CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO: PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions
1.2. Basic terms
1.3. Principle of levelling
1.4. Objective and use of levelling
1.5. Types of Leveling
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Fundamental consideration
2.1.1. Environmental consideration
2.1.2. Drainage
2.1.3. Speed parameter
2.2. Cross Sectional design of Road
2.2.1. General
2.2.2. Widening of existing roads
2.2.3. Urban road width
2.2.4. Rural road width
2.2.5. Kerb and Channel
2.3. Median
2.3.1. Cross section and Clearances
2.4. Sight Distance
2.4.1. Intermediate sight distance
2.5. Horizontal Alignment
2.5.1. Super elevation
3. PROJECT FORMULATION
3.1. Instrument Used
3.1.1. Dumpy Level
3.1.2. Tripod Stand
3.1.3. Levelling Staff
3.1.4. Measuring Tape
4. PROJECT WORK
4.1. Field work
4.1.1. Differential levelling
4.1.2. Temporary adjustment
4.1.3. Methods of reducing levels
5. CALCULATION
6. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

1
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definitions
Leveling is the general term applied to any of the various processes by which elevations of points or
differences in elevation are determined.

1.2 Basic terms

1. Levelling: The art of determining the relative heights of different points on or below the surface of
the earth is known as levelling. Thus, levelling deals with measurements in the vertical plane.
2. Level Surface: Any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth is said to be a level
surface. Such a surface is obviously curved. The water surface of a still lake is also considered a level
surface.
3. Level Line: Any line lying on a level surface is called a level line. This line is normal to the plumb
line (direction of gravity) at all points.
4. Horizontal Plane: Any plane tangential to the level surface at any point is known as the horizontal
plane. It is perpendicular to the plumb line which indicates the direction of gravity.
5. Horizontal Line: Any line lying on the horizontal plane is said to be a horizontal line. It is a straight
line tangential to the level line.
6. Vertical Line: The direction indicated by a plumb line (the direction of gravity) is known as the
vertical line. This line is perpendicular to the horizontal line.
7. Vertical Plane: Any plane passing through the vertical line is known as the vertical plane.
8. Datum Surface or Line: This is an imaginary level surface or level line from which the vertical
distances of different points (above or below this line) are measured. In India, the datum adopted for
the Great Trigonometrically Survey (GTS) is the Mean Sea Level (MSL) at Karachi
9. Reduced Level (RL: The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum line is known as the
reduced level (RL) of that point. The RL of a point may be positive or negative according as the point
is above or below the datum.
10. Line of Collimation: It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of the cross-hairs at the
diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass and its continuation. It is also known as the line of
sight.
11. Axis of the Telescope: This axis is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of the object
glass and the optical centre of the eyepiece.
12. Axis of Bubble Tube:It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the bubble tube
at its middle point.
13. Bench-Marks (BM): These are fixed points or marks of known RL determined with reference to the
datum line. These are very important marks. They serve as reference points for finding the RL of new
points or for conducting levelling operations in projects involving roads, railways, etc.

2
Bench-marks may be of four types:
(a) GTS,
(b) Permanent,
(c) Temporary and
(d) Arbitrary.

(a) GTS Bench-Marks: These bench-marks are established by the Survey of India Department at large
intervals all over the country. The values of reduced levels, the relevant positions and the number of
bench-marks are given in a catalogue published by this department.
(b) Permanent Bench-Marks: These are fixed points or marks established by different Government
departments like PWD, Railways, Irrigation, etc. The RLs of these points are determined with reference
to the GTS bench-mark, and are kept on permanent points like the plinth of a building, parapet of a
bridge or culvert, and so on. Sometimes they are kept on underground pillars.
(c) Arbitrary Bench-Marks: When the RLs of some fixed points are assumed, they are termed arbitrary
bench-marks. These are adopted in small survey operations when only the undulation of the ground
surface is required to be determined.
(d) Temporary Bench-Marks: When the bench-marks are established temporarily at the end of a day's
work, they are said to be temporary bench-marks. They are generally made on the root of a tree, the
parapet of a nearby culvert, a furlong post, or on a similar place.
14. Back sight Reading (BS): This is the first staff reading taken in any set-up of the instrument after
the levelling has been perfectly done. This reading is always taken on a point of known RL, i.e. On a
bench-mark or change point.
15. Foresight Reading (FS): It is the last staff reading in any set-up of the instrument, and indicates the
shifting of the latter.
16. Intermediate Sight Reading (IS): It is any other staff reading between the BS and FS in the same
set-up of the instrument.
17. Change Point (CP): This point indicates the shifting of the instrument. At this point an FS is taken
from one setting and a BS from the next setting.

18. Height of Instrument (HI): When the levelling instrument is properly levelled, the RL of the line of
collimation is known as the height of the instrument. This is obtained by adding the BS reading to the
RL of the BM or CP on which the staff reading was taken.
19. Focussing: The operation of setting the eyepiece and the object glass a proper distance apart for
clear vision of the object is known as focussing. This is done by turning the focussing screw clockwise
or anticlockwise.

3
The function of the object glass is to bring the object into focus on the diaphragm, and that of the
eyepiece is to magnify the cross hairs and object.
Focussing is done in two steps as follows:-
(a) Focussing the eyepiece: A sheet of white paper is held in front of the diaphragm, and the eye-piece
is turned clockwise or anticlockwise slowly until the cross-hairs appear distinct and clear.
(b) Focussing the Object Glass: The telescope is directed to the object and the focussing screw is turned
clockwise or anticlockwise until the image is clear and sharp.

20. Parallax: The apparent movement of the image relative to the cross-hairs is known as parallax. This
occurs due to imperfect focussing, when the image does not fall in the plane of the diaphragm.
The parallax is tested by moving the eye up and down. If the focussing is not correct, the image moves
up and down relative to the cross-hairs. If the focussing is perfect, the image appears fixed to the cross-
hairs. The parallax may be eliminated by properly focussing the telescope.

1.3 Principle of levelling

The principle of levelling is to be obtained horizontal line of sight with respect to which vertical
distances of the point above or below this line of sight are found.

1. Simple leveling:

It is the simplest operation in leveling when it is required to find the difference in elevation between
two points both of which are visible from a single position of the level. Suppose a and b are two such
point and level is set up at 0, approximately mid-way between. A and B but not necessary on the line
joining them, after finding the reading on point A and point B, let the respective reading on A and B be
2.340 and 3.315 difference between them is 3.315-2.340=0.795 m.

4
2. Differential leveling:

This method is used in order to find out the difference in elevation between two points.

1. If they too apart.

2. If the difference in elevation between them is too great.

In such cases it is necessary to set up the level in several positions and to work in a series of stages. The
method of simple leveling is employed each of the successive stages. The process is also known as
compound continues leveling.

1.4 Objective and use of levelling

To determine the relative heights of different points of above or below the surface of the earth and to
determine the undulation of the ground surfaces.

1. To prepare a topographical map which shows the hills, valleys, rivers, villages, towns, forests,
etc. of a country.
2. To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields, houses and other properties.
3. To prepare an engineering map which shows the details of engineering works such as roads,
railways, reservoirs, irrigation canals, etc.
4. To prepare a military map showing the road and railway communications with different parts of
a country. Such a map also shows the different strategic points important for the defense of a
country.
5. To prepare a contour map to determine the capacity of a reservoir and to find the best possible
route for roads, railways, etc.
6. To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.
7. To prepare an archaeological map including places where ancient relics exist

Types of Leveling

1. Direct leveling
2. Trigonometric leveling
3. Barometric leveling
4. Stadia leveling

5
1. Direct Leveling

It is the most commonly used method of leveling. In this method, measurements are observed directly
from leveling instrument.

Based on the observation points and instrument positions direct leveling is divided into different types
as follows:

a) Simple leveling
b) Differential leveling
c) Fly leveling
d) Profile leveling
e) Precise leveling
f) Reciprocal leveling

a) Simple Leveling

It is a simple and basic form of leveling in which the leveling instrument is placed between the points
which elevation is to be find. Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling
instrument. It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.

6
b) Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is performed when the distance between two points is more. In this process, number
of inter stations are located and instrument is shifted to each station and observed the elevation of inter
station points. Finally difference between original two points is determined.

c) Fly Leveling

Fly leveling is conducted when the benchmark is very far from the work station. In such case, a
temporary bench mark is located at the work station which is located based on the original benchmark.
Even it is not highly precise it is used for determining approximate level.

7
d) Profile Leveling

Profile leveling is generally adopted to find elevation of points along a line such as for road, rails or
rivers etc. In this case, readings of intermediate stations are taken and reduced level of each station is
found. From this cross section of the alignment is drawn.

e) Precise Leveling

Precise leveling is similar to differential leveling but in this case higher precise is wanted. To achieve
high precise, serious observation procedure is performed. The accuracy of 1 mm per 1 km is achieved.

f) Reciprocal Leveling

When it is not possible to locate the leveling instrument in between the inner visible points, reciprocal
leveling is performed. This case appears in case of ponds or rivers etc. in case of reciprocal leveling,
instrument is set nearer to 1st station and sighted towards 2nd station.

8
2. Trigonometric Leveling

The process of leveling in which the elevation of point or the difference between points is measured

from the observed horizontal distances and vertical angles in the field is called trigonometric leveling.

In this method, trigonometric relations are used to find the elevation of a point from angle and horizontal
distance so, it is called as trigonometric leveling. It is also called as indirect leveling.

3. Barometric Leveling

Barometer is an instrument used to measure atmosphere at any altitude. So, in this method of leveling,
atmospheric pressure at two different points is observed, based on which the vertical difference between
two points is determined. It is a rough estimation and used rarely.

9
4. Stadia Leveling

It is a modified form of trigonometric leveling in which Tachometer principle is used to determine the
elevation of point. In this case the line of sight is inclined from the horizontal. It is more accurate and
suitable for surveying in hilly terrains.

10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Fundamental considerations
In addition to the principles, applications of the elements are contained within this for better Re-
presentations and design of roads.
2.1.1 Environmental consideration
According to Transport and Main Road requirements the Environmental Management shall be applied.
Particular reference that should be made for the Transport and Main Roads publications are as follows:-

 Environmental Processes Manual

 Fauna Sensitive Road Design
 Road Landscape Manual
 Road Traffic Air Quality Management Manual
 Transport Noise Management Code of Practice
 Roads in the Wet Tropics Manual
2.1.2 Drainage
Drainage designs are done for Transportation and Main Roads. The presence of excess water or
moisture within the roadway will adversely affect the engineering properties of the materials with which
it was constructed
2.1.3 Speed parameters
Operating speed of rural road: On existing roads where the desired speed cannot be measured, operating
speeds along the road can be used as a check for the Operating Speed Model. Once the Operating Speed
Model aligns with the measured speeds, the initial speeds, desired speed and the effect of grade on speed
increase can be established. Alternatively, if a similar road exists nearby (e.g. similar topography,
horizontal curvature, road function), speed data collected on it may be used to provide an indication of
the likely desired speed on the existing road being considered.

2.2 Cross Sectional design of Road

2.2.1 General
The cost of the pavement, and its wearing surface, is often one of the most significant cost factors in a
road project. The designer should therefore ensure that pavement width adopted is appropriate and
optimized for the circumstances as small cross-section increases can add significantly to the project cost
9m
Where improvements are designed for existing roads, particular attention is required when considering
widening of the road cross-section Adoption of dimensions that require widening of the formation may
result in a large increase in the cost of the work, particularly on high embankments or in deep cuts
However once widening of the formation is accepted, marginal further increases in.

11
The following factors are to be taken into consideration when widening of the road is proposed:
Widening of the pavement by less than 1.9 m is often not practical due to the standard size of plant.
Narrower widening typically entails construction wider than required and then cutback or the use of
smaller less efficient equipment.

 Widening may be required in the following circumstances to address either current

requirements or future works in the short-medium term heights.
 To rectify cross section width deficiency
 To allow the installation of road safety barriers (edge or median) where the existing road has
flatter batters, sliver widening is more practical as machinery can work longitudinally along the
slope of the batter or transversely on the batter.
 Widening between 1.2 m and 1.9 m can be more practical in urban areas, due to surrounding
constraints and the use of pedestrian path rollers.
In developing widening projects, designers should consider and examine the cost of alternatives to
ensure that the most cost effective solution is adopted
2.2.3 Urban road width
On existing roads with bus routes in extremely constrained locations, the kerb side lanes are to be
marked not less than 3.0 m width from the face of the kerb. Where lane widths are 3.0 m or less, the
kerb side lane should be marked wider than the adjacent lanes to offset the effects of kerb channels,
power poles and other roadside structures. Site specific measures to mitigate the effect of the narrow
lane should be investigated. These include parking restrictions, median adjustments and Indented bus
bays.
2.2.4 Rural road width
On very low volume rural roads, that is roads with a design traffic volume of less than 250 vehicles, the
selection of carriageway formation can include

 Fully unsealed road

 Single lane scal with unsealed shoulders either side to allow for vehicles to pass
 Two-lane seal
Where a single lane seal is adopted, the minimum seal width should be at least 3.7 m and up to 45 m.
A width of less than 3.7 m can result in excessive shoulder wear Seal widths greater than 45 m but less
than 6.0 m are not to be applied it may lead to two vehicles trying to pass with each remaining on the
seal, potentially increasing the risk of head-on crashes. The width of 3.7 meters ensures that one or both
vehicles must have the outer wheels on the shoulders while passing.
2.2.5 Kerb and Channel
Kerb and channel on high speed alignments is not to be used except in constrained situations and prior
to intersections In addition to the safety problems caused by the kerb, separate drainage facilities are
required in these cases, a shallow concrete lined v-drain with subsoil drainage usually provides a better
solution.
High profile kerb (>150 mm) located on the inside of intersection turns may not be expected by
motorcyclists and may increase the chance of a crash caused by a kerb sideswipe Barrier kerb in these
locations can snag the motorcycle foot pegs, create instability and possibly cause a crash.

12
2.3 Median
In rural areas, if the right-of-way is available, the costs of a wider median may be minimal or unchanged
from that required for a narrower median. Wider medians introduce the potential to independently grade
each carriageway which may lead to more cost effective solutions.
Future widening into the median also:-

 Minimizes traffic disruptions during construction of the widening. This needs to be qualified
with the requirement that the median needs to be wide enough so that suitable construction
access is achieved.
 Minimises interference with roadside furniture, drainage installations and environmental
protection devices.
 Prevents further environmental damage during construction of the widening
2.3.1 Cross section and Clearances
Where cyclists and motor vehicles share the road it is preferred that lanes widths are either narrow, 3.0
to 3.3 m, or wider than 3.7 m including typical lane widths of 3.5 m can be wide enough that some
drivers attempt to pass cyclists in the lane without leaving sufficient clearance.

2.4 Sight Distance

2.4.1 Intermediate sight distance
Restricted visibility widening is the local widening of one lane, two way roadways and is applied where
Intermediate Sight Distance is not obtained or it is preferred to widen rather than attempt to obtain it.
This only applies to a single lane roadway of less than 6.2 m in width. In isolated cases, if intermediate
sight distance cannot be obtained then the roadway must be widened to at least 6.2 m

2.5 Horizontal Alignment

2.5.1 Super elevation
In constrained situations such as mountainous terrain or urban roads, curves should be fully elevated
even if only at a single point. But it is desirable that there be at least 30 m of fully super elevated curve.
Values of super elevation up to 10% may also be used in special cases where existing pavement or kerb
lines are to be retained. On bridges, the maximum super elevation is 5% on urban roads and 6% on rural
roads.

13
3. PROJECT FORMULATION

3.1 Instrument Used

3.1.1 Dumpy Level
The telescope of the dumpy level is rigidly fixed to its supports. It cannot be removed from its support
nor can it be rotated about its longitudinal axis. The instrument is stable and retains its permanent
adjustment for a long time. This instrument is commonly used.

3.1.2 Tripod Stand

The tripod stand consists of three legs which may be solid or framed. The legs made of light and hard
wood. The lower ends of the legs are fitted with steel shoes.

3.1.3 Levelling Staff

The levelling staff is a graduated wooden rod used of collimation for measuring the vertical distances
between the points on the ground and the line.
3.1.4 Measuring Tape
A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance

14
4. PROJECT WORK

4.1. Field work

4.1.1 Differential levelling
Differential leveling is performed when the distance between two points is more. In this process, number
of inter stations are located and instrument is shifted to each station and observed the elevation of inter
station points. Finally difference between original two points is determined.

4.1.2. Temporary adjustment

The adjustments made at every set-up of the level before the staff readings are taken are known as
temporary adjustment. Following are the different steps to be followed in temporary adjustment:-

a) Selection of Suitable Position

A suitable position is selected for setting the level. From this position, it should be possible to take the
greatest number of observations without any difficulty, The ground should be fairly level and firm.

b) Fixing Level with Tripod stand

The tripod stand is placed at the required position with its legs well apart, and pressed firmly into the
ground. The level is fixed on the top of the tripod stand according to the fixing arrangement provided
for that particular level. It should be remembered that the level is not to be set up at any station or
point along the alignment.

15
c) Approximate Levelling by Legs of Tripod Stand

The foot screws are brought to the centre of their run. Two legs of the tripod stand are firmly fixed
into the ground. Then the third leg is moved to the left or right in or out until the bubble is
approximately at the centre of its run.

d) Perfect Levelling by Foot Screws

As the longitudinal bubble is on the top of the telescope, the latter is placed parallel to any pair of foot
screws (i.e. first position) and the bubble is brought to he centre by turning the foot screws equally
either both inwards or both outwards.

The telescope is then turned through 90 (i.e. second position) and brought over the third foot screw,
and the bubble is brought to the centre by turning this foot screw clockwise or a anticlockwise .The
telescope is again brought to its original position (the first position) and the bubble is brought to the
centre. The process is repeated several times until the bubble remains in the central position in the
first as well as the second position. Then the telescope is turned through 180°. If the bubble still
remains in the central position, the temporary adjustment is perfect and so is the permanent
adjustment. But if the bubble is deflected from its central position, the permanent adjustment is not
perfect and needs to be modified.

e) Focussing the Eyepiece

A piece of white paper is held in front of the object glass and the eyepiece is moved in or out by turning
it clockwise or anticlockwise until the cross-hairs can be seen clearly

f) Focussing the Object Glass

The telescope is directed towards the levelling staff. Looking through the eye- piece, the focussing
screw is turned clockwise or anticlockwise until the graduation of the staff is distinctly visible and the
parallax is eliminated. To eliminate the parallax, the eye is moved up and down to verify whether the
graduation of the staff remains fixed relative to the cross-hairs.

16
4.1.3 Methods of reducing levels

a) Collimation Method:

It consist of finding the elevation of the plane of collimation ( H.I.) for every set up of the instrument,
and then obtaining the reduced level of point with reference to the respective plane of collimation.

1. Elevation of plane of collimation for the first set of the level determined by adding back side to
R.L. of B.M.
2. The R.L. of intermediate point and first change point are then obtained by starching the staff
reading taken on respective point (IS & FS) from the elation of the plane collimation. [H.I.]
3. When the instrument is shifted to the second position a new plane collimation is set up. The
elevation of this plane is obtained by adding B.S. taken on the C.P. From the second position
of the level to the R.L. C.P. The R.L. of successive point and second C.P. are found by subtract
these staff reading from the elevation of second plane of collimation Arithmetical check

Sum of B.S. – sum of F.S. = last R.L. – First R.L.

b) Rise and Fall Method:

It consists of determining the difference of elevation between consecutive points by comparing each
point after the first that immediately preceding it. The difference between there staff reading indicates
a rise fall according to the staff reading at the point. The R.L is then found adding the rise to, or
subtracting the fall from the reduced level of preceding point.

Arithmetic check

Sum of B.S. – sum of F. S. = sum of rise – sum of fall = last R. L. – first R.L.

17
5. CALCULATION
RL calculation
 HI-BS=RL
 HI-IS=RL
 HI-FS=RL
SI No. Station Distance Back Inter Fore Rise (+) Fall (-) Reduced Remarks
Sight Sight Sight Level
1 0 1.7 100
2 20 1.605 1.87 -0.17 99.83
3 40 1.535 0.07 99.9
4 60 1.29 1.425 0.11 100.01
5 80 1.275 0.015 100.025
6 100 1.36 1.08 0.195 100.22
7 120 1.42 -0.06 100.16
8 140 1.265 0.155 100.315
9 160 1.42 1.175 0.09 100.405
10 180 1.28 0.14 100.545
11 200 1.1 0.18 100.725
12 220 1.17 1.06 0.04 100.765
13 240 1.195 -0.025 100.74
14 260 1.295 -0.1 100.64
15 280 1.23 1.405 -0.11 100.53
16 300 1.31 -0.08 100.45
17 320 1.37 -0.06 100.39
18 340 1.13 1.47 -0.1 100.29
19 360 1.29 -0.16 100.13
20 380 1.35 -0.06 100.07
21 400 1.1 1.41 -0.06 100.01
22 420 1.295 -0.195 99.815
23 440 1.42 -0.125 99.69
24 460 1.09 1.485 -0.065 99.625
25 480 1.325 -0.235 99.39
26 500 1.465 -0.14 99.25
27 520 1.16 1.665 -0.2 99.05
28 540 1.29 -0.13 98.92
29 560 1.4 -0.11 98.81
30 580 1.16 1.54 -0.14 98.67
31 600 1.255 -0.095 98.575
32 620 1.405 -0.15 98.425
33 640 1.265 1.46 -0.055 98.37
34 660 1.38 -0.115 98.255
35 680 1.4 -0.02 98.235
36 700 1.66 1.36 0.04 98.275
37 720 1.51 0.15 98.425
38 740 1.365 0.145 98.57
39 760 1.265 0.1 98.67
40 780 1.545 1.015 0.25 98.92

18
41 800 1.445 0.1 99.02
42 820 1.3 0.145 99.165
43 840 1.665 1.115 0.185 99.35
44 860 1.475 0.19 99.54
45 880 1.31 0.165 99.705
46 900 1.31 0 0 99.705
47 920 1.205 1.395 -0.085 99.62
48 940 1.235 -0.03 99.59
49 960 1.5 -0.265 99.325
50 980 1.295 1.695 -0.195 99.13
51 1000 1.36 -0.065 99.065
52 1020 1.51 -0.15 98.915
53 1040 1.665 -0.155 98.76
54 1060 1.265 1.645 0.02 98.78
55 1080 1.325 -0.06 98.72
56 1100 1.4 -0.075 98.645
57 1120 1.34 1.34 0.06 98.705
58 1140 1.4 -0.06 98.645
59 1160 1.325 0.075 98.72
60 1180 1.34 1.66 -0.335 98.385
61 1200 1.305 0.035 98.42
62 1220 1.38 -0.075 98.345
63 1240 1.27 0.11 98.455
64 1260 1.17 1.215 0.055 98.51
65 1280 1.3 -0.13 98.38
66 1300 1.405 -0.105 98.275
67 1320 1.395 0.01 98.285
68 1340 1.365 1.485 -0.09 98.195
69 1360 1.405 -0.04 98.155
70 1380 1.195 0.21 98.365
71 1400 1.335 -0.14 98.225
72 1420 1.365 1.465 -0.13 98.095
73 1440 1.375 -0.01 98.085
74 1460 1.38 -0.005 98.08
75 1480 1.535 1.435 -0.055 98.025
76 1500 1.515 0.02 98.045
77 1520 1.49 0.025 98.07
78 1540 1.515 -0.025 98.045
79 1560 1.935 1.405 0.11 98.155
80 1580 1.78 0.155 98.31
81 1600 1.465 0.315 98.625
82 1620 1.275 0.19 98.815
83 1640 1.045 0.23 99.045
84 1660 1.845 0.835 0.21 99.255
85 1680 1.695 0.15 99.405

19
 86 1700 1.51 0.185 99.59
87 1720 1.21 0.3 99.89
88 1740 0.91 0.3 100.19
89 1760 1.795 0.71 0.2 100.39
90 1780 1.6 0.195 100.585
91 1800 1.455 0.145 100.73
92 1820 1.26 0.195 100.925
93 1840 1.11 0.15 101.075
94 1860 0.945 0.165 101.24
95 1880 1.835 0.75 0.195 101.435
96 1900 1.675 0.16 101.595
97 1920 1.49 0.185 101.78
98 1940 1.245 0.245 102.025
99 1960 1.18 0.065 102.09
100 1980 1.13 0.05 102.14
101 2000 0.375 1.38 -0.25 101.89
102 2020 0.565 -0.19 101.7
103 2040 0.765 -0.2 101.5
104 2060 1.12 -0.355 101.145
105 2080 1.105 1.49 -0.37 100.775
106 2100 1.23 -0.125 100.65
107 2120 1.41 -0.18 100.47
108 2140 1.7 -0.29 100.18
109 2160 0.64 1.98 -0.28 99.9
110 2180 0.855 -0.215 99.685
111 2200 1.1 -0.245 99.44
112 2220 1.455 -0.355 99.085
113 2240 1.82 -0.365 98.72
114 2260 2.155 -0.335 98.385
115 2280 0.735 2.14 0.015 98.4
116 2300 1.025 -0.29 98.11
117 2320 1.225 -0.2 97.91
118 2340 1.485 -0.26 97.65
119 2360 1.645 -0.16 97.49
120 2380 0.93 1.925 -0.28 97.21
121 2400 1.195 -0.265 96.945
122 2420 1.495 -0.3 96.645
123 2440 1.695 -0.2 96.445
124 2460 1.995 -0.3 96.145
125
Total 44.625 48.48 7.195 -11.05

Calculation check (BS-FS)=(RISE-FALL)=(Last RL-1st RL)

-3.855 -3.855 -3.855

Graph

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 93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103

0
80
160

5. CONCLUSION
240
320
400
480
560
640
720
800
880
960
1040
1120
1200
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1360
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1600
1680
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1920
2000
2080
2160
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2320
Reduced Level

2400

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From existing road we studied that in many section of horizontal curves there is need of super elevation,
obstacles and extra widening. But there are not any safety features like warning, sign, symbols not
used.so in this conclusion part of our project we want to suggest following modified results.

 Width of road

 Horizontal curve

 Stopping sight distance

REFERENCES

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BOOKS:-

 Surveying and Levelling voll- II (N.N. BASAK)

 Surveying voll-I (Dr. B. C. Punamia)

SITES:-

 http:/www.civilengineeringx.com/surveying/methods.

 www.googles.com

Some pictures taken during projects

Fig 1. Fig 2.

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Fig 3. Fig 4.

Fig 5.

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