T.

C
MANISA CELAL BAYAR UNIVERSITY
BIOENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

SOLUTION FORMATION AND

ANALYSIS EXPERIMENTS

Ogr. İrem PERÇİN - 220323035

Lecturer

Res. Asst. Dr. Emine ALTINKAYA

MANISA, 2023

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...3
A. Starch-Water Interaction ……………………………………...3
B. Carbonate-Water Interaction ………………………………….3
C. Oil-Water Interaction ………………………………………….3
D. Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)-Water Interaction ……………3
E. Alcohol-Water Interaction…………………………………..…4
F. Acetic Acid (Vinegar Acid)-Water Interaction ……………….4
MATERIALS & METHODS……………………………………….4
Materials……………………………………………………………..4
Methods………………………………………………………………4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………..7
CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………..8
REFERENCES………………………………………………………8

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Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the interactions of different chemicals with water. At
the same time, the properties of solutions of 10% alcohol and 2% acetic acid have also been
investigated. The materials used in the experiment were: oil, starch, baking soda, salt, alcohol,
acetic acid, and water. The experimental method involved preparation, mixing, and observing
each solution.

INTRODUCTION
Solvents are substances that can dissolve different molecules and compounds, which are
called solutes. The homogeneous mixture of solution and solute is called a solution, and most
of the processes that take place in the chemistry of life take place in aqueous solutions, that is,
solutions in which water is the solvent.[1] Due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds and
polarity, water is one of the best solvents in existence. Most chemical reactions that are
important for life take place in an aqueous environment inside the cell. The capacity of water
to dissolve a wide variety of molecules is essential for these chemical reactions to take place.
[2]
This experiment aims to understand in depth the behaviour of these substances in water,
while studying these connections of different chemical matters that interact with water. It is
important to examine previous studies in order to understand these experiments, to examine
the interactions of chemicals with water, and to learn about the underlying principles. For this
reason, some of the important issues that form the basis of this experiment and previous
studies on these subjects are mentioned.
A. Starch-Water Interaction
Starch is a polysaccharide formed by the storage of glucose, the nutrient produced by plants.
Thanks to its gel structure, starch, which is a very popular product in the food industry, is
insoluble in water and turns into a gel-like product.
B. Carbonate-Water Interaction
Carbonate, which is a very common substance in daily life, has a wide range of uses. For
example, baking soda has sodium bicarbonate and this is how the dough rises. In addition,
baking soda is used to create the bubbly structure in soda drinks. When carbonate dissolves in
water, carbon dioxide gas is formed, and this is the reason for the formation of bubbles.
C. Oil-Water Interaction
Oil molecules do not interact with water because they have a hydrophobic structure. It is the
reason why the oil-water mixtures encountered in daily life are two-layered.
D. Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)-Water Interaction
When sodium chloride, known as table salt, which consists of Na+ and Cl- ions, interacts with
water, it dissolves by giving these ions to the water.

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 E. Alcohol-Water Interaction
When water is considered as H-OH, it is similar to ethyl alcohol. It is brought together by the
desire to form hydrogen bonds, which is an important intermolecular force in two molecules.
Ethyl alcohol and water are expected to form a solution. (YTU, 2012)
F. Acetic Acid (Vinegar Acid)-Water Interaction
Acetic acid has a water-attractive, colorless, caustic taste with a pungent vinegar smell. (Ince,
1994) It is completely soluble in the interaction of acetic acid and water, forming a solution.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Materials
• Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
• Oil (Herbal Oil)
• Salt (Sodium Chloride)
• Starch
• Water
• Alcohol
• Acetic acid
• Beaker glasses
• Volumetric flask (100ml)
• Piset
• Puar
• Pipette
• Spatula
• Test tubes

Methods
Identifying Substances by Their Properties
A. Solubility in Water

1. Starch-Water Experiment

➢ Water was added to half of the 20 ml test tube with the help of a piset.
➢ Starch is added with the help of a spatula. (Figure 1)
➢ The resulting mixture was observed, and the results were recorded.

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 Figure 1

Figure 2

2. Carbonate-Water Experiment

➢ Water was added to half of the 20 ml test tube with the help of a piset.
➢ Half as much baking soda as the spatula is added. (Figure 3)
➢ The resulting mixture was observed, and the results were recorded.

Figure 3 Figure 4

3. Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)-Water Experiment

➢ Water was added to half of the 20 ml test tube with the help of a piset
➢ Half of the spatula of sodium chloride was added to the water.
➢ The resulting mixture was observed, and the results were recorded.

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 Figure 4 Figure 5
B. Miscibilit

Oil-Water Experiment

➢ Water was added to half of the 20 ml test tube with the help of a piset.
➢ Vegetable oil is added to it and shake the test tube gently.
➢ The resulting mixture was observed and the results were recorded.

Figure 6 Figure 7
C. Solution

1. Alcohol-Water Experiment
➢ 10 ml of alcohol was taken with a pipette. (Figure 9)
➢ A small amount of water was added to the 100 ml volumetric flask with the help
of a piset and then added to the alcohol.
➢ Water was added up to the line on the volumetric flask and a 10% alcohol-water
solution by volume was prepared.(Figure 10)
➢ The resulting solution was observed and the results were recorded.

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 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10

2. Acetic Acid (Vinegar Acid)-Water Experiment

➢ 2ml of acetic acid was taken with a pipette.
➢ A small amount of water was added to the 100 ml volumetric flask with the help of a
piset and then acetic acid was added to it.
➢ Water was added up to the line on the volumetric flask and a 2% acetic acid-water
solution was prepared.(Figure 13)
➢ The resulting solution was observed and the results were recorded.

Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Starch-Water Experiment: Starch did not dissolve in water and formed a white liquid.
Carbonate-Water Experiment: Carbonate was insoluble in water. Bubbles were found in the
mixture, and precipitate formed at the bottom of the tube.

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Oil-Water Experiment: The oil did not dissolve in the water and accumulated on the surface
of the water.
Sodium Chloride-Water Experiment: The salt dissolved in the water and the tube appeared
transparent.
Alcohol-Water Experiment: The alcohol dissolved in the water and formed a transparent
appearance.
Acetic acid-Water Experiment: Acetic acid dissolved in water and formed a transparent
appearance.
Oil, starch and carbonate did not form solutions and remained heterogeneous. Alcohol, acetic
acid and sodium chloride were observed to be homogeneous. In alcohol, sodium chloride and
acetic acid experiments, we encountered solution samples that were completely soluble and
homogeneous. However, while all the experiments turned out as we expected, the carbonate-
water experiment did not turn out as we expected, while we expected a homogeneous mixture
to be formed. It was concluded that the reason why carbonate remains heterogeneous in water
is that we do not add enough water, put too much carbonate or mix it enough.

CONCLUSION
As a result of this experiment, he helped us to understand the visible separation of
homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures and their incompatibility, solubility and inaccuracy
because of the interaction of these chemicals with water and ethyl alcohol.
REFERENCES
1. Raven, P. H., Johnson, G. B., Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., and Singer, S. R. (2014). The
nature of molecules and the properties of water. Biology (10th ed., pp. 17-30). New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
2. Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., and Jackson,
R. B. (2011). Water and life. Campbell biology (10th ed., pp. 44-54). San Francisco,
CA: Pearson.