Introduction to chemistry

Chemistry is a study of matter and changes it undergoes

 Chemistry is an ancient sciences
THE BEGINNINGS
Early practical chemistry: household goods,
tools, weapons, soap, wine, basic medicine
Contribution by Greek philosophers
What is the smallest particle of all materials ?
EARLY CHEMISTS: THE ALCHEMISTS

alchemists described a substance in

terms of four components of nature:
 By the eighth century, alchemists searched for
an unknown substance called a philosopher’s
stone. They thought that would turn metals into
gold.
The alchemists also designed some of the first laboratory equipment
and developed early laboratory procedures.
 The alchemist Paracelsus (1493–1541) thought
that alchemy should be about preparing new
medicines, not about producing gold. He treated
syphilis with compounds of mercury. His opinion
of medicines was that the right dose makes the
difference between a poison and a cure.
 Creating the basis of modern chemistry
Element – can not
be broken into
simple substance.

Air is not element ,

it could be broken
down in to many
different
substances
1677
1774
Although chemistry is an ancient sciences, its modern
foundation was laid in the nineteenth century .

The rapid development of technology throughout the

twentieth century has given greater means to study
things that cannot be seen with the naked eyes. Using
computers and electron microscopes for example,
chemist can analyze the structure of atoms and
molecules – the fundamental units on which the study
of chemistry is based and design new substances with
specific properties , such as drugs and environmentally
friendly consumer products.
Chemistry: a science of the XXI Century
Health and Medicine

Energy and the Environment

fossil fuels

solar energy

nuclear fission
Materials and Technology

Food and Agriculture

 Health and Medicine

major advances in XX century enable us to prevent and treat

diseases:
 Sanitation systems – protect vast numbers of people from
infectious disease;
 Surgery with anesthesia,

 Vaccines and antibiotics that make it possible to prevent

diseases spread by microbes.

Chemists in pharmaceutical industry are researching potent

drugs with few or no side effects to treat diseases.
 Energy and the Environment
fossil fuels solar energy nuclear fission
Energy is a by-product of many chemical processes. Demand for
energy increases, chemists are actively trying to find new energy
sources.
Currently the major sources of energy are fossil fuels (coal, petroleum,
natural gass), the estimate reserves of these fuels will last as another
50-80 years at the present rate of consumption, so it is urgent that we
find alternatives.

Solar energy promises to be source of energy for the future, it can be

converted directly to electricity using devices called photovoltaic cells,
or sunlight can be use to obtain hydrogen from water, and H can be
used in fuel cell to generate electricity.
Nuclear fission, but it is danger for environment because of
radioactive wastes from nuclear fission, that’s why future of the
nuclear industry is uncertain.
 Materials and Technology
Chemical researches and development have provided
us with new materials that have improved our lives
and helped to advance technologies.

Food and Agriculture

To meet the food demands of the XXI centaury
new and novel approaches in farming must be
devised. Farmers relay on fertilizers and
pesticides to increase crop yield. It is important
that they will be environmentally friendly.
Chemically Silicon dioxide
(glass) Natural polymers
treated
Water
Metal alloy

Natural
gas

Fruits grown
with fertilizers
Many of the items found in a kitchen are obtained using
chemical reactions
Branches of Chemistry
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
 A pure substance is matter that has a fixed or
definite composition and distinct properties.
There are two kinds of pure substances: elements and
compounds.
An element, the simplest type of a pure
substance, is composed of only one type of
material, cannot be separated into simpler
substances by chemical means.
A compound is also a pure substance, but it
consists of atoms of two or more elements
always chemically combined in the same
proportion.
An aluminum can consists of many
atoms of aluminum.

A molecule of hydrogen
peroxide consists of two atoms
of hydrogen for two atoms of
oxygen and has a formula of
H2O2.
 A mixture is a combination of two or
more substances in which the substances
retain their distinct identities.

In a mixture, two or more substances are

physically mixed, but not chemically
combined.
Oil and water form a heterogeneous
mixture

Salt and water form a

homogeneous
mixture
The three states of matter for water: solid ice,
liquid water, and gaseous steam .
 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

A physical property can be measured and observed

without changing the composition or identity of a
substance.

All measurable properties of matter fall into two

categories: extensive properties and intensive
properties.

an extensive property depends on how much

matter is being considered. Mass, length, and
volume are extensive properties.
Values of the same extensive property can be
added together.
 The measured value of an intensive
property does not depend on the amount
of matter being considered. Temperature,
melting point, boiling point, and density
is an intensive properties, they are not
additive.
 Examples of Some Physical Changes
Change of state Water boiling
Freezing of liquid water to solid water
Change of appearance
Dissolving sugar in water
Change of shape
Drawing copper into thin copper wire
Change of size
Cutting paper into pieces for confetti
 Change in Chemical Properties
Silver tarnishes

Methane burns

Sugar caramelizes

Iron rust
 Units of Measurement

UnitsofMeasurement Metric SI

Length meter(m) meter(m)

Volume liter(L) cubicmeter(m3)

Mass gram(g) kilogram(kg)

Temperature degreeCelsius(°C) kelvin(K)

Time second(s) second(s)

Changes of State
 STOY-KEE-AHM-EH-TREE
It's a big word that describes a simple idea.
Stoichiometry is the part of chemistry that
studies amounts of substances that are
involved in reactions.  
Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object. The terms
“mass” and “weight” refer to different quantities.
In scientific terms, weight is the force that gravity exerts on an
object.
An apple that falls from a tree is pulled downward by Earth’s
gravity. The mass of the apple is constant and does not depend
on its location, but its weight does. For example, on the surface of
the moon the apple would weigh only one-sixth what it does on
Earth, because of the smaller mass of the moon.
The mass of an object can be determined readily with a balance.
Atomic Mass Molecular Mass Mole
Molar Mass Avogadro’s number (NA)

Mass is a measure of the quantity of

matter in an object.

The terms “mass” and “weight” refer

to different quantities.

weight is the force that gravity exerts

on an object.
The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg),
1 kg = 1000 g
 m(o) 2.66 . 10 -23 g
Ar(O) = =
U 1.66 . 10-24 g = 16
 Volume is measure of the amount of space.
1 L =1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

Density is the mass of an object divided by its

volume.
density = mass/ volume
Atomic Mass Molecular Mass Mole
Molar Mass Avogadro’s number (NA)
 How many atoms in 6 g carbon?
6g x mol/molar mass x 6.02 x10 23/1 mole
1 mole = atomic mass = NA = 22,4 L
1 mole of carbon-12 atoms
has a mass of exactly 12 g
and contains 6.02 x1023 (NA) atoms.
1 mole of some elements
Easy work !
 Home work:
Chang Raymond.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY: THE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS,
SIXTH EDITION
Chapter 1
Subchapters 1.1; 1.3; 1.4; 4.5
Chapter 3
Subchapters 3.1; 3.2; 3.3