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3 TWO-SOLVENT CRYSTALLIZATION
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• Observe the utility of solubility in a crystallization.
• Know the characteristics that the two-solvent must have to be used in a crystallization.
• Perform the purification of a solid by means of a two-solvent crystallization.
PRACTICAL PROBLEM
The student performs a two-solvent crystallization on a sample and confirm its
purification through the melting point.
REAGENTS
Methanol Ethanol
Hexane Distilled water
Ethyl acetate Activated carbon
Acetone Celite
Sample problem: 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, phenyl benzoate, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole,
benzoin and propylparaben.
Equipment
1 Glass stirrer 1 Beaker (150 mL)
1 Magnetic stirring bar 1 Watch glass
1 Sintered glass funnel with extension 1 Spatula Cr- Ni (20 cm)
1 Quick filter funnel 1 Test tube rack
3 Erlenmeyer flask (50 mL) 1 Heating magnetic stirrer
1 Kitasato flask (125 mL) with hose 1 3-Prong clamp with clamp holder
1 Pipette (10 mL) 1 Test tube clamp
1 Graduated cylinder (25 mL) 1 Electric container for bain-marie
6 Test tubes (16x150 mm) 1 Pewter bowl
2 Coverslips or capillary tubes 1 Fisher-Johns melting point apparatus
PROCEDURE
I.SOLUBILITY IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS (TWO-SOLVENT)
In 6 test tubes place the tip of a spatula (approximately 0.1 g) of sample problem. Add
about 1 mL of solvent (see Table 1), shake and watch. If not all the sample was dissolved,
repeat the procedure until obtaining 3 mL of maximum solvent. If the solid was not dissolved,
we can say that it is insoluble in cold, therefore, heat the sample in a bain-marie until it boils,
adding boiling stones, with constant stirring, taking care to keep the volume of the solution
unchanged. If the sample dissolves, it is cooled to room temperature and then in an ice-
water bath. Observe for crystal formation and record all results in Table 1.
Once the two-solvents has been found, where the substance is very soluble in one
and insoluble in the other (cold and hot), it must be verified that both solvents are miscible.
II. TWO-SOLVENT CRYSTALLIZATION
Before weighing the sample, keep a few granules of the sample to determine the
melting point at the end of crystallization and observe their comparison. The rest of the
sample is weighed and placed in an Erlenmeyer flask, do not forget to add boiling stones.
In another Erlenmeyer flask, heat the solvent (approximately 30 mL) in which the sample
was soluble with boiling stones and heat. The hot solvent is added little by little, stirring
constantly, until a total solution of the sample is obtained (between 10-15 mL of solvent),
maximum 20 mL of solvent.
If the sample contains colored or resinous impurities, before hot filtration, add
activated carbon (remembering to remove the flask from the heating source and allow it to
cool slightly, before adding activated carbon), heat again to boil for 3 minutes with constant
stirring and filter hot (gravity filtration).
The filtrate is slightly concentrated and the solvent in which the sample is insoluble is
added dropwise until a turbidity solution is observed. Stirr the solution and if the turbidity
disappears, the solvent in which the sample is not soluble is added dropwise until the
turbidity remains. A few drops of the first solvent (hot) are then added to remove turbidity
and prevent precipitated material. The resulting saturated solution is allowed to cool to room
temperature, then left in an ice-water bath, inducing crystallization. Once the crystals are
formed, they are separated from the mother solvent by vacuum filtration and allowed to
dry.
REFERENCES
• Mayo D., Dike R., Forbes D., Microscale Organic Laboratory: With Multistep and
Multiscale Syntheses, 5 ed., USA, Wiley, 2011.
• Brewster R. Q., van der Wert C. A., McEwen W. E., Curso Práctico de Química Orgánica,
2 ed., Madrid, Alhambra, 1979.
• Williamson K., Masters K., Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 6 ed.,
USA, Brooks and Cole, 2010.
• Fessenden R. J., Fessenden J. S., Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks and
Cole, USA, 2001.
• Gilbert J. C., Martin S. F., Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale,
5 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2010.
• Vogel A. I., Practical Organic Chemistry, 5 ed., Longman Scientific & Technical, London,
1989.
• Pavia D. L., Lampam G. M., Kriz G. S., Engel R., A Small Scale Approach to Organic
Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
• Pedersen S. F., Myers A. M., Understanding the Principles of Organic Chemistry: A
Laboratory Course, Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
• Armarego W. L. F., Chai C., Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 6 ed., Elsevier, USA,
2009.
Appendix I: Previous knowledge
• Two-solvents:
a. Relationship between solubility and molecular structure.
b. Effect of intermolecular forces on solubility.
c. Protic and aprotic solvents.
d. Importance of solubility tests in crystallization.
e. Interpretation of solubility tests related to the structure of the compound.
f. Polarity, solubility and order of polarity of solvents.
g. Essential precautions for handling solvents.
• Crystallization:
a. Fundamentals of crystallization.
b. Sequence to carry out a two-solvents crystallization.
c. Qualities of two-solvents to carry out a crystallization.
d. Selection of two-solvents and most common two-solvents.
e. Effect of the rate of formation of crystals on their size and purity.
RESIDUES
D1. Hexane D8. Methanol-water
D2. Ethyl acetate D9. Ethanol-water
D3. Acetone D10. Acetone-water
D4. Ethanol D11. Hexane-ethyl acetate
D5. Methanol D12. Broken coverslip
D6. Water D13. Methanol/acetone
D7. Filter paper, cotton, celite
OBJETIVOS ACADÉMICOS
Observar la utilidad de la solubilidad en una cristalización.
Conocer las características que deben de tener el par de disolventes para ser
utilizados en una cristalización.
Realizar la purificación de un sólido mediante una cristalización por par de
disolventes.
PROBLEMA
El alumno efectuará una cristalización por par de disolventes a una muestra y
confirmará su purificación a través del punto de fusión.
REACTIVOS
Metanol
Hexano Agua destilada
Acetato de etilo Carbón activado
Acetona Celita
Etanol
Sustancia problema: 7-hidroxi-4-metilcumarina, benzoato de fenilo, 1,2,3,4-
tetrahidrocarbazol, benzoína y nipasol.
EQUIPO
1 Agitador de vidrio 1 Vaso de precipitados de 150 mL
1 Barra magnética de agitación 1 Vidrio de reloj
1 Embudo de vidrio sinterizado con 1 Espátula Cr- Ni de 20 cm
alargadera
1 Embudo de filtración rápida 1 Gradilla
3 Matraz Erlenmeyer de 50mL 1 Parrilla con agitación magnética
1 Pinza de tres dedos con nuez
1 Matraz Kitasato de 125 mL con 1 Pinza para tubo de ensayo
manguera
1 Pipeta de 10 mL 1 Recipiente eléctrico para baño
María
1 Probeta de 25 mL 1 Recipiente de peltre
6 Tubos de ensayo 16x150 mm 1 Aparato Fisher-Johns
2 cubreobjetos o tubos capilares
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DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL
I. SOLUBILIDAD EN DISOLVENTES ORGÁNICOS (PAR DE DISOLVENTES)
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deja en un baño de hielo-agua, induciendo la cristalización. Una vez formados los cristales,
se separan del disolvente madre por filtración al vacío y se dejan secar.
Para obtener material adicional (segunda cosecha), del disolvente madre se pueden
concentrar un poco, cuidando de que el disolvente que se elimine sea aquel en el que el
producto sea más soluble. Finalmente, cuando los cristales estén totalmente secos, se
pesan para calcular el rendimiento y se determina el punto de fusión.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Mayo D., Dike R., Forbes D., Microscale Organic Laboratory: with Multistep and
Multiscale Syntheses, 5 ed., USA, Wiley, 2011.
Brewster R. Q., van der Wert C. A., McEwen W. E., Curso Práctico de Química Orgánica,
2 ed., Madrid, Alhambra, 1979.
Williamson K., Masters K., Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 6 ed.,
USA, Brooks and Cole, 2010.
Fessenden R. J., Fessenden J. S., Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks and
Cole, USA, 2001.
Gilbert J. C., Martin S. F., Experimental Organic Chemistry A Miniscale and Microscale,
5 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2010.
Vogel A. I., Practical Organic Chemistry, 5 ed., Longman Scientific & Technical, London,
1989.
Pavia D. L., Lampam G. M., Kriz G. S. Engel R., A Small Scale Approach to Organic
Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
Pedersen S. F., Myers A. M., Understanding the Principles of Organic Chemistry: A
Laboratory Course, Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
Armarego W. L. F., Chai C., Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 6 ed., British, USA,
2009.
Cristalización:
a) Fundamentos de cristalización.
b) Secuencia para realizar una cristalización por par de disolventes.
c) Cualidades del par de disolventes para llevar a cabo una cristalización.
d) Selección de pares de disolventes y par de disolventes más comunes.
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e) Efecto de la velocidad de formación de los cristales en su tamaño y pureza.
RESIDUOS
D1. Hexano D8. Metanol-agua
D2. Acetato de etilo D9. Etanol-agua
D3. Acetona D10. Acetona-agua
D4. Etanol D11. Hexano-acetato de etilo
D5. Metanol D12. Cubre-objetos rotos
D6. Agua D13. Metanol/acetona
D7. Papel filtro, algodón, celita
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