COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Engineering Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

_____________________________________
CABALLERO, DARYL T. _______________
09/16/21
Family Name First Name Middle Initial Date Submitted

BSCE – 1
____________________________________
M21 2 _______________
ENGR. DANGIN, ROSARIO G.
Course & Year Section Group Instructor
Number

Experiment No. __2__

CALORIMETRY
__________________________________
Title of the Experiment
I. Objective/s:
• 1. To demonstrate ability to simple calorimetry experiment
• 2.To analyze calorimetry results to calculate the specific heat of
unknown metals.
II. Apparatus:
2 - 6 oz. styrofoam cups Wire gauze
2 thermometers Bunsen burner
3 test tubes Crucible tong
1 -250Ml beaker Iron ring
2 -400 mL beakers
cut Styrofoam cup or cardboard cut into 4” squares with a small hole in the middle

III. Materials: unknown pure metal samples that will fit in a 22-mm test tube.
 IV. Procedure and Observation:

The purpose of the experiment is to evaluate calorimetry findings in order to determine

the specific heat of unknown metals and to show calorimetry experiment capability.

Weigh a small piece of dry metal. Make a note of the mass and the metal's name.
Transfer the metal sample into a clean dry test tube with caution, and place a thermometer next
to it. Place the test tube in an empty 400 mL beaker and attach this to an iron stand. The test
tube's base must be at least one-half inch above the beaker's bottom. Ensure the beaker's
elevation is adjusted such that the hottest area of the flame is at the bottom of the beaker. Fill
the beaker halfway with tap water, so that the water level is around two inches higher than the
metal sample's top. The test tube should not contain any water.

Beaker's water should be heated. Keep an eye on the water while you work and notice
when it begins to boil. Turn down the heat, but leave the water gently boiling until you're ready
to use it. Transferring the metal to the calorimeter should not be performed until the water has
boiled for about 10 minutes and the temperature in the test tube has stabilized before
proceeding. Weigh and record the mass of two dry Styrofoam cups nested together. Styrofoam
cups filled with 50 mL of water are placed in a nested configuration and weighed and recorded.

Using the cardboard lid or a cut styrofoam cup, put a thermometer through the hole. A
calorimeter is a set of nesting cups with a cardboard lid and a thermometer. Place your
calorimeter in a small beaker to prevent it from falling over and damaging your thermometer.
Styrofoam cup must be immediately on top of the cardboard cover, not the beaker itself. In a
Styrofoam cup, measure and record the water's temperature. When you're ready to transfer the
heated metal into the calorimeter, keep your thermometer under the lid until you're ready to do
so.

That's opportunity to implement observations. After 10 minutes of medium heat, take

note of how long it took for the temperature to stabilize in the beaker's metal tube. So that it
doesn't get mixed up with the thermometer used in the calorimeter, remove and set aside the
test tube thermometer.

Place a little amount of metal in a test tube and put it into the calorimeter. Importantly,
the transfer must occur promptly and with care in order to limit heat loss to the environment and
prevent splashing. Remove the calorimeter's cardboard lid and thermometer. It needs to unlatch
and remove the test tube clamp from the iron stand, then swiftly slip the metal into the water in
the calorimeter. Styrofoam cup immediately covered with cardboard and thermometer. As
now, just continue stirring, keep an eye on the temperature. It is important to note the
temperature after it has been stable for approximately a minute. Using additional metals that are
unknown, repeat the method as described previously.
 All computations should be shown in full entirety. Be sure to figure out what proportion of
the work is inaccurate. The specific heat of every given metal should be plotted against the
respective metal’s atomic mass to create a graph.
V. Illustration
 VI. Tables and Calculations

Table 1: Calorimetry Data

METAL A METAL B METAL C METAL D

MASS OF WATER mw 50g 50g 50g 50g

INITIAL TEMPERATURE OF
WATER IN THE Twi 28°C 28°C 28°C 28°C
CALORIMETER

FINAL TEMPERATURE OF
WATER AND METAL Tf 29°C 30°C 29°C 28.5°C

CHANGE IN
TEMPERATURE OF Tw 1°C 2°C 1°C 0.5°C
WATER IN THE
CALORIMETER

SPECIFIC HEAT OF Cpw 4.184 J/g°C

WATER

HEAT GAINED BY WATER Qw 209.2 J 418.4 J 209.2 J 104.6 J

Table 2: Experimental Data for Unknown Metal Samples

Metal A Metal B Metal C Metal D

Mass of metal sample mx

6.3 g 6.15 g 7.65 g 1.70 g

Temperature of heated metal sample

Txi 95°C 98°C 100°C 96°C

Final temperature of water and metal

Tf 29°C 30°C 29°C 28.5°C

Change of temperature of metal

Tx -66°C -68°C -71°C -67.5°C

Heat lost by metal

Qx 209.2 J 418.4 J 209.2 J 104.6 J

Calculated Specific heat of metal

Cpx 0.5031 1.0005 0.3852 0.9115
J/g°C J/g°C J/g°C J/g°C
Name of the metal
Iron Magnesium Copper Aluminum
Specific Heat of Metals:

Metals Standard specific Calculated specific

heat heat Percentage Error
(Theoretical Value) (Experimental value)
Aluminum 0.9115 J/g°C 1.28%
0.900 J/g°C

Copper 0.3852 J/g°C 0.84%

0.382 J/g°C

Iron 0.5031 J/g°C 12.80%

0.446 J/g°C

Magnesium 1.0005 J/g°C 1.91%

1.020J/g°C
VII. Discussion of Results

System exchanges energy with its environment through heat and work. Therefore,
100% of the energy change is converted to heat in processes that do not include gases
(Francis D. Reardon et al., 2006). When determining the quantity of heat, that enters or
leaves the environment, a technique called calorimetry is used (heat measurement). In a
calorimeter, there's an insulated container, a thermometer, a mass of water, and the system
to be investigated, all together. Using an insulated container (in this case a Styrofoam cup)
allows us to assume that heat does not pass through the calorimeter walls.

Using a standardized instrument (calorimeter), heat is transferred. The calorimeter

changes the temperature change of the measuring component into the quantity of heat
(since the previous calibration was used to establish its heat capacity). It is necessary to
define a process (the substance or substances experiencing the chemical or physical
change) and its surroundings in order to quantify heat transfer (the other components of the
measurement apparatus that serve to either provide heat to the system or absorb heat from
the system).

Calorimeters can be used to measure heat of reaction in solutions. The heat

produced by these reactions is absorbed by the metals sample, increasing its temperature.
An endothermic process requires heat that is absorbed from the thermal energy of the
solution, which lowers the temperature of the solution as a result. Both cases can be
calculated by using the temperature change, together with specific heat and mass of a
substance.

These can be used for reliable measurements of the amount of heat generated
during chemical reactions, the energy content in foods, etc. (www.vedantu.com, 2020).
Styrofoam cups are commonly used by general chemistry students to create basic
calorimeters. Coffee cup calorimeters, which are easy to use, allow for more heat exchange
with their environment, and consequently provide less accurate energy measurements.

In the experiment, the metals after heated changes its temperature when putting in
the calorimeter that there is a heat lost by the metals that resulted to have calculated
specific heat of metal (experimental value) and identified the name of each pure metal
sample. Calculating the percentage error to compare theoretical and experimental values
shows that there’s just a small gap of using different methods of examining the changes of
temperature of the metals to evaluate heat lost and identify the metal by using the
calorimeter.

When it comes to calorimetry, it is assumed that any energy acquired or lost by water
is equivalent to any energy gained or lost by the item being studied (Michelle Dube et al.,
2020). If a coffee cup calorimeter is used to measure the specific heat of fusion of ice, then
the hypothesis is that the energy acquired by the ice during melting is equivalent to the
energy lost by the surrounding water throughout the process. A heat exchange is intended
to take place between ice and water in the cup, with no other items participating in the
exchange of heat.
 When used in a coffee cup calorimeter, the Styrofoam reduces the amount of heat
exchange that occurs between the coffee cup's water and the air around it
(www.webassign.net). Because it limits heat transmission between water and the
surrounding air, a lid on a coffee cup is useful. With each reduction in temperature, the
mathematical equation above will become more accurate. Error analysis of calorimetry
experiments must take into account heat movement from system and calorimeter into other
portions of surrounding environment during analysis.
 VIII. Significance of the Experiment

Temperature can be measured through calorimetry, which is why thermodynamics relies

on it. This means that a reaction must be separated from its surroundings in order to accurately
quantify its heat output. With the use of an insulation device known as a calorimeter, heat may
be contained more effectively. Using coffee cups as a calorimeter is a quick and straightforward
way to measure temperature.

Calorimetry is crucial in many industries and academic contexts. Calorimeters that

measure the quantity of heat (calories) in food are known oxygen bomb calorimeters, and they
are used in food testing facilities. Calorimetry is an essential factor in biological investigation
since it measures the temperature of a substance. When it comes to chemical processes and
biological reactions, calorimetry is a frequently used method to measure the heat produced.
Because calorimetry requires no complicated equipment and can measure small energy
changes, it is an interesting option. In addition to life science and clinical medicine, calorimetry
may be utilized in pharmacology, biotechnology, ecology and environmental research, among
many other fields.

Heat transfer between two states or environments produced by chemical and physical
changes is measured using calorimetry in the experiment. Scientists use calorimetry to calculate
temperature changes depending on how much heat is absorbed or lost by a system during a
process. When it comes to calorimetry in the experiment, it means the "law of energy
conservation". If people take it literally, this phrase indicates that the total quantity of heat that
an object absorbs and releases is equal.
IX. References

Francis D. Reardon et al. “The Snellen human calorimeter revisited, re-engineered and
upgraded: Design and performance characteristics.” Medical and Biological Engineering and
Computing 8 (2006) 721–28, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11517-006-0086-5.

“Supplemental Modules (Physical and Theoretical Chemistry)” Physical & Theoretical

Chemistry (2020),
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook
_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/
Calorimetry?fbclid=IwAR31vbEK_CzzRhRg6ARp9qpd-
9OqwPgo9OOZDpZhS5jqIQYJryNHTAV_N40

Michelle Dube et al. “Supplemental Modules (Physical and Theoretical Chemistry)” Physical
& Theoretical Chemistry (2020),
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook
_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/
Calorimetry/Constant_Pressure_Calorimetry

“Principle Of Calorimetry” (2020) https://www.vedantu.com/physics/principle-of-

calorimetry?fbclid=IwAR1p7TOby8nSpg3py2Jc27d9JuvhcMlxx7lqvFWQvFqlELnfafN_ainD9
qg

“General Chemistry II Labs” First Edition, NC State University Chemistry Department (2013),
https://www.webassign.net/question_assets/ncsugenchem202labv1/lab_4/manual.html?fbcli
d=IwAR32xt0Is066FA0FwgotRi-onwhUzC3xSGZysHEqFn-M48OEE_xnBOOT5PQ