M.I.E.T. Engineering College Chemistry Lab Manual

M.I.E.T.
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.)
UG - CSE, EEE & MECH Programs Accredited by NBA, New Delhi.
TRICHY – PUDUKKOTTAI ROAD, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 007.
Email: principalengg@miet.edu, contact@miet.edu
Website: - www.miet.edu
Ph: 0431 – 2660 303
Chemistry Lab Manual

(BS3171 – Chemistry Laboratory)
As per the syllabus of Anna University Chennai

(Regulation 2021)
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
A chemistry laboratory is essentially a place where you learn to determine the qualitative and
quantitative analysis. It gives greater insight into the knowledge of science and true implications of its
broad working principles.
Laboratory practice gives you through training in honest and efficient work culture. It develops
in you habit applications of understanding in industry. It is the laboratory where the remarkable
inventions have been made.
John Dalton and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and so many others devotees of science point out
clearly to the fact that notable discoveries have all been made in a laboratory.
A laboratory is in fact, a place of worship where young engineers should equip themselves for
something higher and nobler-a search for truth and discovering of the mysteries of nature.
Genuine laboratory practice should produce a scientific consciousness among our students,
induce them to harder and systematic work, discipline their mind, regulate their thinking, develop in
them a keen sense of observation and thus increase their efficiency manifold.
Hence all the first year B.E/B.Tech students are advised to do the chemistry laboratory more
effectively and efficiently and try to acquire more knowledge.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Students are instructed to follow the guidelines given below while doing the chemistry lab experiments.
1. Study the experiment very carefully and understand the steps in carrying out the work
2. Check that all the required apparatus are available.
3. Keep a notebook for record the observation of the experiment. In the notebook, Write the title of the
Experiment, Experiment No. and the date.
4. Write the working formula with a clear explanation of the symbols.
5. Do the work neatly and methodically.
6. Record all the data in your notebook systematically in a tabular form as far as possible.
7. If a mistake is made in recording a value, strike off and write the new value by it side and avoid
over writing.
8. Do all the calculations neatly and enter the result in the notebook with units in the final result.
Note: The students must be carried out at least Seven experiments per semester as per Anna
University, Chennai requirements.
Page 2
BS3171 CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY: (Any seven experiments to be conducted)
1. Preparation of Na2CO3 as a primary standard and estimation of acidity of a water

sample using the primary standard
2. Determination of types and amount of alkalinity in water sample.
- Split the first experiment into two

3. Determination of total, temporary & permanent hardness of water by EDTA method.
4. Determination of DO content of water sample by Winkler’s method.
5. Determination of chloride content of water sample by Argentometric method.
6. Estimation of copper content of the given solution by Iodometry.
7. Determination of strength of given hydrochloric acid using pH meter.
8. Determination of strength of acids in a mixture of acids using conductivity meter.
9. Conductometric titration of barium chloride against sodium sulphate (precipitation

titration)
10. Estimation of iron content of the given solution using potentiometer.
Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No Date Experiment Page No Marks Sign
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Page 4
TITRATION-I
STANDARDISATION OF HCl
STANDARD Na2CO3 Vs HCl
S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume Concordant

Std. Na2CO3 Initial Final of HCl Value Indicator
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
Methyl Orange
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of Standard Na2CO3 VI = 20 ml
Strength of Standard Na2CO3 N1 = 0.1 N
Volume of HCl V 2 = ml
Strength of HCl N2 = ?
According to volumetric law, VIN = V2N2
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of HCl = N
Page 5
DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE

Expt.No:1
Date:
AIM:
To determine the types and amount of alkalinity present in the given water sample in ppm. A
standard solution of Na2CO3 of strength 0.1 N is given.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
1. Hydrochloric acid
2. Water sample
3. Sodium hydroxide
4. Sodium carbonate
5. Sodium bicarbonate
6. Phenolphthalein
7. Methyl orange.
PRINCIPLE:
Natural water may contain alkalinity due to the presence of hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate.
There are five alkalinity conditions possible in a given sample of water, hydroxide only, carbonate only,
bicarbonate only, combination of carbonate and hydroxide or carbonate and bicarbonate. The various
alkalinities can be estimated by titrating with a standard acid using phenolphthalein and methyl orange
indicators successively.
(i)Phenolphthalein end point
Hydroxide alkalinity is completely neutralized and carbonate alkalinity is partially neutralized
during phenolphthalein end point.
OH- + H+ H2O
CO32- + H+ HCO3-
(ii) Methyl Orange end point
Bicarbonate neutralization occurs during methyl orange end point
HCO3- + H+  CO2 + H2O
From the two titre values the different alkalinity are calculated.
Page 6
TITRATION-II
ESTIMATION OF ALKALINITY
Volume Volume of Std. HCl (ml) Indicator

of Phenolphthalein Concordant Methyl Concordant &
S.No water End point(ml) value (ml) orange value (ml) End point
sample End
(ml) (P) (P) point(ml) (M)
(M)
i. Phenolphthalein
&
1. 20 Disappearance of
pink colour
ii. Methyl orange
&
2. 20 Pale yellow to
pink colour
(Water sample Vs Standardized HCl)
ALKALINITY TABLE
Result of Titration Alkalinity due to ions

S.No of P and M
OH- CO32- HCO3-
1 P=0 0 0 M
2 P=M P or M 0 0
3 P=1/2 M 0 2P or M 0
4 P>1/2 M 2P-M 2M-2P 0
5 P<1/2 M 0 2P M-2P
When, P=M, hydroxide alkalinity
Page 7
2P=M, carbonate alkalinity

P=0, bicarbonate alkalinity
P<1/2M carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity
P>1/2M hydroxide and carbonate
CO2-3 =2P
HCO-3=M-2P
CO2-3 =2(M-P)
OH-=2P-M
Alkalinity values are expressed in terms of milligram per litre as calcium carbonate.
PROCEDURE:
TITRATION-I
Standardisation of HCl
The burette is washed and rinsed with the given hydrochloric acid. Then the burette is filled
with Hydrochloric acid. 20 ml of std. Na2CO3 is pipetted out in a clean conical flask. A drop of methyl
orange indicator is added. Pink colour is observed. This solution is titrated against the standard acid until
pink colour is disappeared. The end point is noted. The titration is repeated for concordant value.
TITRATION-II
Determination of Alkalinity
(With phenolphthalein indicator)
The burette is washed and rinsed with the given hydrochloric acid. Then the burette is filled
with Hydrochloric acid. 20 ml of water sample is pipetted out in a clean conical flask. A drop of
phenolphthalein indicator is added. Pink colour is observed. This solution is titrated against the standard
acid until pink colour is disappeared. The end point is noted. This titre value corresponds to
phenolphthalein end point (P).
(With methyl orange indicator)

Few drops of methyl orange indicator is added to the same solution after the phenolphthalein
end point. The titration is continued until the solution becomes red orange. The total titre value is noted.
This titre value corresponds to methyl orange end point (M). The titration is repeated for concordant
values. From the titre values the amount of each alkalinity present in given water sample is calculated.
Calculations: Normality of HCl (N1) = 0.1N
Page 8
1. When P=0 M x N1 x 50 x 1000

___________________ =_____________ppm
20
2. When P=M P or M x N1 x 50 x 1000 =_____________ppm
20
3. When P=1/2M 2P or M x N1 x 50 x 1000

_____________________ =______________ppm
20
4. When P>1/2M
(2P –M) x N1 x 50 x 1000

For OH- = _____________________ = ______________ppm
20
(2M –2P) x N1 x 50 x 1000

For CO3 =
2-
_____________________ =_______________ppm
20
5. When P<1/2M
(M-2P) x N1 x 50 x 1000
For HCO3 = -
_____________________ = ______________ppm
20
2P x N1 x 50 x 1000
For CO3 =
2-
_____________________ =_______________ppm
20
RESULT:
Water sample contains the following alkalinity
1. Carbonate alkalinity = _______________ ppm

2. Bicarbonate alkalinity =_______________ ppm
3. Total alkalinity =________________ ppm.
Page 9
STRUCTURE OF EDTA
STRUCTURE OF ERIOCHROME BLACK-T ( EBT-Indicator)
Page 10
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY

HARDNESS OF WATER SAMPLE BY EDTA METHOD
Expt.No:2
Date:
AIM:
To determine the total hardness, permanent hardness and temporary hardness in the given sample
of hard water by EDTA method. Standard hard water and EDTA solution are provided.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
1. EDTA or Na2 EDTA

2. Ammonium chloride
3. Ammonium hydroxide
4. Eriochrome Black-T(EBT)
5. Calcium carbonate
6. Concentrated Hydrochloric acid.
PRINCIPLE:
Water is said to be hard, when it contains Ca2+and Mg2+ ions or any other heavy metal ions(other
than alkali metal ion).
Disodium salt of EDTA is used to estimate the various hardness of the given hard water
containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. When EDTA is added to hard water, it reacts with calcium and
magnesium ions present in hard water to form stable EDTA metal complexes. From the volume of
EDTA consumed the hardness can be calculated. Eriochrome Black-T is used as an indicator. The
indicator forms a weak complex with the metal ions present in the hard water and gives wine red colour.
pH=8-10
[ Ca2+ / Mg2+ ] + EBT [Ca2+ / Mg2+ - EBT]
Hard water Indicator Wine red coloured complex
(Unstable)
When EDTA is added into the hard water, the metal ions form a stable metal complex with
EDTA by leaving the indicator. When all the metal ions are taken by EDTA from the indicator metal ion
complex, the wine red colour changes into steel blue, which denotes the end point. The metal EDTA
complex is stable at pH 8-10. This pH range can be maintained by adding ammonia buffer
(NH4Cl + NH4OH).
pH=8-10
[Ca / Mg - EBT ] + EDTA
2+ 2+
[Ca2+ / Mg2+ - EDTA] + EBT
Wine red colour Stable complex Steel blue
Page 11
TITRATION-I
STANDARDISATION OF EDTA
STANDARD HARD WATER Vs EDTA
STEP:1

Std.hard water Initial Final of EDTA Value Indicator
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
EBT
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of standard hard water VI = 20 ml
Strength of standard hard water N1 = 0.01 N
Volume of EDTA V2 = ml
Strength of EDTA N2 = ?
According to volumetric law VIN1 = V2N2
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of EDTA = N
PROCEDURE:
Page 12
TITRATION-I
Standardisation of EDTA
Step-I:
The burette is washed well with the distilled water and then rinsed with a little amount of the
given EDTA solution. It is then filled with the same EDTA solution upto the zero level without air
bubbles. Initial reading of the burette is noted. 20ml of standard hard water solution is pipetted out into a
clean conical flask. 5ml of ammonia buffer solution and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator are
added. The solution turns wine red in colour and it is then titrated against EDTA taken in the burette.
The change of wine red colour to steel blue colour is the end point. The final reading in the burette is
noted. The difference in the burette reading gives the volume of the EDTA solution. The titration is
repeated to get concordant value.
Let the volume of EDTA be V1 ml
Page 13
TITRATION- II
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS
STANDARD EDTA Vs HARD WATER SAMPLE
STEP: 2
S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of Concordant
hard water Initial Final EDTA Value
sample (ml) (ml) (ml) Indicator
(ml)
1. 20 0
EBT
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of EDTA V1 = ml
Strength of EDTA N1 = N
Volume of Hard water sample V2 = 20 ml
Strength of Hard water sample N2 = ?
According to volumetric law V1N1 = V2N2
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of Hard water sample = N
Total hardness of Hard water sample = Strength x Eq.Wt of CaCO3 mg/l
=________ N x 50 x 1000 mg/l
=_____________ ppm
Page 14
Step-II:
TITRATION-II
Estimation of Total Hardness of Hard water Sample.
20 ml of the given hard water sample is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. 5 ml of ammonia
buffer solution and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator are added. The solution turns wine red in
colour. This solution is titrated against EDTA solution taken in the burette. The change of wine red
colour into steel blue colour is the end point. The titration is repeated to get concordant value.
Page 15
TITRATION- III
ESTIMATION OF PERMANENT HARDNESS
STANDARD EDTA Vs BOILED HARD WATER
STEP: 3
Boiled hard Initial Final EDTA Value
water sample (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) Indicator
(ml)
1. 20 0
EBT
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of EDTA, V1 = ml
Strength of EDTA, N1 = N
Volume of Boiled Hard water V2 = 20 ml
Strength of Boiled Hard water N2 = ?
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of Hard water sample = N
Permanentl hardness of Hard water sample = Strength x Eq.Wt of CaCO3 g/l
=________ N x 50 x 1000 mg/l
=_____________ ppm
Page 16
Step-III:
TITRATION-III
Estimation of Permanent Hardness of Hard water Sample.
20 ml of the given Boiled hard water is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. 5 ml of ammonia
buffer solution and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator are added. The solution turns wine red in
colour. This solution is titrated against EDTA solution taken in the burette. The change of wine red
colour into steel blue colour is the end point. The titration is repeated to get concordant value.
Step-IV TEMPORARY HARDNESS
Temporary hardness= Total hardness – Permanent hardness
= ……………… ppm.
RESULT:
1. The amount of Total hardness of the given sample of water = ________ ppm
2. The amount of Permanent hardness of the given sample of water = ________ ppm
3. The amount of Temporary hardness of the given sample of water = ________ ppm
Page 17
STANDARDISATION OF SILVER NITRATE
TITRATION- I
STANDARD NaCl Vs AgNO3
Volume of Burette Reading Volume of Concordant

S.No Std.NaCl AgNO3 Value Indicator
(ml) Initial Final (ml) (ml)
(ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
K2CrO4
2. 20 0
Calculation :
Volume of Sodium chloride V1 = 20 ml
Strength of Sodium chloride N1 = 0.01 N
Volume of Silver nitrate V2 = ml
Strength of Silver nitrate N2 = ?
N2 = V1N1
V2
= 20 x 0.01
……ml
Strength of silver nitrate = N
ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT IN WATER

BY (ARGENTOMETRIC) METHOD
Expt.No:3
Page 18
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Chloride present in the given water sample in ppm, being supplied
with standard solution of sodium chloride of strength 0.01N and a link solution of silver nitrate.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
1. Sodium chloride
2. Silver nitrate
3. Potassium chromate
4. Water sample
PRINICIPLE:
Generally water contains chloride ions (Cl-) in the form of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2. The
concentration of chloride ions more than 250 ppm is not desirable for drinking purpose. The total
chloride ions can be determined by argentometric method (Mohr’s Method).
In this method Cl- ions solution is directly titrated against AgNO 3 using potassium chromate
(K2CrO4) as the indicator.
AgNO3 + Cl-  AgCl + NO-3
(in water) (White precipitate)
At the end point, when all the Cl- ions are removed. The yellow colour of chromate changes into
reddish brown due to following reaction.
2AgNO3 + K2CrO4  Ag2CrO4 + KNO3
(yellow) (Reddish brown)
Page 19
ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDE ION IN WATER SAMPLE
TITRATION- II
STANDARD AgNO3 Vs WATER SAMPLE
Calculation :
water sample Initial Final AgNO3 Value
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) Indicator
1. 20 0
K2CrO4
2. 20 0
Volume of silver nitrate V1 = ml
Strength of silver nitrate N1 = N
Volume of water sample (Cl- ion) V2 = ml
Strength of water sample (Cl- ion) N2 = ?
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of water sample = N
Amount of Cl- ion present one litre of water sample = Eq.Wt.of Cl- ion x strength of water sample
= 35.5 x ____ Nx1000 mg
= _________ mg/l or ppm.
PROCEDURE:
Page 20
Step-I:
TITRATION-1
Standardisation of AgNO3
The burette is washed well with distilled water and rinsed with the small amount of AgNO 3
solution. It is then filled with the same solution upto the zero mark without any air bubbles.
The pipette is washed with distilled water and rinsed with the small amount of standard NaCl
solution. 20 ml of this solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask 1 ml of 2% K 2CrO4 indicator
solution is added and titrated against AgNO 3 solution taken in the burette. The end point is the change of
colour from yellow to reddish brown. The titration is repeated for concordant value.
Step-II:
TITRATION-II
Estimation of chloride ion
20 ml of the given water sample is pipetted out into a clean conical flask and 1 ml of 2% K 2CrO4
indicator solution is added. It is then titrated against standardized AgNO 3 solution taken in the burette.
The end point is the change of colour from yellow to reddish brown.
RESULT:
The amount of chloride ion present in the whole of the given water sample = _______ ppm
TABLE
Page 21
HCl Vs NaOH
S.No Volume of NaOH pH ΔpH ΔV ΔpH/ ΔV

(ml)
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
9 8
10 9
11 10
12 11
13 12
14 13
15 14
16 15
17 16
18 17
19 18
20 19
21 20
22 21
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF GIVEN HCl USING pH METER
Expt.No:4
Page 22
Date:
AIM:
To determine the strength of given HCl by pH metry, a standard solution of NaOH of 0.5 N is
provided.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
i.) pH meter
ii.) Glass electrode
iii.) Beaker
iv.) Standard N/20 NaOH
v.) Approximately N/10 HCl
vi.) Burette, pipette, Glass rod, distilled water etc.,
PRINCIPLE:
Since the pH of the solution is related to the H+ ion concentration by the following formula.
pH= -log[H+]
Measurement of pH of the solution gives the concentration of H + ions in the solution. When NaOH is
added slowly from the burette to the solution of HCl, the fast moving H + ions are progressively replaced
by slow moving Na+ ion. As a result pH of the solution increases.
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
The increase in pH takes place until all the H + ion are completely neutralized (upto the end point).
After the end point, further addition of NaOH increases pH sharply as there is an excess of fast moving
OH- ion.
Model Graph : Graph-I
Page 23
Graph-II
Calculation:
Volume of NaOH V1 = __________ml (titre value)
Strength of NaOH N1 = 0.2 N
Volume of HCl V2 = 40 ml
Strength of HCl N2 = __________?
Strength of HCl = x 0.2 = ______N

________________
40
The amount of HCl present

in 1 L of the given solution = Strength x Eq.Wt. of HCl
= ________ x36.45
= _________g.
Page 24
PROCEDURE:
The burette is washed with water and then filled with Std.NaOH solution. Exactly 40 ml of the
given HCl solution is pipette out into a clean 100 ml beaker. The pH electrode is dipped in it and
connected with a pH meter.
TITRATION
The titration is carried out by adding std.NaOH solution in portions of 1 ml from the burette to the
HCl solution taken in the beaker and pH of the solution is noted for each addition. This process is
continued until at least 5 readings are taken after the end point, and the range at which the end point lies
is found out by plotting volume of NaOH added against pH(graph-I).
The accurate end point is found out by plotting ΔpH/ΔV against volume of NaOH added (graph II).
From the end point, the strength of HCl solution and hence the amount of HCl can be calculated.
RESULT:
1. The Strength of the given HCl solution = __________N
2. The amount of HCl present in 1 litre of the solution =__________g.
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF ACID IN A MIXTURE OF ACIDS USING CONDUCTIVITY METER.
Page 25
Table-I
(HCl + CH3COOH) Vs NaOH
S.No Volume of NaOH (ml) Conductance (mho)

1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
9 8
10 9
11 10
12 11
13 12
14 13
15 14
16 15
17 16
18 17
19 18
20 19
21 20
22 21
23 22
24 23
25 24
Model Graph
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF ACID IN A MIXTURE OF ACIDS USING

CONDUCTIVITY METER.
Page 26
Expt.No:5
Date:
AIM:
To determine the amount of a strong acid and a weak acid (HCl & CH 3COOH) present in one
litre of the given mixture of acid solution by conductometric method using standard (0.2N) NaOH
solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Conductivity bridge
2. Conductivity cell
3. 100 ml beaker
4. Standard N/20 NaOH
5. Approximately N/10 HCl & CH3COOH
6. Burette, Pipette, Glass rod, Distilled water etc.
PRINCIPLE:
Solution of electrolytes conducts electricity due to the presence of ions. The specific conductance
of a solution is proportional to the concentration of ions in it, conductance of the solution is measured
during titration.
When a mixture of acids is titrated with a strong base, the acids are neutralized one by one,
strong acid first and weak acid next.
The neutralization reactions can be represented as
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O (Neutralisation I)
After the complete neutralization of all HCl, the neutralization of CH3COOH starts.
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O (Neutralisation II)
Since CH3COONa is stronger electrolyte than CH3COOH, conductivity slowly increases until all
CH3COOH is completely neutralized. When the end point is reached, addition of NaOH will cause
sudden increase in the conductance. This is due to the presence of fast moving hydroxide ions.
Calculation of Strength of HCl
Page 27
Volume of the NaOH V1 = ______(A) ml( I titre value)

Strength of the NaOH N1 = 0.2N
Volume of the mixture (HCl) V2 = 40 ml
Strength of the mixture (HCl) N2 =______?
According to the law of Volumetric analysis V1N1 = V2N2
N1 = V2N2/ V1
= …………..ml x 0.2N
____________
40
Strength of HCl =………………..N
Calculation of amount of HCl
The amount of HCl present
in 1000 ml of the given solution} = Strength of HCl x Eq.wt.of HCl
= …………….N x 36.5
= ……………..g.
Calculation of Strength of CH3COOH
Volume of the NaOH V1 = ______(B-A) ml( II titre value)

Strength of the NaOH N1 = 0.2N
Volume of the mixture (CH3COOH) V2 = 40 ml
Strength of the mixture (CH3COOH) N2 =______?
According to the law of Volumetric analysis V1N1 = V2N2
N1 = V2N2/ V1
…………..ml x 0.2N
= _____________
40
Strength of CH3COOH =………………..N
Calculation of amount of CH3COOH
The amount of CH3COOH present
in 1000 ml of the given solution} = Strength of CH3COOH x Eq.wt.of CH3COOH
= ……………..g.
Page 28
PROCEDURE:
The burette is washed well with water and rinsed with the given standard NaOH solution. It is
then filled with NaOH solution upto the zero level. 40 ml of the given mixture of acids (HCl +
CH3COOH) is pipetted out into a clean 100 ml beaker. The conductivity cell is placed in it, so that the
electrodes are well immersed in the solution. The two terminals of the cell are connected with a
conductivity bridge.
Now 1 ml of NaOH from the burette is added to the solution, taken in the beaker, stirred for
some time and then conductivity is measured (The conductivity is going on decreasing upto the end
point). This process is repeated until at least five readings are taken after the end point (A) has been
reached. After the end point, again NaOH is gradually added, which causes increase in conductance.
This increase in conductance is observed until the end point (B) is reached.
After the second end point, sudden increase in conductance is observed on further addition of
NaOH. The reading (conductivity) is continuously measured for each addition of NaOH and are
tabulated. Now the graph is plotted between the volume of NaOH Vs conductivity. From the graph then
first end point (A) and the second end point (B) are noted. From the end points the amount of HCl and
CH3COOH present in 1 litre of the mixture of solution is calculated.
RESULT:
1. The amount of HCl present in 1 litre of the given solution = ______g.
2. The amount of CH3COOH present in 1 litre of the given solution = ______g.
Page 29
Table
Standard K2Cr2O7 Vs Ferrous ion solution
Volume of Ferrous ion solution = 40 ml
S.No Volume of K2Cr2O7 EMF ΔE ΔV ΔE/ ΔV

(ml) (volts) (volts) (ml) Volts/ml
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
9 8
10 9
11 10
12 11
13 12
14 13
15 14
16 15
17 16
18 17
19 18
20 19
ESTIMATION OF IRON CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOLUTION USING
POTENTIOMETER.
Page 30
Expt.No:6
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of ferrous ion present in whole of the given solution by
potentiometrically. A standard solution of potassium dichromate of strength 0.1020 N is provided.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Potentiometer
2. Pt electrode
3. Saturated Calomel electrode
4. Standard K2Cr2O7 (0.2 N)
5. Given ferrous ion solution.
6. Burette, pipette, glass rod, Distilled water etc.,
7. Dilute sulphuric acid
PRINICIPLE:
Potentiometric titration depends on measurement of emf between reference electrode and an
indicator electrode. When a solution of ferrous iron is titrated with a solution of potassium dichromate,
the following redox reaction takes place.
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
During this titration Fe2+ is converted into Fe3+, whose concentration increases. At the end point,
there will be a sharp change due to sudden removal of all Fe3+ ions.
The cell is set up by connecting this redox electrode with a calomel electrode as shown below.
Hg/Hg2Cl2(s)KCl // Fe2+, Fe3+ / Pt

A graph between emf measured against the volume of K2Cr2O7 added is drawn and the end point
is noted from the graph.
Model Graph :
Page 31
Calculation :
Volume of K2Cr2O7 solution V1 = __________ml (From graph)
Strength of K2Cr2O7 solution N1 = 0.1020 N
Volume of Ferrous ion solution V2 = 40 ml
Strength of Ferrous ion solution N2 = __________?
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of Ferrous ion solution = __________ x 0.2 N = _____N

40
The amount of Ferrous ion present
in 1 L of the given solution = Strength x Eq.Wt. of Ferrous ion
= ________ x 55.85 g
= _________g.
Page 32
PROCEDURE:
The given ferrous iron solution is made up to 100 ml in a standard flask. 40 ml of this made up
solution is pipetted out into a clean 100 ml beaker. About 10 ml of dil. H 2SO4 is added in it. A platinum
electrode is dipped into the solution. This electrode is then coupled with a saturated calomel electrode
and the cell is introduced into potentiometric circuit. The std. K 2Cr2O7 solution is taken in the burette and
is added.
TITRATION
First a preliminary titration is carried out by adding std. K 2Cr2O7 solution in portions of 1 ml and the
emf of the cell is measured after each addition. The addition of K2Cr2O7 is continued even after the end
point and the range at which end point lies is found out by plotting volume of K 2Cr2O7 added against
emf(graph -1).
The accurate end point is determined by plotting ΔE/ΔV Vs Volume of K2Cr2O7 added (graph-2).
From the end point, the strength of ferrous ion solution and hence its amount can be calculated.
RESULT:
1. The strength of Ferrous ion present in given solution = _______ N
2. The amount of Ferrous ion present in 1000 ml of the given solution = _______ g.
Page 33
Titration: I
Standardisation of sodium thiosulphate
Std.K2Cr2O7 Vs Na2S2O3 Indicator: Starch
Sl.No Volume of Burette Reading (mL) Volume of Concordant
K2Cr2O7 Na2S2O3 (mL) value (mL)
(mL) Initial Final
1 20 0
2 20 0
3 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of K2Cr2O7 solution, V1 = 20 mL
Strength of K2Cr2O7 solution, N1 = 0.01 N
Volume of Na2S2O3 solution, V2 = mL
Strength of Na2S2O3 solution, N2 =?
According to the Volumetric analysis law,

V1N1 = V2N2
V1 x N1
N2
V2
=
20 x 0.01
=
Strength of Na2S2O3 solution, N2 =

N
Page 34
DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT OF WATER

[WINKLER’S METHOD]
Expt.No:7
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the given water sample by Winkler’s
method. You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N K2Cr2O7 and Na2S2O3 solution as link.
PRINCIPLE:
Oxygen dissolves in water to the extent of 7 - 9 mg/L at 25 – 30 0C. The DO content is not only
important with respect to the species of aquatic life which can survive in the water, but is also a measure
of its ability to oxidize organic impurities in water. The concentration of DO decreases with increase in
impurity because of aerobic oxidation. The estimation of DO in water is useful in studying corrosion
effects of BFW (Boiler Feed Water) and in water pollution. The amount of DO in water is estimated by
using Winkler’s reagent [MnSO4 + alkali-iodide + Con.H2SO4]. The water sample collected is
preserved carefully in ground stoppered Iodine flask thus avoiding aeration. Oxidation of KI to I 2 takes
place by DO present in water sample. The liberated I 2 is titrated against standardized Na2S2O3 using
starch indicator.
Initially MnSO4 and alkali iodide are added into the water sample and reacts with DO forming a
brown precipitate of basic manganic oxide.
MnSO4 + 2 KOH → Mn(OH) 2 + K2SO4

2 Mn(OH) 2 + O 2 → 2 MnO(OH) 2 ↓
Basic manganic oxide (Brown)
This precipitate is dissolved in dil.H2SO4 and when reacted with iodide ions, it liberates I2 in an
amount equivalent to DO.
MnO(OH) 2 ↓ + H2SO4 → MnSO4 + 2H2O + [O]
2KI + H2SO4 + [O] → K2SO4 + H2O + I2↑
The liberated I2 is estimated with std. thiosulphate solution using starch indicator.
I2 ↑ + 2 Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + 2
NaI
It is clear that amount of I2 liberated is indirectly equal to the amount of O2.
i.e., one eq. of O2 is equal to one eq.wt of I2 which is equal to one Mol.wt of Na2S2O3.
Page 35
Titration: II
Standardised Na2S2O3 Vs Tap Water sample
DO Ξ MnO(OH)2 Ξ I2↑ Vs Na2S2O3
Indicator: Starch
Volume of Burette Reading (mL)
Sl.No. water Initial Final Volume of
Concordant
sample Na2S2O3 (mL) value (mL)
(mL)
1 50 0
2 50 0
CALCULATION:
Volume of Na2S2O3 solution, V1 = mL
Strength of Na2S2O3 solution, N1 = N
Volume of water sample, V2 = 50 mL
Strength of DO in water sample, N2 = ?

According to the Volumetric analysis law,
V1N1 = V2N2
V1 x N1
N2
V2
=
x
50
=
Strength of DO in water sample, N2 =

N
Amount of DO in the given water sample = Strength of DO X Eq. wt. of O2 X 1000
= x 8 x 1000
= ppm or mg/L
Note: Starch is not added at the beginning. This will form a blue precipitate as stable adsorption
complex, from which liberation of iodine is difficult.
Page 36
Procedure:
Titration: I - Standardisation of sodium thiosulphate

The burette is filled with sodium thiosulphate solution. 20 mL of std.K 2Cr2O7 solution is pipetted
out into a clean conical flask. About 5mL of KI solution and 10mL of dil.H 2SO4 are added. The liberated
iodine is titrated against sodium thiosulphate solution in the burette. When the solution turns pale yellow
colour, 2 to 3 drops of freshly prepared starch indicator is added and the solution, turns intense blue
colour. The addition of sodium thiosulphate solution is continued till the blue colour is discharged
leaving behind a pale green colour (due to the presence of Cr6+ions). The value is noted and the titration
is repeated for a concordant value.
Titration: II - Estimation of DO (Winkler’s method)
The burette is filled with sodium thiosulphate solution. 150 mL of water sample is taken in a
clean iodine flask. 2 mL of MnSO 4 & 2 mL of alkali-iodide (KOH+KI) are added. The iodine flask is
stoppered to exclude air that affects the result of DO content. The stoppered iodine flask along with the
reagents is shaken by turning it several times up & down (inverted) till the formation of brown coloured
basic manganic oxide is completed. The flask is left aside for 5 minutes. The precipitate is then
dissolved by adding 10 mL of dil. H2SO4. The flask is shaken for complete dissolution of the precipitate.
Exactly 100 mL of this solution is transferred to a conical flask. It is then titrated against
standardized thiosulphate solution. When the solution becomes straw yellow in colour, 2 to 3 drops of
starch solution is added. Now the solution turns blue colour. The titration is continued until the
disappearance of blue colour. The value is noted and from the titre value, the strength of dissolved
oxygen and hence the amount in the given water sample is calculated. The titration is performed in
duplicate.
Result:
The amount of DO content in the given water sample = ppm mg/L
Page 37
CONDUCTOMETRIC PRECIPITATION TITRATION USING BaCl2-Na2SO4

TABLE
S.No Volume of Na2SO4 ml) Conductance (mho)

1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
9 8
10 9
11 10
12 11
13 12
14 13
15 14
16 15
17 16
18 17
19 18
20 19
Model Graph: Conductance Vs Volume of Na2SO4
)
o
h
(m
e
c
n
a
t
c
u
d
n
o
C
Volume of Na2So4(ml)
Page 38
CONDUCTOMETRIC PRECIPITATION TITRATION USING BaCl2-Na2SO4
Expt. No. 8
Date:
AIM
To determine the amount of BaCl2 present in one litre of the given solution by conductometric
titration using standard Na2SO4 of 0.1 N.
PRINCIPLE
Solution of electrolytes conducts electricity due to the presence of ions. Since specific conductance
of a solution is proportional to the concentration of ions in it, conductance of the solution is measured
during titration.
In the precipitation titration, the ions are converted into insoluble precipitate, which will not
contribute to the conductance.
When Na2SO4 is added slowly from the burette the solution BaCl2, BaSO4 gets precipitated while the
chloride ions remain unchanged.
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 ----> BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl

unionised
The Ba2+ ions in the solution are replaced by free Na+ ions. Since the mobility of Na+ ions are less
than that of Ba 2+ ions, the conductance of the solution decreases.
After the end point, when all the Ba 2+ ions are replaced, further addition of Na2SO4 increases the
conductance. This is due to the increase of Na + and SO42- ions in the solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Conductivity bridge
2. Conductivity cell
3. 100 ml beaker
4. Standard Na2SO4 solution
5. Given BaCl2 solution
6. Burette, pipette, glass rod etc.
Page 39
7.Distilled water
Calculation :
Volume of Na2SO4 solution V1 = __________ml (From graph)
Strength of Na2SO4 solution N1 = 0.1 N
Volume of BaCl2 solution V2 = ………. ml
Strength of BaCl2 solution N2 = __________?
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of BaCl2 solution = __________ x 0.2 N = _____N

40
Calculation of amount of BaCl2
The amount of BaCl2 present

in 1 L of the given solution = Strength BaCl2 x Eq.Wt. of BaCl2
= ________ x 122.14 g
= _________gms/L
Page 40
PROCEDURE
TITRATION
The burette is washed well with water and rinsed with the given Na2SO4 solution. It is then filled
with the same Na2SO4 solution upto the zero level 20 ml of the given BaCl2 solution is pipetted out into
a clean 100 ml beaker. The conductivity cell is placed in it and then diluted to 50 ml by adding
conductivity water. The two terminals of the cell are connected with a conductivity bridge.
Now 1 ml of Na2SO4 from the burette is added to the solution, taken in the beaker, stirred, and
then conductivity is measured. This is continued upto the end point. (The conductivity is going on
decreasing upto the end point). After the end point, again Na2SO4 is gradually added and few more
readings are noted.
Thus, the conductivity is continuously measured for each addition of Na2SO4 and are tabulated.
Now the graph is plotted between the volume of Na2SO4 and conductivity. The end point is the
intersection of the two curves. From the volume of Na2SO4, the strength and hence the amount of BaCl2
present in 1 litre is calculated.
RESULT
The amount of BaCl2 present in 1 litre of the given solution =……………………gms.
Page 41
TITRATION-I
STANDARD Na2CO3 Vs HCl
STEP:1

Std. Na2CO3 Initial Final of HCl Value Indicator
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
Methyl Orange
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of Standard Na2CO3 VI = 20 ml
Strength of Standard Na2CO3 N1 = 0.1 N
Volume of HCl V 2 = ml
Strength of HCl N2 = ?
According to volumetric law, VIN = V2N2
N2 = V1N1
V2
N2 =
Calculation of amount of HCl

Amount of HCl = N2 Eq. wt . of HCl
= …………. × 36.5
= ………….. gms / lit
Page 42
ESTIMATION OF HCl USING Na2CO3 AS PRIMARY STANDARD AND

DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE
Expt. No. 9
Date:
AIM
To estimate the amount of HCl present in the give sample using standard Na2CO3 solution.
PRINCIPLE
The basic principle involved in this titration is neutralization of HCl using standard Na2CO3 solution
using methyl orange as an indicator.
2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Burette,
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask
4. Std.Na2CO3 solution
5. Given HCl
6. Methyl Orange.
Preparation of Na2CO3 :
Normality = weight / equivalent weight ×1000/ 100
Equivalent weight of Na2CO3 = 53

= 0.53/ 53 ×10
= 0.1 N
0.53g of Na2CO3 is accurately weighed in an electronic balance. It is then transferred into a 100ml
standard measuring flask using distilled water. It is rinsed with several times using distilled water. It is
then made upto the mark 100ml. This solution contains 0.1N solution of
Na2CO3 .
Page 43
PROCEDURE
Estimation of HCl
The burette is washed and rinsed with the small amount of HCl. It is then filled with the same upto
zero mark. 20 ml of the standard Na 2CO3 solution is pippetted out in to a clean conical flask. 2 – 3 drops
of methyl orange indicator is added. The solution turns into yellow colour. It is then titrated against HCl
taken in the burette. The end point is the change of colour from yellow to reddish orange. The titration is
repeated to get concordant values. From the titre value, the normality and hence the amount of HCl is
calculated.
RESULT
1. The Normality of HCl solution = ……………. N
2. The normality of Na2CO3 solution = …………. N
3. Amount of HCl present in 1000ml of the given solution = …………g
Page 44
TITRATION-I : STANDARDISATION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
Standard potassium dichromate Vs Sodium thiosulphate

Std. K2Cr2O7 Initial Final of sodium Value Indicator
solution(V1) (ml) (ml) thiosulphate(V2) (ml)
(ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
starch
2. 20 0
STEP:1
Calculation:
Volume of Std. K2Cr2O7 solution VI = 20 ml
Strength of Std. K2Cr2O7 solution N1 = 0.1 N
Volume of std. Na2S4O6 solution V 2 = ml
Strength of std. Na2S4O6 solution N2 = ?
According to volumetric law, VI N = V2 N2
N2 = V1 N1
V2
N2 =
Strength of Na2S4O6 solution (N2) = ………………N
Page 45
ESTIMATION OF COPPER CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOLUTION BY IODOMETRY

Expt. No: 10
Date:
AIM
To estimate the amount of copper present in the given solution by iodometric titration. You are
provided with standard ………..N K2Cr2O7 solution.
PRINCIPLE
Copper ion occurs naturally in drinking water and is a micronutrient required for the metabolism of
living beings. But the presence of copper in water, in quantities more than 1.3 mg/l, will cause stomach
ache, intestinal distress and digestive problems. High concentration of copper will also impart a metallic
bitter taste to water. Occurrence of copper ions in drinking water may be due to corrosion in plumbing
materials and faulty water treatment processes. Copper is also known to cause toxicity to aquatic
organism.
Titrimetric estimation of copper is done through a redox reaction in which stoichiometric quantity
of iodine is liberated on reaction with potassium iodide. The liberated iodine can be titrated against
standardised sodium thiosulphate solution.
When KI is added to the copper ion solution, copper ions react with KI and liberates I2.
2CuSO4 + 4KI → 2K2SO4 + 2Cul +I2 ↑
The liberated I2 is titrated against sodium thiosulphate, using starch indicator.

2Na2S203 + I2 → 2NaI + Na2S4O6
Sodium tetrathionate
2Cu²+ = I2 = 2Na2S203
Page 46
TITRATION-II : ESTIMATION OF COPPER CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOLUTION
Given copper ion solution Vs Sodium thiosulphate
STEP:1
given copper Initial Final of sodium Value Indicator
solution(V1) (ml) (ml) thiosulphate(V2) (ml)
(ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
starch
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of sodium thiosulphate solution VI = 20 ml
Strength of sodium thiosulphate solution N1 = 0.1 N
Volume of the give copper solution V 2 = ml
Strengthof the give copper solution N2 =
According to volumetric law, VI N = V2 N2
N2 = V1 N1
V2
N2 =
Strength of the copper solution (N2) = ………………N
Page 47
PROCEDURE
TITRATION 1
Standardisation of sodium thiosulphate
20 ml of standard potassium dichromate solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask.
About 10 ml of dilute H2SO4 and 10 ml of 10% KI are added to it. The liberated iodine is immediately
titrated against sodium thiosulphate solution taken in the burette. When the solution turns pale yellow,
about 1 ml of freshly prepared starch is added and the titration is continued. The end point is the
disappearance of blue colour. Titration is repeated for concordant values.
TITRATION II
Estimation of copper ion content of the given solution
20 ml of the given copper ion solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. About 10 ml
of dil. H2SO4 and 10 ml of 10% KI solutions are added to this solution and the liberated iodine is titrated
against standardised sodium thiosulphate taken in the burette. When the solution turns pale yellow,
about 1 ml of freshly prepared starch indicator is added and the titration is continued. The disappearance
of blue colour is the end point. The titration is repeated for concordant values.
RESULT
1. Strength of the given copper ion solution = ………………..N
2. The amount of copper in the given copper ion solution = ………..g/lít
Calculation of amount of copper present in the solution
Amount of Cu present in 1 litre = Strength of Cu solution x Equivalent weight of Cu

(1000 ml) of the given solution
= 63.54 × N2 (from the above) g/L
Page 48
= 63.05 × ………..
= …………….gms/lit
SHORT PROCEDURE
1. DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE
Titration Burette Pipette Indicator End point

solution solution
I HCl Std. Na2CO3 Methyl orange Appearance of

solution solution orange red color
Std. HCl Alkalinity 1.Phenolphthalein 1.Disappearance of
II solution water sample 2.Methyl orange pink color
2.Appearance of
orange red color
Equivalent weight of CaCO3 = 50.
2. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY HARDNESS OF WATER SAMPLE BY

EDTA METHOD
Contents Titration I Titration II Titration III

Burette Solution EDTA EDTA EDTA
Pipette Solution Std .Hard water Sample Hard water(Tap) Boiled hard water
Reagent added Ammonia Buffer Ammonia Buffer Ammonia Buffer
Indicator EBT EBT EBT
Temperature Room temperature Room temperature Room temperature
Endpoint Wine red to Steel Wine red to Steel blue Wine red to Steel blue
blue color color color
3. ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT IN WATER BY (ARGENTOMETRIC) METHOD
Contents Titration I Titration II

Burette Solution AgNO3 AgNO3
Pipette Solution Std. NaCl Water sample
Indicator 2% K2CrO4 2% K2CrO4
End point Yellow Color to Reddish brown Yellow Color to Reddish brown
Page 49
Equivalent weight of Chloride (Cl-) =35.5
4. DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF GIVEN HCl USING pH METER
Burette solution: Std.NaOH (0.2 N)

Pipette solution: 40 ml unknown soultion HCl
Instrument used: Digital pH meter
Electrodes used: pH electrode.
Graph-I Graph-II
Vol of NaOH
Vol of NaOH
Equivalent weight of HCl = 36.5 .

5. DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF ACID IN A MIXTURE OF ACIDS USING CONDUCTIVITY METER.
Burette solution: Std. NaOH (0.2 N)
Pipette solution: 40 ml of mixture of acid
Instrument used: Digital Conductivity meter
Cell used : Conductivity cell.
Model graph:
Equivalent weight of HCl = 36.5

Equivalent weight of CH3COOH = 60
Page 50
6. ESTIMATION OF IRON CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOLUTION USING

POTENTIOMETER.
Burette solution: Std.K2Cr2O7 (0.2 N)
Pipette solution: 40 ml FAS
Beaker solution: 40 ml FAS + 10 ml dil.H2SO4
Instrument used: Digital Potentiometer
Electrodes used: Platinum electrode and Calomel electrode.
Graph-II
Equivalent weight of Ferrous ion = 55.85.
7. Conductometric titration of Barium chloride against Sodium sulphate

Burette solution: Std.BaCl2 (0.2 N)
Pipette solution: 40 ml of sodium sulphate
Beaker solution: 40 ml of sodium sulphate
Instrument used: Digital Conductivity meter
Cell used : Conductivity cell.
Model graph:
)
o
h
m
(
e
c
n
a
t
c
u
d
n
o
C
Volume of Na2SO4(ml)
Equivalent weight of HCl = 122.14
Page 51
8. ESTIMATION OF HCl USING Na2CO3 AS PRIMARY STANDARD AND ETERMINATION OF

ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE
Titration Burette Pipette Indicator End point

solution solution
I HCl Std. Na2CO3 Methyl orange Appearance of

solution solution orange red color
9.Estimation of copper content of the give solution by Iodometry

Burette Solution Sodium thiosulphate Sodium thiosulphate
Pipette Solution Potassium dichromate Copper solution

Reagent added 10 ml of dil H2SO4 10 ml of dil H2SO4
Indicator 10 ml of 10 % KI + 1ml 10 ml of 10 % KI + 1ml of
of starch starch
Temperature Room temperature Room temperature
Endpoint Disappearance of blue Disappearance of blue
colour colour
Equivalent weight of Copper (Cu) = 63.5
10.Estimation of DO content of water sample by Winkler’s Method

Burette Solution Sodium thiosulphate Sodium thiosulphate
Pipette Solution Std.Potassium dichromate Sample water

Reagent added 5 ml of dil H2SO4 + 2ml of manganese sulphate
15 ml of 10 % KI + 2 ml of alkali – iodide +
2ml of con H2SO4
Indicator Starch Starch
Temperature Room temperature Room temperature
Endpoint Blue – light Green Blue - colourless
Page 52
Equivalent weight of Oxygen (O2) = 8
Page 53

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M.I.E.T. Engineering College Chemistry Lab Manual

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M.I.E.T.

Chemistry Lab Manual

As per the syllabus of Anna University Chennai

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

BS3171 CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY: (Any seven experiments to be conducted)

1. Preparation of Na2CO3 as a primary standard and estimation of acidity of a water

- Split the first experiment into two

4. Determination of DO content of water sample by Winkler’s method.

5. Determination of chloride content of water sample by Argentometric method.

6. Estimation of copper content of the given solution by Iodometry.

7. Determination of strength of given hydrochloric acid using pH meter.

8. Determination of strength of acids in a mixture of acids using conductivity meter.

9. Conductometric titration of barium chloride against sodium sulphate (precipitation

STANDARD Na2CO3 Vs HCl

S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume Concordant

Volume of Standard Na2CO3 VI = 20 ml

Strength of Standard Na2CO3 N1 = 0.1 N

According to volumetric law, VIN = V2N2

DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE

Volume Volume of Std. HCl (ml) Indicator

Result of Titration Alkalinity due to ions

When, P=M, hydroxide alkalinity

2P=M, carbonate alkalinity

(With methyl orange indicator)

1. When P=0 M x N1 x 50 x 1000

2. When P=M P or M x N1 x 50 x 1000 =_____________ppm

3. When P=1/2M 2P or M x N1 x 50 x 1000

(2P –M) x N1 x 50 x 1000

(2M –2P) x N1 x 50 x 1000

Water sample contains the following alkalinity

1. Carbonate alkalinity = _______________ ppm

STRUCTURE OF ERIOCHROME BLACK-T ( EBT-Indicator)

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY

1. EDTA or Na2 EDTA

S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume Concordant

Volume of standard hard water VI = 20 ml

Strength of standard hard water N1 = 0.01 N

According to volumetric law VIN1 = V2N2

Let the volume of EDTA be V1 ml

ESTIMATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS

STANDARD EDTA Vs HARD WATER SAMPLE

Volume of Hard water sample V2 = 20 ml

Strength of Hard water sample N2 = ?

According to volumetric law V1N1 = V2N2

Strength of Hard water sample = N

Total hardness of Hard water sample = Strength x Eq.Wt of CaCO3 mg/l

=________ N x 50 x 1000 mg/l

Estimation of Total Hardness of Hard water Sample.

Let the volume of EDTA be V2 ml

ESTIMATION OF PERMANENT HARDNESS

STANDARD EDTA Vs BOILED HARD WATER

Volume of Boiled Hard water V2 = 20 ml

Strength of Boiled Hard water N2 = ?

According to volumetric law V1N1 = V2N2

Strength of Hard water sample = N

Permanentl hardness of Hard water sample = Strength x Eq.Wt of CaCO3 g/l

=________ N x 50 x 1000 mg/l

Estimation of Permanent Hardness of Hard water Sample.

Let the volume of EDTA be V3 ml

Step-IV TEMPORARY HARDNESS

Temporary hardness= Total hardness – Permanent hardness

Strength of Ferrous ion solution = ______ x 0.2 N = _N