SUMMER HOLIDAY

HOMEWORK WHAT IS THE

STATE OF
INTER-DISCIPLINARY MATTER ?
PROJECT

CHEMISTRY
BY – SAUMYA RAI - 9
 Matter
Every thing around us is made up of small particles known as Atoms or Molecules. These
atoms or molecules combine to form matter. Everything around us is made up of matter.

The particles of matter are very small in size, they have spaces between them, they are
constantly moving and they also attract each other.

Some states of matter are rigid and have their own fix shape while some of the states of
matter are fluid i.e. they show the property of fluidity.
MATTER IS CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF
THESE TWO NATURES OF MATTER---

On the basis of physical nature, states of On the basis of chemical nature, states
matter is classified as of three types- of matter is classified as of three types-
 Solid state  Elements
 Liquid state  Compounds
 Gas state  Mixtures

PHYSICAL NATURE CHEMICAL NATURE

Each of these states of matter have been defined in the following

slides--
 SOLIDS(PHYSICAL)
 Solids are rigid and inflexible.
 They have fix shape, size and volume. Thus they do not flow.
 The particles of solids are tightly packed together , due to which solids are not compressed much. These
particles have strong force of attraction between them which holds them together in their position.
 Solids do not completely fill the container in which they are kept.
 The spaces between the particles of solids is minimum as compared to liquids and gases.
Examples- wood, bricks, books, chair, door, etc.
 LIQUIDS
 Liquids don’t have fix shape and size, they take the shape of the container in which they are kept i.e.
they show the property of fluidity.
 The particles in liquids are loosely packed and thus these particles have more spaces within them.
 The particles of liquids are not fix in their position due to the less force of attraction between them.
They change their position and slide over one another due to the loose bond.
 Liquids are fluid but they have fix volume in all the containers.
Examples: Water, Milk, Petrol, Oil etc.
 GASES
 Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. They also occupy the shape and size of the
container in which they are kept.
 Particles of gases have large spaces between them. Thus the particles are not tightly packed in gases.
 Gases are highly compressible due to the large spaces between it’s particles.
 The particles of gases have no force of attraction between them. Thus their position is not fix, they
freely move from one place to another i.e. they show the property of fluidity.
 Gases have very high kinetic energy and negligible force of attraction due to which the particles move
freely with high speed.
Examples – L.P.G gas, oxygen, hydrogen, C.N.G, etc.
 ELEMENTS(CHEMICAL)
 An element is a substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by the usual
chemical methods by applying heat, light or electric energy.
 It is made up of only one kind of atom.
 The atoms present in the elements differ in sizes and composition. E.g. iron metal contains only iron
atoms while copper metals contain only copper atoms.
 There are 118 elements present, out of which 94 are naturally occurring while 24 are artificial elements.
E.g. hydrogen, helium , oxygen , nitrogen.
 Every substance in this world is made up of element.
 Elements can be classified as solids, liquids and gases.
 Copper S
COMPOUNDS
ulphate

 A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion by
mass.
 Components of compounds cannot be separated by physical methods.
 The properties of compound formed are entirely different from it’s constituent elements.
 Formation of compounds give both endothermic as well as exothermic heat. Thus formation of compound is
chemical change.
 The composition of constituents of compound is fixed by mass.
 Compounds have fixed melting and boiling point.
 Compounds are homogenous mixtures.
Examples – sodium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, sand, limestone, etc.
 MIXTURES
 Mixture is a substance which consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
 All the solutions e.g. salt water solution, copper sulphate and water solution , are mixtures.
 Mixtures are of two types-
• Homogeneous mixtures
• Heterogenous mixtures
o Homogeneous- The mixture in which particles are completely mixed together and the solute dissolved in it cannot be seen
by naked eyes , is called a homogeneous mixture. E.g. chalk water mixture.
o Heterogenous- The mixture in which the particles do not completely dissolve in the solvent and remains separated from
each other and the solute can be seen by the naked eyes , is called a heterogenous mixture. E.g. sand water mixture.
 Both heterogenous and homogenous mixtures are solutions.
Examples – flour in water, sugar- water solution, blood, etc.