Professional Documents
Culture Documents
& LEVELLING
Introduction to Levelling
Leveling
- Leveling is defined as the process of measuring the difference in height
between points on the surface of the earth.
- Leveling is the measurement of geodetic height using an optical leveling
instrument and a level staff or rod having a numbered scale.
Objectives of Leveling
1) To find the elevation of a given point with respect to the given or assumed
Datum.
2) To establish a point at a given elevation with respect to the given or
assumed Datum.
Uses
Leveling is done for the following
1) To prepare a contour maps
2) To determine altitudes of different points on a hill or to know the reduced
levels of different points on or below the surface of the earth.
3) To prepare a longitudinal section and cross sections of a project.
4) To prepare layout map for water supply, sanitary or drainage schemes.
Definitions
1. Level Surface or Level Line : This is a surface or line in which all points are
at the same height and normal or at right angle to the pull of gravity as
shown by a plumb line.
3. Datum Surface : Datum surface is any level surface to which the elevations
of all points may be referred. The mean sea level is usually adopted as
datum.
4. Reduced Level : The reduced level of a point is its vertical distance above
or below the datum surface.
5. Bench marks (BM) : Bench marks are stable reference points the reduced
levels of which are accurately determined by leveling.
6. Back sight (BS) : This is the first reading taken with a leveling instrument
in a leveling operation.
8. Intermediate Sight (IS) : This is the reading taken between the back sight
and foresight in a leveling operation.
10. Height of Instrument (HI) : The elevation of the line of sight established
by the instrument.
Line of collimation: It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of
cross hairs at the diaphragm and the optical center of the object glass and its
continuation. It is also known as the line of sight.
Equipment for Leveling
The level, its tripod and the staff are all precision items of equipment upon
which the accuracy of the work is highly dependent.
Levels
A level is basically a telescope attached to an accurate leveling device, set
upon a tripod so that it can rotate horizontally through 360°.
(a) Dumpy levels: The telescope is rigidly attached to a single bubble and the
assembly is adjusted either by means of a screwed ball-joint or by foot-
screws which are adjusted first in one direction, then at 90°.
(b) Tilting levels: This type of level is fitted with a circular bubble for
preliminary approximate leveling and a main bubble which is attached to the
telescope. For each observation the telescope tilted by a fine screw to bring
the main bubble to the center.
Dumpy Level
Tilting Levels
(c) Automatic levels
This more modern type of level is now in general use. It has a compensator
which consists of an arrangement of three prisms. The two outer ones are
attached to the barrel of the telescope. The middle prism is suspended by
fine wiring and reacts to gravity. The instrument is first leveled approximately
with a circular bubble; the compensator will then deviate the line of sight by
the amount that the telescope is self aligned.
Staves
The leveling staff is a box section of aluminum or wood, which will extend to 3
or 5 m in height. One face has a graduated scale attached for reading with the
cross-hairs of the level telescope. These faces can vary in pattern and
graduation; 5mm graduations should be the maximum for accurate leveling of
gauging stations.
Many staves used these days are of aluminum because of its durability.
Automatic
Level
DIGITAL LEVEL
Trimble DiNi Digital Level
3. If using a tilting level, the telescope is leveled with the help of a plate
bubble before taking every observation.
7. Verticality of the staff should be verified with the help of vertical hairs
of the diaphragm.
8. After the staff reading, the position of the bubble should be verified. If
it is disturbed, the reading should be taken again.
Types of Leveling Operations
Simple Leveling :
When the difference between two points is determined by
setting the leveling instrument midway between the points, the
process is called simple leveling.
Differential Leveling
It is adopted when
Differrential Leveling
Fly Leveling
When Differential leveling is done in order to connect a BM
to the starting point of the project by only taking back and
fore sights. It is done to check the accuracy of the work.
ERRORS IN LEVELLING
1. Collimation Error
where s is the sight length and R is the radius of curvature of the Earth
Earth Curvature: