removed on rinsing with water.
Q622. Select the hydrocarbons which are members of the same homologous series. Give the name of each series.
C5H10, C3H8, C6H10, C4H10, C7H12, C8H16
Ans:
Alkanes: C3H8, C4H10
Alkenes: C5H10, C8H16
Alkynes: C6H10, C7H12
Q623. Give any two examples of chemicals that are added to denature the alcohol.
Ans:
Give any two examples of chemicals that are added to denature the alcohol.
Q624. The general formula of a homologous series of carbon compounds is CnH2n. Write the molecular formulae of the second and fourth members of the series.
Ans:
Second member: C3H6
Fourth member: C3H10
Q625. What is the common name of propanone?

Ans:
Acetone.
Q626. What is the next higher homologue of methanol (CH3OH)?

Ans:
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Q627. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?

Ans:
Carbon forms covalent bonds because it can achieve the inert gas electron arrangement only by sharing of electrons.
Q628. Name two catalysts which can be used in the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds.
Ans:
Nickel or palladium can be used as catalyst in the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds.
Q629. While studying saponification reaction, a student measures the temperature of the reaction mixture and also finds its nature using blue/red litmus paper. On the basis of his
observations the correct conclusion would be:
1. The reaction is exothermic and the reaction mixture is acidic.
2. The reaction is endothermic and the reaction mixture is acidic.
3. The reaction is endothermic and the reaction mixture is basic.
4. The reaction is exothermic and the reaction mixture is basic.
Ans:
4. The reaction is exothermic and the reaction mixture is basic.
Explanation:
It’s an endothermic reaction meaning it absorbs surrounding heat. Formation of soap that is saponification involves base (usually sodium hydroxide, NaOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides,
which are esters of fatty acids, to form the sodium salt of a carboxylate. Hence reaction mixture is basic.

CH3COCH2CH2CH2CH3
Ans:
Ketone.
Q631. Vinegar is a solution of:

1. 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol.
2. 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol.
3. 5% – 8% acetic acid in water.
Ans:
Explanation: Vinegar is a 5% - 8% aqueous solution of acetic acid.
Q632. The number of times the substituent group occurs is indicated by:
1. Suffix
2. Prefix
3. Both A and B
4. None of above
Ans:
2. Prefix
Explanation:
If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which the substituent occurs is given.
In addition, the number of times the substituent group occurs is indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.).
Q633. Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of butane, C4H10.
Ans:
Total number of bonds in Butane (C4H10) = 13
H H H H | | | |H − C − C − C − C − H | | | | H H H H
Q634. What happens when ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified potassium dichromate)? Write the equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
When ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified potassium dichromate), it gets oxidised to form ethanoic acid.
Q635. Which of the following is known as the Black lead?

1. Charcoal
2. Diamond
3. Graphite
4. Fullerenes
Ans:
3. Graphite
Q636. Which of the following burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame?

1. Natural gas.
2. Coke.
3. Wax.
4. Charcoal.
Ans:
3. Wax.
Explanation:
Due to incomplete combustion, wax burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame.
Q637. Write the electron-dot structures for:

1. Ethane.
2. Ethene.
3. Ethyne.
Ans:
One H atom of C2H6 is replaced by a COOH group.
Ans:
C2H5COOH- propanoic acid
Q639. The diagram shows the molecule, ethyl propanoate.
How many bonding pairs of electrons are there in the molecule?

1. 13
2. 16
3. 17
4. 20
Ans:
3. 17

The general formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes is the same as that of _______.
Ans:
The general formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes is the same as that of Alkenes.
Q641. A vegetable oil contains two double bonds in its molecule. How many moles of hydrogen gas are required for complete hydrogenation of 1 mole of oil?
Ans:
If vegetable oil contain two duble bond siturated = 2 mole of hydrogen because 1 double bond saturated = 1 mole of h.
Q642. How many covalent bonds are there in a molecule of ethane, C 2H 6?

Ans:
There are 7 covalent bonds in a molecule of ethane.
Q643. Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series having functional group –Cl.
Ans:
CH3Cl and C2H5Cl are the first two members of homologous series having functional group –Cl.
Q644. While cooking, if the bottom of the utensil is getting blackened on the outside, it means that:
1. The food is not cooked completely.
3. The fuel is wet.
4. The fuel is burning completely.
Ans:
Explanation:
While cooking, if the bottom of the utensil is getting blackened on its outer side, it means that the fuel is not burning properly, thereby leading to soot formation.
Q645. The following questions, a statement of Assertion is given by the corresponding statement of Reason. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as.
1. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
2. If both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
3. If Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
4. If Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Assertion Alcohol cannot be used as an additive in petrol.
Reason Alcohol give rise to CO and H2O when burnt in sufficient air.
Ans:
If Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
In the absence of subsidy, there would be very little use of ethanol as a fuel. But those are no the only reasons. Ethanol carries less energy than the same volume of gasoline. Ethanol is
also much more hygroscopic than gasoline, absorbing significant amounts of water from air.
Q646. IUPAC stands for….

Ans:
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Q647. Name the functional group present in each of the following organic compounds:
1. C 2H 5Cℓ
2. C 2H 5OH
Ans:
1. Halo/ Halogen/ Chloro.
2. Alcohol.
Q648. Name the element whose one of the allotropic forms is buck minster fullerene.
Ans:
Carbon.

Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called __________.
Ans:
Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called Hydrocarbons.
Q650. Write the name and structure of an alcohol with four carbon atoms in its molecule.
Ans:
Butanol ; CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH
Alternate Answer
H H H H | | | |H − C − C − C − C − O − H | | | | H H H H
Q651. Write the structural formula of propyne.

Ans:
H |H− C − C ≡ C − H | H
Q652. Write the IUPAC name and common name of CH3Cl.

Ans:
IUPAC name: Chloromethane.
Q653. What is the common name of this compound.

Ans:
Propyl chloride
Explanation: n - Propyl chloride (also 1 - propyl chloride or 1 - chloropropane) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C3H7Cl and is prepared by
reacting n - propyl alcohol with phosphorus trichloride in the presence of a zinc chloride catalyst.
H H H | | | H − C − C − C − Cl | | | H H H or (C 3H 7Cl) ?
Q654. C4+ does not exist but Pb4+ exists although both belong to the same group. This is because
1. Size of carbon is much smaller than Pb.
2. Large amount of energy is needed in case of carbon.
3. Of inert pair effect.
4. Nucleus cannot hold such a large number of electrons.
The correct statement(s) is/ are.
1. Only I
2. I and II
3. Only III
4. II, III and IV
Ans:
1. Only I
Q655. Give the common names and IUPAC names of the following compounds:
1. HCOOH
2. CH3COOH
Ans:
Formula IUPAC name Comman name
HCOOH Methanoic acid Formic acid
CH3COOH Ethanoic aicd Acetic acid

Carbon compounds have usually ________ melting points and boiling points because they are _______ in nature.
Ans:
Carbon compounds have usually Low melting points and boiling points because they are covalent in nature.
Q657. Name the product formed when hydrogen is added to ethene.

Ans:
Ethane is formed when hydrogen is added to ethene.
Q658. Name the type of reaction when ethanol is warmed with ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate in the presence of concentrated H2SO4.
1. Esterification reaction.
2. Neutralisation reaction.
3. Decomposition reaction.
4. Double displacement reaction.
Ans:
1. Esterification reaction.
Explanation:
Reaction of ethanol with warm ethanoic acid to form ethyl acetate (an ester) and water can be written as:
C2H5OH + CH3COOH → H + CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(ethanol) (ethanoic acid) (ester)
The above reaction is an esterification reaction as alcohol and an acid are combined to form an ester.
The process of burning of a hydrocarbon in the presence of air to give CO2, H2O, heat and light is known as ___________.
Ans:
The process of burning of a hydrocarbon in the presence of air to give CO2, H2O, heat and light is known as Combustion.
Q660. One of the following is not an allotrope of carbon. This is:

1. Diamond.
2. Graphite.
3. Cumene.
4. Buckministerfullerene.
Ans:
3. Cumene.
Explanation:
Cumene is not an allotrope of carbon. Allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene.
Q661. What is meant by catenation? Name two elements which exhibit the property of catenation.
Ans:
The property of self combination of carbon atoms to form long chains is called catenation. Carbon and Silicon exhibit the property of catenation.
Q662. The substance which can produce brisk effervescence with baking soda solution is:
1. Ethanol.
2. Vegetable oil.
3. Vinegar.
4. Soap.
Ans:
3. Vinegar.
Explanation:
Vinegar can produce brisk effervescence with the baking soda solution.
Q663. A student adds 2mL of acetic acid to a test tube containing 2mL of distilled water. He then shakes the test tube well and leaves it to settle for some time. After about 5 minutes he
observes that in the test tube there is:
1. A clear transparent colourless solution
2. A clear transparent pink solution
3. A precipitate settling at the bottom of the test tube.
4. Alayer of water over the layer of acetic acid.
Ans:
1. A clear transparent colourless solution.
Explanation:
Acetic acid dissolves completely in distilled water and gives a clear, colourless and transparent solution. Hence, the correct option is A.
Q664. When sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to ethanoic acid a gas evolves. Consider the following statements about the gas evolved?
1. It turns lime water milky.
2. It is evolved with a brisk effervescence.
3. It has a smell of burning sulphur.
4. It is also a by-product of respiration.
The correct statements are:
1. (A) and (B) only.
2. (B) and (D) only.
3. (A), (C) and (D).
4. (A), (B) and (D).
Ans:
4. (A), (B) and (D).
Explanation:
When sodium carbonate is reacted with ethanoic acid it forms sodium ethanoate, water, and carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide can be identified by the brisk effervescence. It turns lime
water milky and is also a byproduct of respiration.
CH 3COOH + NaHCO 3 → CH 3COONa + H 2O + CO 2.

Sodium acetate.
Ans:
CH 3 − C − O − Na + || O
Q666. Write the name and formula of the second member of the carbon compounds having functional group-OH.
Ans:
The name of the formula of the second member of the carbon compounds having functional group -OH is ethanol i.e. C2H5OH.
Q667. The fuel which usually burns with a blue flame is:
1. Coal.
2. LPG.
3. Candle wax.
4. Kerosene (in lamp).
Ans:
2. LPG.
Explanation:
LPG is the fuel which usually burns with a blue flame, as the burner of a stove has many holes to allow enough oxygen for complete combustion.
Q668. Which functional group can be detected by using sodium hydrogen carbonate test?
Ans:
Carboxylic acid (-COOH) can be detected by using sodium hydrogen carbonate. Carboxylic acids reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas which can be seen in
the form of a brisk effervescence.
RCOOH+ NaHCO 3 → RCOONa + CO 2(g) + H 2O Carboxylic Brisk acid effervescence
Q669. What happens when vegetable oils are hydrogenated? Name the catalyst used.
Ans:
On hydrogenation, the liquid vegetable oils change into solid fat (vanasapati ghee). Nickel or palladium can be used as the catalyst.
Q670. Name the products formed when ethanol reacts with sodium metal.
Ans:
Ethanol reacts with sodium to produce sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
Q671. Structural formula of benzene is:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Ans:
3.
Explanation: Benzene is simplest aromatic compound with six carbon atoms and six H atoms. There are three alternate pi bonds in ring of carbon atoms.
Q672. Name the following compounds:

1. CH 3 − CH 2 − OH ;
2. H | CH 3 − C = O
Ans:
1. Ethanol.
2. Ethanal.
Q673. State one advantage of soaps over detergents.

Ans:
Soaps are biodegradable whereas detergents are non-biodegradable.
Q674. An alkyne has seventy five carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be:
1. 150
2. 148
3. 152
4. 146
Ans:
2. 148
Explanation:
The number of hydrogen atoms in an alkyne that has 75 carbon atoms in its molecule is 148. The general formula of the alkynes is CnH2n - 2, where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms in
each molecule. Substituting n = 75 in the formula of alkynes, we get the number of hydrogen atoms to be 148.
Q675. Butanone is a four-carbon compound having the functional group:

1. −OH
2. −COOH
3. −CO−
4. −CHO
Ans:
3. −CO−
Explanation:
Butanone (C2H5-CO-CH3) is a four-carbon compound having the functional group -CO- (ketones).
Q676. Two statements are given - one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below:
1. Both A and Rare true and R is correct explanation of the Assertion.
4. A is false but R is true.
Assertion(A): Esterification is a process in which a sweet smelling substance is produced.
Reason(R): When esters react with sodium hydroxide an alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid are obtained.
Ans:
Explanation:
When alcohol is added to carboxylic acid with sodium hydroxide and heated in bath tub, it produces a sweet smell of ester and this process is called Esterification.
Q677. When ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C, it gets converted into ethene. In this reaction, concentrated sulphuric acid acts as:
1. Oxidising agent.
2. Catalyst.
4. Reducing agent.
Ans:
Explanation:
Sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent as it removes water molecules from the alcohol (ethanol), and converts it to ethane.

The next higher homologue of ethanol is _________.
Ans:
The next higher homologue of ethanol is Propanol.
Q679. In electron dot structure, the valence shell electrons are represented by crosses or dots.
1. The atomic number of chlorine is 17. Write its electronic configuration.
2. Draw the electron dot structure of chlorine molecule.
Ans:
1. Atomic number of chlorine atom is 17. Hence the electronic configuration of Cl (17) would be;
K L M2 8 7
2. Chlorine molecule is formed by formation of single covalent bond between two chlorine atoms. The electron dot structure of chlorine molecule is:
Q680. What happens when methane reacts with chlorine? Give equation of the reaction which takes place.
Ans:
Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride. This reaction is called substitution reaction.
Sunlight
Q681. When you add about 2 ml of acetic acid to a test tube containing an equal amount of distilled water and leave the test tube to settle after shaking its contents, then after about 5
minutes what will you observe in the test tube:
1. A white precipitate settling at its bottom.
2. A clear colourless solution.
3. A layer of water over the layer of acetic acid.
4. A layer of acetic acid over the layer of water.
Ans:
2. A clear colourless solution.
Explanation:
Acetic or ethanoic acid is soluble in water in any proportion or ratio. So no precipitation occurs it dissolves in it, leaving a colorless liquid.
Q682. A cyclic hydrocarbon having carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-carbon double bonds in its molecule is:
1. C6H12
2. C6H14
3. C6H6
4. C6H10
Ans:
3. C6H6
Explanation:
Benzene (C6H6) is the cyclic hydrocarbon having carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-carbon double bonds in its molecule.
Q683. Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of propane, C3H8.
Ans:
The number of covalent bonds in the molecule of propane, C3H8 is 10.
H H H | | |H − C − C − C − H | | | H H H Propane

chlorohexane.
Ans:
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − Cl
Q685. A compound has molecular formula C2H6O. It is usable as fuel. Identify the compound.
Ans:
Ethanol is a that chemical compound.
Q686. Draw the structural formula of ethyl ethanoate.

Ans:
Ethyl Ethanoate Structural Formula.
H O H H | || | |H − C − C − O − C − C − H | | | H H H
Chemical Formula of Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2.
Q687. The heteroatoms present in CH 3 − CH 2 − O − CH 2 − CH 2Cl are:

1. Oxygen.
2. Carbon.
3. Hydrogen.
4. Chlorine.
1. 1 and 2
2. 2 and 3
3. 3 and 4
4. 1 and 4
Ans:
4. 1 and 4
Explanation: Oxygen and chlorine are not among essential components of hydrocarbons.

___________ is better than soap for washing clothes when the water is hard.
Ans:
Detergent is better than soap for washing clothes when the water is hard.
Q689. Write the next homologue of each of the following:

1. C2H4.
2. C4H6.
Ans:
1. The next homologue of C2H4 (ethene) is C3H6 (propene).
2. The next homologue of C4H6 (butyne) is C5H8 (pentyne).

butanol.
Ans:
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − O − H
Q691. A diamond-toothed saw is usually used for cutting:

1. Steel girders.
2. Logs of wood.
3. Marble slabs.
4. Asbestos sheets.
Ans:
3. Marble slabs.
Explanation:
A diamond-toothed saw is usually used for cutting marble slabs.
Q692. Write the molecular formula of the third member of the homologous series of carbon compounds with general formula CnH2n+1OH.
Ans:
C3H7OH
Q693. A saturated hydrocarbon is shown by CnH20. The value of n in this compound is:
1. 18
2. 10
3. 9
4. 8
Ans:
3. 9
Explanation:
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with general formula CnH2n + 2.
So, if n = 9, then 2n + 2 is 20
Q694. What is the atomic number of carbon. Write its electronic configuration.
Ans:
The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is 2, 4.
Q695. What is the common name of methanal?

Ans:
Formaldehyde.
Q696. What do we observe on pouring acetic acid on red and blue litmus papers?
1. Red litmus remains red and blue litmus turns red.
2. Red litmus turns blue and blue litmus remains blue.
3. Red litmus turns blue and blue litmus turns red.
4. Red litmus becomes colourless and blue litmus remains blue.
Ans:
1. Red litmus remains red and blue litmus turns red.
Explanation:
That is red litmus remains red and blue litmus turns red. This is because acetic acid is an acid that is mainly used in vinegar and acids always turn blue litmus red.
Q697. Write the molecular formula of the first two members of the homologous series whose functional group is –CHO.
Ans:
The molecular formulas of the first two members of the homologous series having functional group – HCO are HCOH, CH3COH.
Q698. The number of carbon atoms in the organic compound named as 2,2-dimethylpropane is:
1. Two.
2. Five.
3. Three.
4. Four.
Ans:
2. Five.
Explanation:
The number of carbon atoms in the organic compound 2, 2-dimethylpropane (C5H12) is 5. 2, 2-dimethylpropane is one of the three isomers of pentane.
Q699. Chemical process that converts one member of a homologous series to the next member is called as:
1. Homologation reaction.
2. Replacement reactions.
3. Homogolous reaction.
4. Decomposition reaction.
Ans:
1. Homologation reaction.
Explanation:
A homologation reaction is a chemical process that converts one member of a homologous series to the next member.
Q700. Name the functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain.
Ans:
Ketone group: -CO-
Q701. What is the general name of the organic compounds containing the O ||− C − group?
Ans:
The general name for the organic compounds comprising -CO- is ketones.
Q702. Write the formulae of:

1. Methanoic acid.
2. Ethanoic acid.
Ans:
1. Methanoic acid: HCOOH
2. Ethanoic acid: CH3COOH

CH3CH2OH
Ans:
Alcohol.
Q704. What is added to groundnut oil when it is to be converted to vanaspati ghee?

Ans:
Hydrogen is added to groundnut oil when it is to be converted to vanaspati ghee.
Q705. Ethanol turns blue litmus red. [True/ False]

Ans:
False.
Explanation:
Ethanol is an aliphatic alcohol and its pH is almost equal to 7 so it can not turn blue litmus to red.
Q706. Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions:

C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4.
Ans:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons, C3H6 and C2H2 undergo addition reactions.
Q707. Name a cyclic unsaturated carbon compound.

Ans:
Cyclopentene Or Benzene.
Q708. In the soap micelles:

2. Ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster.
3. Both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster.
4. Both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster.
Ans:
Q709. Would you be able to check whether water is hard by using a detergent? Why?
Ans:
No, we would not be able to check the hardness of water by using a detergent because a detergent forms lather easily even with hard water.
Q710. Carbon -12 atom has:

1. 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons.
Ans:
Explanation:
The mass number of carbon−12 is 12 and the atomic number of carbon is 6.
Therefore, the number of protons is 6 and electrons are 6 as the number of protons and electrons are the same in the neutral atom.
The number of neutrons is equal to the difference of a mass number and atomic number, i.e., 12 - 6 = 6.
So carbon-12 atom has 6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons.

H H H H H | | | | | H − C − C − C − C − C − OH | | | | | H H H H H
Ans:
Pentanol.
Q712. Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and the 3rd member of the homologous series whose first member is methane.
Ans:
The molecular formula of the 2nd member of the homologous series is C2H6 and the 3rd member of the homologous series is C3H8 whose first member is methane.
Q713. Give one use of ethanol in medicines.

Ans:
Ethanol is a good solvent and is widely used in cough syrups and tonics.
Q714. What is the IUPAC name of acetic acid?

Ans:
Ethanoic acid.
Q715. Name the functional group present in an organic compound which gives brisk effervescence with NaHCO3.
Ans:
Carboxylic acid group, -COOH gives brisk effervescence with NaHCO3.

The property of carbon atoms to form long chains in compounds is called _______.
Ans:
The property of carbon atoms to form long chains in compounds is called Catenation.
Q717. Give the IUPAC name of the following compound: C3H7OH

Ans:
Propanol (C3H7OH)
Q718. When a vegetable oil is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel (or palladium) catalyst, it forms a fat. This is an example of:
1. Anodising reaction.
2. Substitution reaction.
3. Displacement reaction.
Ans:
Explanation:
When a vegetable oil is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel or palladium catalyst, an addition reaction takes place and a saturated fat is formed.
Q719. Name the scientist who disproved the ‘vital force theory’ for the formation of organic compounds.
Ans:
Friedrich Wohler.
as given below:
Assertion: Two members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties.
Reason: Propane and butane are members of same homologous series.
Ans:
Explanation:
All the members of homologous series contain the same functional group, show gradation in physical properties and similarity in chemical properties.
Q721. What happens when methane (natural gas) burns in air? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
Carbon dioxide and water vapour are formed when methane burns in air.
CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2O + Heat + Light
Q722. Which type of hydrocarbon gives sooty flame after burning?

Ans:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons like ethyne, also known as acetylene, burn to produce a yellow, scooty flame due to incomplete combustion in air. The flame is scooty because the percentage of
carbon is comparatively higher than that of alkanes and so does not get completely oxidized in air.
Q723. In order to study saponification reaction we first prepare 20% solution of sodium hydroxide. If we record the temperature of this solution just after adding sodium hydroxide flakes
Ans:
Explanation:
The reaction of Sodium hydroxide with water is an exothermic reaction. As Sodium hydroxide is base, its aqueous solution is basic in nature. i.e., its alkaline solution. The alkaline nature of
Q724. The main constituent of marsh gas is _____.
Ans:
The main constituent of marsh gas is methane
The marsh gas is the mixture of methane, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, produced naturally within some geographical marshes, swamps, and bogs.
Q725. Why is diamond used for making cutting tools (like glass cutters) but graphite is not?
Ans:
Diamond used for making cutting tools but graphite is not because diamond is a very hard substance and graphite is a soft substance.
Q726. State any two uses of esters.

Ans:
Uses of esters:
1. Esters are used in making artificial flavours and essences. These are used in cold drinks, ice-creams, sweets and perfumes.
2. Esters are used as solvents for oils, fats, gums, resins, cellulose, paints, varnishes, etc.
Q727. Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has:

Ans:
Q728. What is the advantage of detergents over soaps for washing clothes ?Also state one disadvantage.
Ans:
Advantage: Detergents can be used even with hard water and have stronger cleaning action.
Disadvantage: Detergents are not biodegradable and hence cause water pollution.
Q729. The organic compound prepared by Wohler from an inorganic compound called ammonium cyanate was:
1. Glucose.
2. Urea.
3. Uric acid.
4. Vinegar.
Ans:
2. Urea.
Explanation:
Urea is the organic compound prepared by Wohler from an inorganic compound called ammonium cyanate.
Q730. Complete the following equations:

Cons . H 2SO 4
1. CH 3CH 2OH →
170 ∘ C
Cons . H 2SO 4
2. CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH →
Ans:
Cons . H 2SO 4
1. CH 3CH 2OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
170 ∘ C
Cons . H 2SO 4
2. CH 3COOH + C 2H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O
Q731. State any two uses of graphite.

Ans:
1. Used as a lubricant.
2. Used for making pencil leads.
Q732. Which of the following are members of same homologous series?

1. HCOOCH3 and CH3COOCH3
2. HCOOH and HCOOCH
3. CH3COCH and CH3CH2CHO
4. C2H2OH and CH3OCH3
Ans:
1. HCOOCH3 and CH3COOCH3
Explanation:
The iupac name of CH3COOCH3 is methyl ethanoate or methyl acetate.
Q733. The chemical which is not required for the preparation of soap in the laboratory is:
1. Vegetable oil.
2. Baking soda.
3. Caustic soda.
4. Common salt.
Ans:
2. Baking soda.
Explanation:
Baking soda is not required for the preparation of soap in the laboratory. For the preparation of soap, vegetable oil, caustic soda and common salt are needed.
Q734. Write the structural formula of butane.

Ans:
H H H H | | | |H− C − C − C − C − H | | | | H H H H
Q735. Identify and name the functional groups present in the following compound.
H H H | | | H − C − C − C − OH | | | H H H
Ans:
Propan-1-ol (-OH)
Q736. The molecular formula of an organic compound is C48H94. This compound belongs to the homologous series of:
1. Alkenes.
2. Aldehydes.
3. Alkynes.
4. Alkanes.
Ans:
3. Alkynes.
Explanation:
The compound C48H94 belongs to the homologous series of alkynes, as it satisfies the general formula CnH2n-2.
Q737. Which of the following sets of materials can be used for conducting a saponification reaction for the preparation of soap?
1. Ca(OH)2 and neem oil.
2. NaOH and neem oil.
3. NaOH and mineral oil.
4. Ca(OH)2 and mineral oil.
Ans:
2. NaOH and neem oil.
Explanation:
Saponification is the chemical reaction that occurs between sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide with any kind of fat. In the preparation of soap, saponification occurs when a strong
alkali reacts with vegetable oil (or animal fat). As far as your question is concerned, the choice is pretty simple. You can always use NaOH and neem oil for the saponification process in the
preparation of soap. Mineral oil cannot be used for the reaction as the resulting soap will become oily or greasy. So, the correct answer is B) NaOH and neem oil.
Q738. The name of the compound CH 3 − CH 2 − CHO is:

1. Propanal.
2. Propanone.
3. Ethanol.
4. Ethanal.
Ans:
1. Propanal.
Explanation: Compound contains three carbon atoms so prop-would be root word and – CHO functional group so suffix will be – al. Hence name would be propane + al = propanal.
Q739. What happens when ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C? Write the equation of the reaction which takes place.
Ans:
When ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170oC, it gets dehydrated to form ethene.
Cons.H 2SO 4 ; 170 ∘ C
CH 3 − CH 2OH → CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2O
( Dehydration )
Q740. Fill in the following blanks:

Plant shoot grows upward in response to __________.
Ans:
Plant shoot grows upward in response to Light.
Q741. Write the name and molecular formula of the fourth member of alkane series.
Ans:
The fourth member of the alkane series is butane C4H10.

Butyraldehyde.
Ans:
CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − C − H || O
Q743. The gradual change in the physical properties occurs with increase in the …….
Ans:
Molecular mass.
Q744. What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate? Write chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans:
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium ethanote and carbon dioxide.
2CH 3COOH + Na 2CO 3 → 2CH 3COONa + CO 2 + H 2O
Q745. Why do we add ethanol to petrol in these days?

Ans:
Ethanol is added to petrol because ethanol is a cleaner fuel which when burnt in a sufficient amount of air to give carbon dioxide and water.
Q746. Define functional group.

Ans:
The functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms joined in a specific manner, which gives the chemical properties of the organic compound and are the centers for chemical
reactivity.
Q747. Complete the following reaction, CH 2 = CH 2 + Cl 2 →

Ans:
This is an example of addition reaction.
CH 2 = CH 2 + Cl 2 → CH 2 − CH 2 | | Cl Cl
Q748. Give the common name and IUPAC name of the simplest aldehyde.
Ans:
Common name: Formaldehyde.
IUPAC name: Methanal.
Q749. What are oxidising agents?

Ans:
Oxidizing agents are the substances that gain electrons in an redox reaction and whose oxidation number is reduced.

CH3CH2CH2COOH
Ans:
Carboxylic acid.
Q751. The hydrocarbon which has alternate single and double bonds arranged in the form of a ring is:
1. Cyclobutane.
2. Benzene.
3. Butene.
4. Hexene.
Ans:
2. Benzene.
Explanation:
Benzene is the hydrocarbon which has alternate single and double bonds arranged in the form of a ring.
Q752. In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged radially with:
1. Ionic ends directed towards the centre and hydrocarbon ends directed outwards.
2. Hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
3. Both ionic ends and hydrocarbon ends directed toward the centre.
4. Both hydrocarbon ends and ionic ends directed outwards
Ans:
2. Hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
Explanation:
In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged radially with the hydrocarbon ends, i.e. hydrophobic, directed towards the centre; and, ionic ends, i.e. hydrophilic, directed outwards.
Q753. State whether the following statement is true or false:
The minimum number of carbon atoms in a ketone molecule is two.
Ans:
False.
Q754. Hydrogen chloride molecule contains:
1. Covalent bond
2. Ionic bond
3. Co - ordinate covalent bond
4. Vander waal bond

Ans:
1. Covalent bond
Explanation:
H − Cl bond is a covalent bond.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Alkaline KMnO 4
Q755.
Heat
In the above given reaction, alkaline KMnO4 acts as:
1. Reducing agent.
2. Oxidising agent.
3. Catalyst.
Ans:
2. Oxidising agent.
Explanation: Alkaline KMnO4 is also known as Baeyer’s reagent. It acts as an oxidizing agent.
Q756. Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
1. 1 and 3
2. 2 and 4
3. 1 and 2
4. 3 and 4
Ans:
3. 1 and 2
Explanation: Formula of butane is C4H10. Options (iii) and (iv) have 8 hydrogen atoms each, hence, they are incorrect.

The IUPAC name of ethylene is _______.
Ans:
The IUPAC name of ethylene is Ethene.
Q758. Write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its molecule.
Ans:
The compound is butanal and the structure is represented by the following chemical structure:
H H H O | | | ||H − C − C − C − C − H | | | H H H
Q759. When ethanol reacts with sodium metal, it forms two products. These products are:
1. Sodium ethanaoate and oxygen.
2. Sodium ethanaoate and hydrogen.
3. Sodium ethoxide and oxygen.
Ans:
Explanation:
When ethanol reacts with sodium, sodium ethoxide is formed and hydrogen gas is evolved.
Q760. What are primary and secondary suffixes as applied to IUPAC nomenclature?
Ans:
In IUPAC nomenclature, the following subdivision is followed for naming the compounds.
Primary suffixes are used to indicate the degree of unsaturation (i.e., presence of double or triple bonds) in a carbon compound.
E.G.: - Ane (for alkanes), -ene (for alkenes), -yne (for alkynes)
Secondary suffixes are those suffixes which describe the main functional group of the compound. They are added after the primary suffix.
E.G.: - One (for ketones), -oic acid (for carboxylic acids)
Example:
H H H OH H | | | | |H − C − C − C − C − C − H | | | | | H H H H H
Q761. In a locality, hard water, required for an experiment, is not available. However, the following salts are available in the school laboratory:
1. Sodium sulphate.
2. Calcium sulphate.
3. Magnesium chloride.
4. Sodium chlorid.
5. Calcium chloride.
6. Potassium sulphate.
Which of the above salts may be dissolved in water to obtain hard water for the experiment?
1. 2, 3 and 5
2. 1, 2 and 5
3. 1, 2, 4 and 6
4. 3 and 5 only
Ans:
1. 2, 3 and 5.
Explanation:
Hard water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. So, the salts that can be added to water to make it hard are calcium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.

The sodium salt of a long chain fatty acid is called ___________.
Ans:
The sodium salt of a long chain fatty acid is called Soap.

Name the family to which this hydrocarbon belongs and write its general formula.
Ans:
Since the compound decolorizes Bromine water due to carbon dioxide, it is denote by propene.
Q764. Which element exhibits the property of catenation to maximum extent and why?
Ans:
Carbon shows catenation property. This is because of the 4 valence electrons present in outer shell.
Q765. What is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues?
Ans:
14u.
Q766. What happens when carbon burns in air? Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.
Ans:
When carbon is burned in air, it forms carbon dioxide gas and releases a large amount of heat and some light:
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat + Light.
Q767. Vinegar is a solution of about:

1. 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in alcohol.
2. 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in water.
4. 50 to 80 per cent ethanoic acid in alcohol.
Ans:
Explanation:
Vinegar is a solution comprising 5 to 8 percent ethanoic acids mixed with water.
Q768. Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place during the burning of ethanol in air.
Ans:
Combution
C 2H 5OH + 3O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O + Heat + Light
( Burning )
Q769. Which of the following molecule is called buckminsterfullerene?

C 90C 60C 70C 20
Ans:
C60 is called buck minster fullerene.
Q770. What happens when (give chemical equation):

Sodium reacts with ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
Ans:
When sodium reacts with ethanol (Ethyl alcohol), hydrogen gas is evolved.
2C 2H 5OH + 2Na → 2C 2H 5O − Na + + H 2.

Carbon and Its Compounds

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10/22/22, 2:14 PM Exam Automation

1. CH 3CH 2OH + Na → CH 3CH 2O − Na + + H 2 Ethanol Sodium Soidum ethoxide Hydrogen ges

Ethanol Sodium Soidum ethoxide Hydrogen ges

sulphuric acid ethene water

Ethanol sulphuric acid ethene water

CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq) + H2 O(l) −−

Ester hydrolysis is the reverse of esterification reaction.

Ethyl ethanoate Sod. ethanoate (salt.)

CH 3COOC 2H 5(aq) + KOH(aq) → CH 3COOK(aq) + C 2H 5OH(aq) Ethylethanoate Pot. ethanoate (salt)

Ethylethanoate Pot. ethanoate (salt)

1. Which of the following compounds belong to same homologous series?

1. Which of the following compounds belong to same homologous series?

(Butane and iso-Butane-C4H10)

(Cyclohexane and hexene-C6H12)

Different structural formulas and same molecular formula.

Hence, 2-methylpentane has the longest carbon chain.

Q14. Give a detailed explanation on the following.

Branched chain of carbon atoms.

Closed chain of carbon atoms.

Electron Dot structure of methane is:

CH 4 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2O Methane Water Carbon dioxide Water

CH4 + O2 −−−−−→ CO2 + H2 O

Methane Water Carbon dioxide Water

CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH − CH3

CH3 − CH3 − C − CH2 − CH3

CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − CH3

What is the general formula of this series?

Two consecutive members of a homologous series differ by a-CH2 group.

Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 → CaCO 3 + H 2O (Milky)

2. Ethanol undergoes dehydration to form ethane.

General formula for the homologous series of alkynes = CnH2n-2

CH 3COOH + NaHCO 3 → CH 3COONa + CO 2 ↑ + H 2O

Difference in Chemical Properties of ethanol and ethanoic acid:

Q33. Give a detailed explanation on the following.

Q34. 1. Define the term ‘isomers’.

3. Electron dot structure:

1. A, B and Care classified as hydrocarbons because

1. To which homologous series does this molecule belong?

2CH 3COOH + 2Na → 2CH 3COONa + H 2 ↑

Q45. 1. Write chemical equation for the following reactions:

3. 3MnO 2 + 4Al → 2Al 2O 3 + 3Mn

4. Identify the incorrect statement(s).

4. (b) Only (III)

Q53. Look at Figure and answer the following questions:

1. What is compound X? Also write its formula.

Q55. Draw the structures for the following compounds.

Q56. What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.

Q57. Consider the following organic compounds:

ii. CH COOH + NaHCO → CH COONa + H O + CO D. Hydration

iv. CH (g) + 2O (g) → CO (g) + 2H O B. Test for carboxylic acid

3. The isomer B is propanal.

2. C6H6 represents is the molecular formula of benzene.

d. CH 3COOH + NaOH → CH 3COONa + H 2O iii. Neutralisation reaction

1. Carboxylic acid = Ethanoic acid.

Structural formula of ethyne is: H ─ C ≡ C ─ H.

Q75. Explain the process of preparation of soap in laboratory.

Q82. What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.

1. Generally have low melting and boiling points.

Q90. Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes:

Q91. 1. Draw the structures for:

Essential conditions required for the addition reaction to occur are:

Q94. 1. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds.

Ethane: Single bonds: Nine; Double bonds: Three.