Microwave Path Profile Chart Preparation

Microwave Path Profile Chart
Prepared by: Armando V. Barretto

Preparing A Path Profile Chart
• Path profile charts are used to:
– Show and analyze the relative distance of various points in the microwave
beam to the surface of the earth, including the terrain along the path of the
microwave beam.
– Determine the clearance of the center of the microwave beam from
obstructions, with varying antenna tower heights, and determine the
optimum antenna tower height using the recommended criteria.
– Determine possible points of reflection along the path, determine if the
reflected signal will add to or subtract from the directly received signal,
and make adjustments on antenna tower height to prevent cancellation of
signals at the receiver.
• Path Profile charts are usually prepared using different values of K.
• Pre-prepared equivalent earth profile curves for different values of K can be
used as a baseline in preparing path profile charts.
• 4/3 Earth papers are available for ease of plotting a curved earth and a
straight radio beam, or a flat earth and a curved radio beam.
• Profile curves for other values of K are also available.
• Path profile charts can use a curved earth with a straight radio beam path or
use a flat earth and curved radio beam path.
• Both charts will yield the same results.
Direct path of
Transmitter antenna radio wave Receiver antenna
Antenna Tower Antenna Tower
Indicates elevation of terrain

Above Mean Sea Level
Equivalent Earth Indicates Mean
Profile Curve Sea Level
Earth’s surface with effective radius
Path Profile Chart Using a Curved Earth and a Straight Radio Beam Path
• The flat earth and curved radio beam path is preferred when analyzing the
path profile chart graphically with varying values of K.
– The elevation of the terrain along the path is plotted only once and the
curved radio beam path for various values of K can be plotted on the
chart.
• When preparing the chart, care must be taken to ensure that the horizontal and
vertical lines on the chart remain parallel with one another.
Curved radio beam path
using a certain value of K
(Same as equivalent earth profile curve but
inverted)
Transmitter antenna Receiver antenna
Antenna Tower Antenna Tower

Indicates elevation of terrain
above mean sea level
Indicates Flat Earth Indicates Mean

Sea Level
Path Profile Chart Using a Flat Earth and a Curved Radio Beam Path
The following procedures can be done in preparing a profile chart:
• Obtain data and tools which can be used in preparing the path profile chart.
Data can be obtained from:
– Topographic maps which show elevation contour
– Field survey
– Aerial or satellite photographs which show trees, buildings and other
obstructions
– Path profiles which show end sites, hills, reflective surfaces, and other
obstructions along the radio path.
– On-line sources such as Google Earth
• In the Philippines, maps can be obtained from National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority.
• Select tentative antenna sites and plot it in a topographical map.
• Determine the relative elevation of the terrain (above mean sea level) and
obstacles (trees, buildings, billboards, others) between the antenna sites using
the topographical map and data from field survey and other data gathering
methods, if there are any.
• The height of the obstacles or clutters along the radio path must be added to
the terrain elevation to get the actual effect of the obstacles, terrain elevation
and equivalent earth radius on the radio waves.
• As much as possible actual height of obstacles, such as buildings, trees, and
towers, should be used in preparing the path profile chart.
• In case estimation is needed, the table in the next slide could be used to
estimate the height of obstacles given a certain type of area through which the
radio wave will propagate.
• Note that high obstacles, such as high rise buildings whose heights are much
higher than the nominal heights indicated on the table, could be present on the
area through which the radio waves will propagate.
• The actual height of high obstacles should be used in preparing the path
profile chart.
Clutter (Ground cover) Category Nominal height (meter)

High crop fields 4
Park land
Irregularly spaced sparse trees
Orchard (regularly shape)
Sparse houses
Village center 5
Deciduous trees (irregularly spaced) 15
Deciduous trees (regularly spaced)
Mixed tree forest
Coniferous trees (irregularly spaced) 20
Coniferous trees (regularly spaced)
Tropical rain forest 20
Suburban 9
Dense suburban 12
Urban 20
Dense urban 25
Industrial zone 20
Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.452-10

• Prepare or use a pre-prepared equivalent earth profile curve if there is any.
• Plot on the profile chart the relative elevation of the terrain and obstacles
between the antenna sites.
– A curved earth or a flat earth path profile chart can be prepared.
• Plot the relative curvature of the earth and the microwave beam, using
different values of K to analyze the possible obstruction and lost of receive
signals under varying atmospheric conditions.
• The plot wherein the value of K = 4/3 (normal atmospheric condition) is of
particular interest because the microwave system will operate under this
condition most of the time.
• Determine the required antenna height using the path profile chart, while
considering the required clearance from obstacles, reflection points, and the
effects of reflected signals.
• When using a flat earth and curved radio beam path profile chart, the curved
radio beam curve can be adjusted sideways to determine the optimum
antenna height on both sites, but care must be taken to ensure that the
horizontal and vertical lines on the chart remain parallel with one another.
• The centerline of the radio beam should pass over all obstacles with a
clearance of at least 0.6 times the radius of the first Fresnel zone, and
preferably by a distance of at least one (1) radius of the first Fresnel zone.
• The recommended clearances for systems which need the highest reliability
(heavy route) are based on the following:
– At least 1.0 F1 (1.0 times the radius of first Fresnel zone) at K=4/3, or at
least 0.3 F1 (0.3 times the radius of first Fresnel zone) at K=2/3,
whichever is higher.
– When propagation is very difficult, a minimum grazing clearance at
K=1/2.
– For 2 Ghz frequency with paths longer than 36 miles, clearance of 0.6 F1
at K=1.0.
• It is not recommended that the clearance be equal to the radius of even
multiples of Fresnel zones because this could cause cancellation of directly
received signal and reflected signal at the receive antenna, because the signals
will be 180 degrees out of phase, especially if the receiver has no provisions to
mitigate the effects of the combination of out of phase signals.
• The following formula can be used in preparing equivalent earth profile
curves which could be used as a baseline in preparing a path profile chart in
case pre-prepared equivalent earth profile curves are not available. (elevation
of terrain not yet considered).
d1 d2
h  change in vertical distance from horizontal reference line (feet)
1.5 K
where : d1  distance from the point being considered to one end of the path (miles)
d2  distance from the point being considered to the other end of the path (miles)
K  Equivalent earth radius factor
• Assuming d1=d2,
d1 d2
horizontal straight
reference line
h h
Point A Point B
d1 d2 d2
h h change in vertical distance from horizontal reference line (feet)
1.5 K 1.5 K
Equivalent Earth Radius Factor (K)
• The diagram below shows the derivation of equation in the preceding slide:
K R  h12  d12  K R 2 d1 d2
K R 2  2 h1 K R  h12  d1  K R 2
2
Site 1 h1 h2
d1  2 h1 K R  h1 2 Re=KR Site 2
2
h1(ft)  h1(ft)  Re=KR
 2 K (3,960 mi)    (miles) Re=KR
5,280 ft/mi  5,280 ft/mi 
 h1(ft)  h1(ft) 
   2 K (3,960 mi)   (miles)
 5,280 ft/mi  5,280 ft/mi 
 h1(ft) 
   2 K (3,960 mi)  (miles) (since 2 K (3,960 mi) 
h1(ft)
)
 5,280 ft/mi  5,280 ft/mi
d1 
3
 K h1(ft) (miles) where : K  Equivalent earth radius factor
2
R  Actual earth radius  3960 miles  6,371 Km
d1 d2 d1 d2 Re  K R  equivalent earth radius
h1(ft)  h2(ft)   d1  d2  distance from site 1 to middle of the path
3
K 1.5 K
2 d2  d1  distance from site 2 to middle of the path
• The value of h (in feet) for different values of K can be computed as follows:
d1 d2
h(K   )  0
1.5 K
d1 d2 d1 d2
h(K  4 / 3)  
1.5 K 2
d1 d2
h(K  2 / 3)   d1 d2
1.5 K
d1 d2
h(K  1)   0.67d1 d2
1.5 K
• The following formula, using metric units, can also be used in preparing
equivalent earth profile curves in case pre-prepared equivalent earth profile
curves are not available. (elevation of terrain not yet considered)
d1 d2
h  change in vertical distance from horizontal reference line (meter)
12.75 K
where : d1  distance from the point being considered to one end of the path (kilometer)
d2  distance from the point being considered to the other end of the path (kilometer)
• Assuming d1=d2,
d1 d2
h h
d1 d2 d2
h h  change in vertical distance from horizontal reference line (meter)
12.75 K 12.75 K
• The value of h (in meter) for different values of K can be computed as follows:
d1 d2
h(K   )  0
12.75 K
d1 d2 d1 d2
h(K  4 / 3)  
12.75K 17
d1 d2 d1 d2
h(K  2 / 3)  
12.75 K 8.5
d1 d2 d1 d2
h(K  1)  
12.75 K 12.75
R H1 - H2
E  elevation of terrain above mean sea level  C  H2 - ht - Q  R
D-W D
 H1 - H2   H1 - H2 
R D - W   H2 - ht - Q   D - W 
 D   D 
 Clearance of center of radio beam from
additional obstruction
H1 - H2 R 
Tower of C D -W
higher
Additional Tower of
antenna First
H1 obstruction Terrain lower
elevation horizontal
reference antenna
P Q = O+P line
H2
O=E-h
E h Mean Sea Level
ht Second ht
horizontal
reference line
W
D
Reflection Point Calculation
• When K= 4/3, the following formula can be used to determine the point/s along
the radio beam path at which reflected signals from the transmit antenna could
reach the receive antenna (assuming there are no obstructions):
h1 d1 h2 d2
  
d1 2 d2 2
where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (feet)

h2  elevation of the higher antenna (feet)
d1  distance from site of lower antenna to the point of reflection (miles)
d2  distance from site of higher antenna to the point of reflection (miles)
Higher antenna
Lower Antenna Reflection Point
h2
h1
d1 d2
Path Profile Chart Indicating Point Where Reflected Signal Could Reach Receive Antenna
• When K= 4/3, the following formula in metric can be used to determine the
point/s along the radio beam path at which reflected signals from the transmit
antenna could reach the receive antenna (assuming there are no obstructions) :
h1 d1 h2 d2
  
d1 17 d2 17
where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (meter)

h2  elevation of the higher antenna (meter)
d1  distance from site of lower antenna to the point of reflection (kilometer)
d2  distance from site of higher antenna to the point of reflection (kilometer)
Higher antenna
h2
h1
d1 d2
reach the receive antenna (assuming there are no obstructions) :
h1 h2
 d1   d2
d1 d2

Higher antenna
h2
h1
d1 d2
h1 d1 h2 d2
  
d1 8.5 d2 8.5
where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (meter)

h2  elevation of the higher antenna (meter)
d1  distance from site of lower antenna to the point of reflection (kilometer)
d2  distance from site of higher antenna to the point of reflection (kilometer)
Higher antenna
h2
h1
d1 d2
• When K= infinity, the following can be used to determine the point/s along the
radio beam path at which reflected signals from the transmit antenna could
h1 d1 d1
 
h1  h2 d1  d2 D

D  d1  d2  distance between the two sites (miles) Higher antenna
h2
h1
d1 d2
Profile Chart and Reflection Point Analysis
• When preparing a path profile chart and reflection point analysis, the following
could be used:
– Pre-prepared equivalent earth curves with recommended scale – can be
used for manually plotting the terrain and obstacles. Analyzing the path
profile chart could be faster using this tool if one is already familiar in using
the tool. Sometimes, only the significant terrain elevation and obstacles are
needed on the chart.
– Excel spreadsheet – equivalent terrain elevation above mean sea level and
the height of the obstacles can be added using this tool, and the center beam
clearance above obstacles can be computed given certain antenna heights on
the transceiver location.
– Software tools such as Matlab - equivalent terrain elevation above mean sea
level and the height of the obstacles can be added using this tool, and the
center beam clearance above obstacles can be computed given certain
antenna heights on the transceiver location.
– Off the shelf software tools dedicated for analyzing microwave radio
propagation.
Terrestrial Microwave Communications Overall
Systems Design
Prepared by: Armando V. Barretto

Microwave Communication Systems Route and Site Selection
• The radio wave path between the transmitter and receiver sites must be clear
from obstructions upon installation of the microwave system. Towers might
be needed to overcome obstructions which typically come from:
– Buildings
– Communication towers
– Billboards
– Mountainous or hilly terrain
• Transmitter and Receiver sites are often found in existing structures such as
buildings which are capable of handling the weight of microwave equipment
and tower.
– The structure and architectural features of the structure must be adequate
to allow and support the microwave system facilities.
– Maintenance access to the microwave system facilities must be
considered.
– Plans for future floor additions in the structure must be considered.
• Towers could be constructed on top of buildings, beside buildings, or other
suitable locations.
Microwave Communication Systems Route and Site Selection
• Size of the site must be considered. It must be enough to house the microwave
system and support facilities such as electric generators, if needed.
• It is preferable that transmitter and receiver sites are level to make working in
the area easier.
– Additional cost of leveling the site must be considered.
• Ease of access to the microwave system site must be considered.
Site Considerations For Terrestrial Microwave
Communication Systems
• Exact geographical coordinates of sites
• Compliance with government regulations including:
– Possible interference to and from other communication and navigation
systems such as radars, airport facilities, etc.
– The system must not pose interference to aircraft and airport navigational
and communication systems, or to any other communication systems.
– Possible interference coming from the system itself
• Towers have severe height limitations near airports.
• Building code limitations and requirements
• Commercial electric power availability
• Elevation of the sites above mean sea level, especially the antenna tower
location
Site Considerations For Terrestrial Microwave
Communication Systems
• Existing radio wave obstruction between sites
• Possible future building or other construction between sites which
could obstruct or reflect radio waves
• Nature of terrain between sites such as reflective surfaces (including
repeater sites)
• Unusual weather conditions including precipitation (snow, rain, etc.),
wind velocity, and range of temperature, pressure, and relative
humidity which affects the dielectric constant of the atmosphere.
• Needed preparation for the site such as clearing the site and leveling the
ground
• Required access roads to sites
Terrestrial Microwave Communications Overall System
Design
• The objective of microwave system design is to have a reliable, distortion and
interference-free system at the lowest cost possible.
• The design of terrestrial microwave systems involves the determination of the
following:
– System reliability requirement/s, including:
– Propagation reliability
– Equipment reliability
– Required fade margin to achieve propagation reliability
– Transmit and receive frequencies (With approval from regulating agencies)
– Bandwidth requirement
– Transmitter and receiver equipment
– Transmitter output power
– Required Receive Signal Level (RSL) based on fade margin and sensitivity or
receiver threshold of receiver.
– Waveguide/coaxial cables, circulator, and other devices
– Length and losses of waveguides/coaxial cables
– Path length
– Free space path loss
– Antenna size, gain, polarization and elevation
– Diversity requirements (if needed)
Design
• The order of priority in the design of terrestrial microwave systems is as
follows:
1. Determination of possible interference to and from the system, and
coordination/selection of transmit and receive frequencies with regulatory
agencies (such as National Telecommunications Commission)
2. Propagation calculations such as variations in received signal level due to
fading, free space attenuation, effects of terrain, blocking or cancellation of
signals, and obstruction losses (based on requirements)
3. System noise and noise sources
4. Distortions
5. Selection of equipment such as antennas, cables and or waveguides,
transmitter and receiver equipment
Design
• The criteria which could be used in determining the amount of interference
could be based on:
– Absolute maximum allowable value of interfering signal power at the
receiver input
– Ratio of desired signal power to interfering signal power (S/I) at the
input of receiver
– Acceptable Bit Error Rate.
• The allowable amount of interference at the receiver input is highly
dependent on the receiver equipment being used.
Design
The factors to be considered in the microwave radio propagation are:
1. Variations in received signal level due to fading

2. Effects of frequency on type of radio wave propagation
3. Nature of microwave radio propagation
4. Free space path loss or Free space loss (Free space path attenuation)
5. Effects of terrain on microwave radio signals
6. Effects of atmospheric condition on microwave signals
7. Obstacle clearance requirements for microwave route
8. Distortion due to delay in some of the received signals
9. Fading of the received signal
10. Reliability of microwave radio propagation
11. Diversity for the system
Sample Computations for a Microwave System
The following is an example of the computations needed in a microwave
communication system. The example is for one direction of transmission only,
and the analysis and/or computation for the transmission in the reverse direction
could be done separately. The transmit frequency on both sides are typically
different.
• The transmitter and receiver sites, and frequency of microwave signal to be used
are determined using the criteria described in the previous slides.
– Example: frequency = 6 Ghz
• The transmitter and receiver sites are plotted in a topographical map.

• Using the topographical map, the coordinates, elevation, and path length of the
sites, are indicated on a microwave path calculation sheet.
– Example: path length = 30 km,

transmitter site elevation above mean sea level= 100 meters
receiver site elevation above mean sea level = 120 meters
Calculations for a Microwave System
• The fade margin, which is the difference between the receiver threshold level and
the normal receive signal level (RSL) at the input of the receiver needed for the
system, is determined.
- The basis of the fade margin could be the required reliability of the system.
The following formula could be used to determine the required fade margin
FM  30 log DKM  10 log (6A B FGHZ) – 10 log (1 – R) – 70  Fade Margin (db)
Where:
FM = Receive Signal Level (RSLdbm) – Receiver Threshold Power in dbm
(sensitivity)
DKM = Hop or path length = Distance (km)
FGHZ = Frequency (GHz)
R = Propagation reliability (decimal, i.e., 99.99% = 0.9999)
(1 – R) = Un dp = annual propagation unavailability (takes into account the reliability
objective)
A = roughness factor (takes into account the type of terrain)
B = factor to convert a worst month probability to an annual probability
(takes into account the climate through the year)
Example: 50 db could be the required fade margin

• A typical receiver or transmitter/receiver is considered to determine the receiver
threshold or sensitivity, which is the minimum power required at the input of the
receiver so that the receiver would be able to reproduce the information signal
from the source at the transmitter.
Example: - 85 dbm could be the sensitivity or receiver threshold
• The minimum required receive signal level (RSL) (input power at the receiver)
considering the receiver threshold and the fade margin is computed by adding
the two.
– Example: minimum required receive signal level (RSL) = - 85 dbm + 50 db

= -35 dbm
• A typical transmitter or transceiver is considered to determine the minimum

output power of the transmitter which could be used for the system.
– Example: 27 dbm could be the minimum output power of the transmitter

• The maximum allowed net path loss, which is the difference of all the gains and
losses from the output of the transmitter to the input of the receiver, can be
computed by subtracting the minimum required receive signal level (RSL or
required input power at the receiver considering the required fade margin) from
the minimum output power of the transmitter.
– Typical gains are the power gain of the transmit antenna, power gain of
receive antenna, and gain of passive repeater if there is any.
– Typical losses are the transmitter waveguide or cable losses, connector losses
at transmitter and receiver, circulator losses at transmitter and receiver,
receiver waveguide or cable losses, free space path loss, radome losses,
atmospheric absorption, and attenuation due to rain or fog.
– Example: maximum allowed net path loss = 27 dbm – (- 35 dbm) = 62 db

• The free space path loss is computed.
Example:
Lp(dB)  92.4  20 log f (Ghz)  20 log D(km)

Lp(dB)  92.4  20 log 6  20 log 30
 137.505 db
where : D  distance from transmit antenna (kilometers)

f  frequency (Ghz)
• The heights of the antennas from the ground or tower height are determined
based on the criteria described in the previous slides.
– The heights of the antennas or tower height could be determined using the
minimum required clearance of the center of the radio beam from all
obstacles along the radio path using the recommended values of K (K=4/3,
K=2/3, K=1, K=infinity).
• The path profile chart is used to determine the optimum antenna or tower
height.
• Some of the criteria are:
– The tower height must be sufficient to clear obstructions and to meet the
recommended clearances from obstructions.
– The usual recommended clearance is 0.6 F1 at K=4/3.
– The recommended clearances for systems which need the highest reliability
(heavy route) are based on the following:
• At least 0.3 F1 (0.3 times the radius of first Fresnel zone) at K=2/3, and
1.0 F1 (1.0 times the radius of first Fresnel zone) at K=4/3, whichever is
higher.
• When propagation is very difficult, a minimum grazing clearance at
K=1/2.
• For 2 Ghz frequency with paths longer than 36 miles, clearance of 0.6 F1
at K=1.0.
• The tower type is chosen.
– Example: Self-supported towers are chosen for the transmitter site and
receiver site
• The type of waveguide and/or cable are chosen and their lengths are determined. The
type of waveguide/cable is chosen based on the frequencies of operation of the system
(The frequencies to be used must be higher than the cutoff frequency of the waveguide)
• The waveguide/cable losses and other losses on the waveguide system are determined
based on the total length of the waveguide/cable and the losses introduced by
circulators, connectors and other devices used on the waveguide system.
– Example:
• The total length of the rectangular waveguide from the output of the transmitter
to the input of the transmit antenna = 25 meters
• The total length of the rectangular waveguide from the output of the receive
antenna to the input of the receiver = 25 meters
• Total loss of waveguide at the transmitter = 1.2 db (based on loss per unit length
and total length of waveguide)
• Total loss of waveguide at the receiver = 1.2 db (based on loss per unit length
and total length of waveguide)
• Connector losses at the transmitter = 0.05 db
• Connector losses at the receiver = 0.05 db
• Circulator loss at transmitter = 1 db
• Circulator loss at receiver = 1 db
• Note: if other devices such as circulators, waveguide switches, hybrids, filters, and
isolators are used, the losses due to these devices must be added to the other losses to
determine the total loss.
• The total losses are added.
– Example: Assuming atmospheric absorption loss is negligible,
Total losses = Free space path loss + waveguide losses + circulator losses +
connector losses
Total losses = 137.505 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 1 + 1 + 0.05 + 0.05 = 142.005 db
• The required power gain of the transmit antenna plus the required power gain of the
receive antenna is computed by subtracting the maximum allowed net path loss from
the total losses.
– Example: Required total gain of antenna = 142.005 – 62 = 80.005 db
• The individual power gain of the transmit and receive antenna are determined,
typically by dividing the required total gain of the antennas by 2.
– Example: Power gain of transmit antenna = power gain of receive antenna=

80.005/ 2 = 40.0025 db
• Suitable antennas from manufacturers are chosen based on the power gain
required or the mouth diameter of the antenna is computed and then a suitable
antenna is chosen.
– It is best to look at the antenna specification sheet to determine the actual
antenna power gain, rather than to compute for the gain using estimates.
– Example: Assuming antenna efficiency = 55 %, the antenna minimum mouth
diameter is computed as (for estimation purposes only):
AP(db)  20 logF(Ghz)  20 logD(m)  17.8

 Power gain of transmit or receive parabolic antenna
relative to isotropic antenna assuming 55 % efficiency (db)
40.0025  20log6  20logD  17.8

D  2.148 meters
where : D(m)  mouth diameter of the parabolic antenna (meters)

F(Ghz)  frequency (Gigahertz)
• Newer microwave radios (transmitter and receiver combined) are designed for
outdoor installations and have built-in parabolic antennas or split outdoor and
indoor units, resulting to minimum waveguide or cable losses.
• These microwave radios use newer modulation techniques such as QAM, and
uses adaptive coding and modulation (ACM), in which the coding and
modulation is automatically changed depending on the propagation conditions.

Microwave Path Profile Chart Preparation

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Microwave Path Profile Chart

Prepared by: Armando V. Barretto

Antenna Tower Antenna Tower

Indicates elevation of terrain

Antenna Tower Antenna Tower

Indicates Flat Earth Indicates Mean

Clutter (Ground cover) Category Nominal height (meter)

Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.452-10

where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (feet)

Lower Antenna Reflection Point

where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (meter)

Lower Antenna Reflection Point

where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (feet)

Lower Antenna Reflection Point

where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (meter)

Lower Antenna Reflection Point

where : h1  elevation of the lower antenna (feet)

Lower Antenna Reflection Point

Prepared by: Armando V. Barretto

1. Variations in received signal level due to fading

– Example: frequency = 6 Ghz

• The transmitter and receiver sites are plotted in a topographical map.

– Example: path length = 30 km,

FM  30 log DKM  10 log (6A B FGHZ) – 10 log (1 – R) – 70  Fade Margin (db)

Example: 50 db could be the required fade margin

Example: - 85 dbm could be the sensitivity or receiver threshold

– Example: minimum required receive signal level (RSL) = - 85 dbm + 50 db

• A typical transmitter or transceiver is considered to determine the minimum

– Example: 27 dbm could be the minimum output power of the transmitter

– Example: maximum allowed net path loss = 27 dbm – (- 35 dbm) = 62 db

Lp(dB)  92.4  20 log f (Ghz)  20 log D(km)

where : D  distance from transmit antenna (kilometers)

– Example: Required total gain of antenna = 142.005 – 62 = 80.005 db

– Example: Power gain of transmit antenna = power gain of receive antenna=

AP(db)  20 logF(Ghz)  20 logD(m)  17.8

40.0025  20log6  20logD  17.8

where : D(m)  mouth diameter of the parabolic antenna (meters)

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