1. ENUMERATE THE FORMS OF PRESTRESSED STEEL, TELL SOMETHING ABOUT EACH.

DRAW/SHOW FIGURES REGARDING THEM.

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2. DIFFERENTIATE BONDED TENDON FROM UNBONDED TENDON.
- WHEN THERE IS ADEQUATE BOND BETWEEN THE PRESTRESSING TENDON AND
CONCRETE, IT IS CALLED A BONDED TENDON. ON THE OTHER HAND, WHEN THERE IS
NO BOND BETWEEN THE PRESTRESSING TENDON AND CONCRETE, IT IS CALLED
UNBONDED TENDON.

3. DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF LOADING AND THEIR SUB-STAGES.

1) INITIAL : IT CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO STAGES.
A) DURING TENSIONING OF STEEL
B) AT TRANSFER OF PRESTRESS TO CONCRETE.
2) INTERMEDIATE : THIS INCLUDES THE LOADS DURING TRANSPORTATION OF THE
PRESTRESSED MEMBERS.
3) FINAL : IT CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO STAGES.
A) AT SERVICE, DURING OPERATION.
B) AT ULTIMATE, DURING EXTREME EVENTS.

4. DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSING

- FIRST, SECTION REMAINS UNCRACKED UNDER SERVICE LOADINGS. BIG STRUCTURES
CAN UNDERGO SEVERAL CYCLES OF LOADING WHICH CAN INDUCE FATIGUE IN A
MEMBER; BUT WHEN THE MEMBER IS PRESTRESSED, THEN ITS BEHAVIOUR GETS
BETTER. SECOND, SINCE THE SPAN-TO-DEPTH RATIO CAN BE HIGH, PRESTRESSING IS
APPLIED FOR LARGE SPANS LIKE BRIDGES, BUILDINGS WITH LARGE COLUMN FREE
SPACES. FOR A NON-PRESTRESSED SLAB, THE SPAN-TO-DEPTH RATIO CAN BE 28:1;
FOR A PRESTRESSED SLAB, THE RATIO CAN INCREASE TO 45:1. THAT MEANS, AS WE
ARE PRESTRESSING THE SLAB, THE CLEAR SPAN CAN BE MUCH LARGER COMPARED
TO AN EQUIVALENT REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) SLAB, AND THIS HELPS IN THE
FUTURE USE OF THE BUILDING. LASTLY, IT IS VERY MUCH SUITABLE FOR PRECAST
CONSTRUCTION.

5. SHOW SOME TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF PRECAST MEMBERS IN PRESTRESS CONCRETE

6. ENUMERATE THE CLASSIFICATION ON THE TYPES OF PRESTRESSING

- SOURCE OF PRESTRESSING FORCE
- EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL PRESTRESSING
- PRE-TENSIONING OR POST-TENSIONING
 - LINEAR OR CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING
- FULL, LIMITED OR PARTIAL PRESTRESSING
- UNIAXIAL, BIAXIAL OR MULTI-AXIAL PRESTRESSING

7. HOW IS HYDRAULIC PRESTRESSING DONE?

- THE HYDRAULIC JACK USED FOR THE TENSIONING OF TENDONS, COMPRISES OF
CALIBRATED PRESSURE GAUGES WHICH DIRECTLY INDICATE THE MAGNITUDE OF
FORCE DEVELOPED DURING THE TENSIONING.

8. HOW IS ELECTRICAL PRESTRESSING DONE?

- IN THIS TYPE OF PRESTRESSING, THE STEEL WIRES ARE ELECTRICALLY HEATED AND
ANCHORED BEFORE PLACING CONCRETE IN THE MOULDS.

9. HOW IS CHEMICAL PRESTRESSING DONE?

- IN THIS TYPE OF PRESTRESSING, EXPANSIVE CEMENTS ARE USED, AND THE DEGREE
OF EXPANSION IS CONTROLLED BY VARYING THE CURING CONDITIONS.

10. WHAT IS ANOTHER TERM FOR ELECTRICAL PRESTRESSING?

- THERMOELECTRIC PRESTRESSING

11. DIFFERENTIATE INTERNAL FROM EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING.

- WHEN THE PRESTRESSING IS ACHIEVED BY ELEMENTS LOCATED INSIDE THE
CONCRETE MEMBER IT IS INTERNAL PRESTRESSING. WHILE, WHEN THE
PRESTRESSING IS ACHIEVED BY ELEMENTS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE CONCRETE, IT IS
CALLED EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING.

12. DIFFERENTIATE PRE-TENSIONING FROM POST-TENSIONING.

- PRE-TENSIONING IS THE TENSION APPLIED TO THE TENDONS BEFORE CASTING OF
THE CONCRETE. WHILE, TENSION APPLIED TO THE TENDONS (LOCATED IN A DUCT)
AFTER HARDENING OF THE CONCRETE IS POST-TENSIONING

13. HOW IS LINEAR PRESTRESSING DONE? WHAT TYPES OF STRUCTURES CAN WE APPLY
THIS?
- WHEN THE PRESTRESSED MEMBERS ARE STRAIGHT OR FLAT, IN THE DIRECTION OF
PRESTRESSING, THE PRESTRESSING IS CALLED LINEAR PRESTRESSING. THIS CAN BE
USED IN RAILWAY SLEEPERS.

14. HOW IS CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING DONE? ENUMERATE THE TYPES OF STRUCTURES

WHERE THIS IS APPLICABLE.
- WHEN THE PRESTRESSED MEMBERS ARE CURVED, IN THE DIRECTION OF
PRESTRESSING, THE PRESTRESSING IS CALLED CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING. FOR
 EXAMPLE, CIRCUMFERENTIAL PRESTRESSING OF TANKS, SILOS, PIPES AND SIMILAR
STRUCTURES.

15. DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING:

A. FULL PRESTRESSING
- IT IS THE LEVEL OF PRESTRESSING THAT NO TENSILE STRESS IS ALLOWED IN
CONCRETE UNDER SERVICE LOADS.
B. LIMITED PRESTRESSING
- IT IS THE LEVEL OF PRESTRESSING THAT THE TENSILE STRESS UNDER SERVICE LOADS
IS WITHIN THE CRACKING STRESS OF CONCRETE
C. PARTIAL PRESTRESSING
- IT IS THE LEVEL OF PRESTRESSING THAT UNDER TENSILE STRESSES DUE TO SERVICE
LOADS, THE CRACK WIDTH IS WITHIN THE ALLOWABLE LIMIT,

16. DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING:

A. UNAXIAL PRESTRESSING
- WHEN THE PRESTRESSING TENDONS ARE PARALLEL TO ONE AXIS, IT IS CALLED
UNIAXIAL PRESTRESSING
B. BIAXIAL PRESTRESSING
- WHEN THERE ARE PRESTRESSING TENDONS PARALLEL TO TWO AXES, IT IS CALLED
BIAXIAL PRESTRESSING.
C. MULTI-AXIAL PRESTRESSING
- WHEN THE PRESTRESSING TENDONS ARE PARALLEL TO MORE THAN TWO AXES, IT IS
CALLED MULTIAXIAL PRESTRESSING.

17. DISCUSS BRIEFLY THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING PC RAILWAY SLEEPERS FROM

FIRST STAGE TO STORAGE AND DISPATCHING.
- THE STEEL STRANDS ARE STRETCHED IN A STRESS BENCH THAT CAN HOLD FOUR
MOULDS IN A LINE. TWO HYDRAULIC JACKS PUSH A PLATE WHERE THE STRANDS
ARE ANCHORED, AND THE MOVEMENT OF THE RAMS AND OIL PRESSURE ARE
MONITORED BY A SCALE AND GAUGES. THE COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES ARE
BATCHED, MIXED WITH CEMENT, WATER AND ADDITIVES IN A CONCRETE MIXER,
AND THE CONCRETE IS POURED THROUGH A HOPPER AND THE MOULDS ARE
VIBRATED. AFTER THE FINISHING OF THE SURFACE, THE STRESS BENCH IS PLACED IN
A STEAM CURING CHAMBER FOR A FEW HOURS, AND THE STRANDS ARE CUT AND
STACKED FOR CURING IN WATER. AFTER THE COMPLETE CURING, THE SLEEPERS ARE
READY FOR DISPATCHING.

18. DISCUSS ALSO THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING PC GIRDERS.

 - PC GIRDERS ARE PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS USED TO SUPPORT BRIDGES,
BUILDINGS, AND OTHER STRUCTURES. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS INVOLVES
DESIGNING THE GIRDERS ACCORDING TO PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS, PRODUCING
MOLDS MADE OF STEEL TO SHAPE THE CONCRETE, MIXING THE CONCRETE, ADDING
REINFORCEMENT SUCH AS STEEL BARS OR FIBERS, POURING THE CONCRETE INTO
THE MOLDS, AND CURING THE GIRDERS FOR SEVERAL DAYS BEFORE REMOVING
THEM FROM THE MOLDS. THE FINISHED GIRDERS ARE THEN INSPECTED FOR
DEFECTS, TRIMMED TO THE REQUIRED LENGTH, AND TRANSPORTED TO THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE FOR INSTALLATION USING A CRANE. THIS MANUFACTURING
PROCESS IS COMPLEX AND REQUIRES METICULOUS ATTENTION TO DETAIL AND
QUALITY CONTROL TO ENSURE THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF THE FINISHED
PRODUCT.

19. DID THEY USE ORDINARY ROUND BARS AS THAT BEING USED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES.
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20. WHAT KIND OF PRESTRESSING WAS APPLIED TO THE PC GIRDERS?
- BOTH PRE-TENSIONING AND POST-TENSIONING ARE EFFECTIVE METHODS OF
PRESTRESSING PC GIRDERS AND OFFER VARIOUS ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES DEPENDING ON THE PROJECT'S DESIGN AND REQUIREMENTS.