TOTAL STATION SURVEY LAB

SURVEYING

1. DEFINITIONS OF SURVEYING
Surveying isthe art of determine the relative position of different objects on the surface of
the earth's by measuring the horizontal distances between them and by preparing a map
to any suitable scale.

1.1 USES OF SURVEYING

 To prepare a topographical map which shows the valleys, rivers, village towns,
forests, etc.
 To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundary of fields, houses and other
properties.
 To prepare an engineering map which shows the details of engineering works such
as Roads, Railways etc.
 To prepare a contour map to determine the capacity of a reservoir and to find the
best possible routes for roads, railways, etc.
 To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.
 To prepare an archaeological map including place where ancient relics exist.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING

a. Primary classification
Surveying is primarily classified as under;
1- Plane surveying
2- Geodetic surveying
1. Plane surveying
We know that the shape of the earth is spherical. Thus the surface is obviously curved. But
in plane surveying, the curvature of the earth is not taken into consideration. This is because
plain surveying is carried out over a small area. So the surface of the earth is considered
plane.

2. Geodetic surveying
 In this surveying, the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration.
 It is extended over a large area.
 The line joining any two points is considered a curved line.
 It is carried out over an area exceeding 250km2.

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b. Secondary classification
1. Based on instruments
 Chain surveying
 Compass surveying
 Plane table surveying
 Theodolite surveying
 Tachometric surveying
 Photographic surveying

2. Based on methods
o Triangulation surveying
o Traverse surveying

3. Based on objects
 Geological surveying
 Mine surveying
 Archaeological surveying
 Military surveying

4. Based on nature of field

 Land surveying
 Marine surveying
 Astronomical surveying

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 2. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

2.1. Introduction
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY involves determining the horizontal and vertical location of objects
on the surface of the earth. Horizontal location entails locating "objects" like roads, railways,
ponds, houses, boundaries of properties, etc. by measuring horizontal distance the object
are indicated by symbols. Vertical location includes the location of hills, valleys depressions,
benchmarks, RLS of point, etc. by measuring vertical distance; the objects in this case are
represented in relief.

2.2Leveling
The art of determining the relative heights of different points on or below the surface of the
earth is known as leveling.

2.2.1 Type of leveling

a. Simple Leveling
When the difference of level between two points is determined by setting the leveling instrument
midway between the points, the process is called simple leveling.

b. Differential Leveling
Differential leveling is adopted when

 the points are at a great distance apart,

 the difference of elevation between the points is large
 there are obstacle between the points

2.2.2 Uses of leveling

 To prepare a contour map for fixing sites for reservoirs dams barrages etc. and to fix
the alignment of roads, railways and canals and so on.
 To determine the altitudes of different important points on a hill or to know the
reduced levels of different points on a below the surface of the earth.
 To prepare a longitudinal section and cross-section of a project (roads railways,
canals etc.) in order to determine the volume of earths work.

2.3 Fly Leveling

When differential leveling is done in order to connect a bench-mark to the starting
point of the alignment of any project, it is called fly leveling.

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2.4 Level Surface
Any surface parallel to the mean spherical surface of the earth is said to be a level surface.
Such a surface is obviously curved. The water surface of a still lake is also consider a level
surface.

2.5 Level line

Any level line on a level surface is called a level line. This line is normal to the plumb line
(direction of gravity) at all point

2.6 Horizontal plane

Any plane tangential tothe level surface at any point is as the horizontal plane. It is
perpendicular to the plumb line which indicates the direction of gravity.

2.7 Horizontal line

Any line lying on the horizontal plane is said to be a horizontal line it is a straight line
tangential to the level line.

2.8Vertical plane
Any plane passing through the vertical line is known as the vertical plane.

2.9Datum surface or line

This is an imaginary level surface or level line from which the vertical distances of different
points (above or below this line) are measured.

2.10Reduced level (RL)

The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum line is known as the reduced level
of the point. The RL of a point may be positive or negative according as the point is above or
below the datum.

2.11Line of Collimation
It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of the crosshairs at the diaphragm
and the optical center of the object glass and its continuation.

2.12Bench marks
These are fixed point or mark of known RL determine with reference to the datum line. These
are very important marks. They serve as reference points for finding the RL of new points or
for conducting levelling operation in project involving roads, railways, etc.

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2.13Temporary Bench-Marks
When the bench mark are established temporarily at the end of a day's work, they are said
to be temporary bench-marks. They are generally made on the root of a tree, the parapet of
a nearby culvert, a furlong post, or on a similar place.

2.14 Back sight Reading

This is the first staff taken in any set-up of the instrument after the leveling has been
perfectly done. This reading is always taken on a point of known RL, i.e. on a bench-mark or
change point.

2.15Foresight Reading
It is the last reading in any set-up of the instrument, and indicates the shifting of the latter.

2.16Intermediate sight reading

It is any other staff reading between the BS and FS in the same set-up of the instrument.

2.17Change Point (CP)

This point indicates the shifting of the instrument. At this point, an FS is taken from one
setting and a BS from the next setting.

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 3. TOTAL STATION

3.1 What is Total station?

 A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in
modern surveying and building construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in
conjunction with electronic distance meter (EDM).It is also integrated with
microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system.
 The instrument is used to measure sloping distance of object to the instrument,
horizontal angles and vertical angles.
3.2 Procedure:
 Fixed instrument at a point
 Temporary centering (using three leg of tripod)
 Temporary leveling (using two leg of tripod)
 Permanente centering (using total station machine)
 Permanente leveling (using foot screw)
 Job setting
 Give coordinate of point N-Northing , Z- Elevation, E-Easting
 Co-inside towards north and take an observation
 Take required observation of each point

1.1 Advantages of Total Station:-

 Quick setup of the instrument on the tripod by initializing the laser plummet.
 Programmed with on board are computation for computing the area of a field
 It supports local languages.
 It shows the graphical view of land and plots.
 No recording and writing errors.
 It gives more accurate measurements than other conventional surveying
instruments.
 Data can be saved and transferred to a PC.
 It has integrated database.
 Computerization of old maps.

3.3 To find a co-ordinate using:-

 DGPS
 Mobile GPS – Acc.8m
 Hand GPS – Acc.2.5m
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 3.4 Job setting :-( to create a file)
 Go to2nd page
 Select “Data”
 Select “job”
 Select “job selection”
 Put job number in job selection
 Put job co-ordinate
 Go to “job details”
 Put the “job name”
 Define scale factor
 Press ok in to 1st page

3.5 Job procedure:-

 Go to 1st page
 Select “menu”
 Select “co-ordinate”
 Select “Occ. orientation”
 Put NEZ value (using GPS)
 Select BSAZ
 Co-insides towards north (ok)
 Select observation
 Take an observation on north side

3.6 How to make observation from each point:-

 Go to “menu”
 Select co-ordinate
 Select observation
 Take observation using “measure key” (meas) of that respective point (using
downward ↓ key)
 Select record

3.7 Area calculation

 Go to 1st page of total station
 Go to “menu”
 Select Area calculation
 Go to Occ. orientation
 Put the Northing, Easting and Altitude value

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  Select "BSAZ"
 Put the HRvalue (0.00)
 Select Area calculation
 Select Observation
 Take first point
 Take observation using “measure key”
 Continuous take point when the boundary will not close
 Select calculation (Fun-f2)

3.8 Missing line measurement (MLM):-

 Go to 1st page
 Go to “menu”
 Select “MLM” option
 Co-inside the “A” point
 Press “measure”
 Co-inside the “B” point
 Press MLM (SD, VD, and HD)
 If you want to measure distance between B points to instrument then press
“move”.

3.9 Instrument setting procedure:-

 Go to 1st page
 Press “menu”
 Select co-ordinate
 Select occ.orientation
 Put the value of NEZ (2nd point)
 Press “BSNEZ”
 Put NEZ value of 1st point
 Ok
 Yes

3.10 How to delete a job:-

 Go to data
 Select job deletion
 Select your job
 Ok
 Yes

3.11 How to transfer a job:-

 Go to 2nd page
 Select USB
 Select s-type

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  Select your job
 Ok
 Yes

Attach the survey data table

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 Field Survey Readings

ST2 376652.028 2249718.74 38.034

ST3 376666.234 2249799.549 38.391
MC 376686 2249707 37
1 376686.001 2249707 36.995 BS
2 376700.546 2249701.607 37.348 GAT
3 376701.842 2249710.819 37.548 GAT
4 376702.028 2249712.091 37.782 GAT
5 376700.214 2249702.458 36.445 RE
6 376700.448 2249705.782 36.522 RC
7 376701.811 2249710.95 37.307 LRN1
8 376677.954 2249706.989 37.167 RE
9 376678.525 2249711.02 37.289 RC
10 376678.89 2249714.949 37.773 RE
11 376657.509 2249719.552 37.892 RE
12 376655.665 2249711.939 37.701 RE
13 376654.496 2249720.247 37.98 REJUC
14 376648.81 2249721.203 38.04 REJUC
15 376654.964 2249720.504 38.28 LRN2
16 376653.953 2249710.799 39.456 CT
17 376658.931 2249709.782 39.336 CT
18 376669.997 2249707.572 39.463 CT
19 376691.057 2249702.646 38.755 CT
20 376681.641 2249705.206 38.91 CT
21 376699.391 2249708.904 39.396 CT
22 376691.06 2249712.903 39.759 CT
23 376674.319 2249716.583 40.122 CT
24 376662.336 2249719.69 39.779 CT
25 376656.382 2249721.643 40.371 CT
26 376658.789 2249733.437 40.617 CT
27 376660.741 2249745.176 40.819 CT
28 376661.888 2249751.865 41.148 CT
29 376623.453 2249664.83 41.57 AB1
30 376626.168 2249679.638 42.187 AB2
31 376626.811 2249683.176 42.172 AB3
32 376627.639 2249687.728 41.923 AB4
33 376623.623 2249695.467 41.769 AB5
34 376625.705 2249707.489 41.591 AB6
35 376625.086 2249707.608 42.599 AB7
36 376626.183 2249713.998 48.323 AB8
37 376624.178 2249714.365 49.698 AB9
38 376626.667 2249725.378 42.26 AB10
39 376641.952 2249722.655 40.514 AB11
40 376647.758 2249721.802 39.671 CT
41 376649.314 2249727.131 40.148 CT
42 376652.938 2249745.71 40.784 CT
43 376655.891 2249728.792 38.012 RE
44 376650.593 2249729.94 38.101 RE
45 376662.032 2249761.662 38.101 RE
46 376656.886 2249762.943 38.149 RE
47 376667.691 2249791.897 38.115 RE
48 376647.054 2249748.264 39.675 PROT
49 376651.073 2249748.615 39.316 PROT
50 376652.175 2249754.217 38.306 PROT
51 376671.561 2249675.702 37.088 CANTEEN
52 376674.994 2249700.277 40.267 CANTEEN
53 376688.834 2249698.173 39.806 CANTEEN1
54 376675.834 2249706.498 37.143 REJUC
55 376674.071 2249694.962 36.619 REJUC
56 376665.177 2249697.107 37.269 REJUC
57 376662.129 2249695.629 36.052 GL
58 376653.144 2249696.024 34.899 GL
59 376643.213 2249697.004 35.251 GL
60 376633.689 2249679.934 35.123 GL
61 376646.154 2249676.613 34.659 GL
62 376665.581 2249671.977 35.565 GL
63 376658.21 2249704.852 36.521 GL
64 376699.554 2249693.124 36.979 GL
65 376699.557 2249693.124 36.973 CW1
66 376702.316 2249712.208 37.692 CWL
67 376705.082 2249731.04 37.54 CWL
68 376662.047 2249732.638 38.291 GL
69 376662.963 2249723.22 38.081 GL
70 376661.21 2249785.652 38.711 ST4
71 376652.029 2249718.753 38.613 BS
72 376668.093 2249797.07 39.154 LRN3
73 376706.995 2249790.785 38.183 GAT
74 376706.569 2249787.532 38.165 GAT
75 376707.672 2249787.377 38.462 GATBLD
76 376706.86 2249780.876 38.026 BLD
77 376710.475 2249780.358 38.484 BLD
78 376711.337 2249779.515 38.464 CWL
79 376651.725 2249781.727 38.356 BLD12
80 376647.425 2249782.49 41.323 BLD12
81 376648.428 2249791.738 38.698 BLD13
82 376656.093 2249797.498 39.113 DRN
83 376656.839 2249797.433 39.095 DRN
84 376656.172 2249796.526 39.068 DRN
85 376653.801 2249780.959 39.06 DRN
86 376653.581 2249781.228 39.068 DRN
87 376652.768 2249780.962 39.072 DRN
88 376652.516 2249781.142 39.126 DRN
89 376652.522 2249779.223 39.059 DRN
90 376652.2 2249779.203 39.105 DRN
91 376651.131 2249774.665 39.117 DRN
92 376651.684 2249774.384 39.08 DRN
93 376651.7 2249774.387 39.08 DRN
94 376668.851 2249786.457 38.901 GL
 95 376681.016 2249786.941 38.632 GL
96 376685.846 2249782.873 38.5 GL
97 376673.707 2249773.124 38.662 GL
98 376668.884 2249777.545 38.865 GL
99 376652.027 2249718.738 38.014 BS
100 376661.574 2249793.633 39.768 CT
101 376668.201 2249787.966 38.605 CT
102 376708.004 2249790.955 37.594 GATE
103 376713.509 2249790.033 37.477 GATE
104 376714.595 2249797.37 37.515 GATE
105 376709.086 2249798.301 37.639 GATE
106 376706.466 2249798.797 37.683 RE
107 376705.018 2249791.346 37.641 RE
108 376678.209 2249795.904 38.161 RE
109 376679.721 2249803.146 38.166 RE
110 376653.212 2249807.391 38.878 REBRN
111 376652.212 2249807.853 39.153 REBRN
112 376651.898 2249809.154 39.367 REBRN
113 376651.901 2249809.156 39.366 REBRN
114 376647.444 2249810.009 39.473 REBRN
115 376646.402 2249808.771 39.24 REBRN
116 376641.75 2249809.324 39.22 RE
117 376640.407 2249802.042 39.096 RE
118 376637.035 2249810.319 39.342 RE
119 376636.662 2249810.986 39.419 REBRN
120 376632.564 2249811.657 39.486 REBRN
121 376632.135 2249811.191 39.394 REBRN
122 376618.257 2249805.324 39.646 RE
123 376619.517 2249813.175 39.644 REBRN
124 376612.724 2249810.061 39.745 ST
125 376666.233 2249799.549 38.388 BS
126 376627.992 2249795.674 40.462 BLD14
127 376625.893 2249786.743 41.231 BLD15
128 376621.648 2249787.531 41.272 BLD16
129 376610.676 2249729.3 41.086 BLD17
130 376614.472 2249801.131 38.957 TR
131 376615.814 2249805.404 39.613 RE
132 376616.095 2249814.023 39.764 RE
133 376617.074 2249821.026 39.903 RE
134 376612.99 2249819.173 39.895 RE
135 376609.793 2249803.898 39.573 RE
136 376613.673 2249801.225 39.471 RE
137 376607.855 2249792.718 39.355 RE
138 376611.459 2249788.72 39.28 RE
139 376604.684 2249775.108 39.018 RE
140 376608.19 2249770.29 39.007 RE
141 376603.073 2249767.25 38.888 RE
142 376606.749 2249765 38.882 RE
143 376601.07 2249755.791 38.78 RE
144 376603.905 2249751.569 38.72 RE
145 376598.499 2249742.54 38.676 RE
146 376601.947 2249737.465 38.564 RE
147 376596.308 2249728.442 38.442 RE
148 376600.09 2249726.032 38.277 RE
149 376595.807 2249723.005 38.218 RE
150 376611.056 2249782.545 39.299 TR
151 376614.409 2249801.154 38.675 TR
152 376626.414 2249790.37 37.307 TR
153 376617.514 2249804.573 38.951 TR
154 376618.73 2249804.432 38.916 TR
155 376621.747 2249803.861 38.9 TR
156 376642.407 2249793.114 37.685 TR
157 376625.604 2249803.685 38.946 TR
158 376631.807 2249802.57 38.71 TR
159 376643.106 2249800.64 38.401 TR
160 376652.189 2249799.124 38.043 TR
161 376662.647 2249799.188 38.328 TR
162 376653.52 2249808.473 38.246 TR
163 376638.475 2249811.506 38.769 TR
164 376628.537 2249812.424 38.851 TR
165 376625.194 2249812.754 38.948 TR
166 376622.932 2249813.42 39.062 TR
167 376622.933 2249813.413 39.064 TR
168 376616.799 2249814.386 39.194 TR
169 376617.527 2249818.76 39.295 TR
170 376618.276 2249823.076 39.131 TR
171 376618.924 2249826.836 39.27 TR
172 376613.29 2249824.686 39.797 TR
173 376611.945 2249817.97 39.595 TR
174 376609.268 2249822.176 39.769 TR
175 376616.642 2249813.403 39.766 GL
176 376624.253 2249817.838 39.791 GL
177 376626.699 2249821.631 39.79 GL
178 376622.505 2249824.26 39.838 GL
179 376625.989 2249829.704 39.867 GL
180 376629.686 2249831.655 39.864 GL
181 376619.232 2249818.792 39.882 GL