ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
 The branch of chemistry that
deals with carbon compounds is organic chemistry.
 Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons
Hybridization SP3
 Drawing Chemical Structures

Structural
formula
Condensed ( Abbreviated) formula

Skeletal formula

Molecular model
 Naming organic compounds
The parent name of the hydrocarbon is that given to the longest
continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule.
STEP 1 Naming Branched-Chain
FIND THE PARENT Alkanes
HYDROCARBON
 Find the longest  Iftwo chains of equal
continuous carbon length are present,
chain in the molecule choose the one with
and use the name of the larger number of
that chain as the branch points as the
parent name. The parent.
longest chain may not
always be obvious;
you may have to “turn
corners.”
STEP 2 NUMBER THE ATOMS IN THE MAIN
CHAIN

Beginning at the end nearer the

first branch point, number
each carbon atom in the parent
chain.
STEP 3 IDENTIFY AND NUMBER THE
SUBSTITUENTS

Assign a number, called a locant, to each

substituent to specify its point of attachment
to the parent chain. If there are two
substituents on the same carbon, assign
them both the same number.
There must always be as many
numbers
in the name as there are substituents.
STEP 4 WRITE THE NAME AS A SINGLE
WORD
Use hyphens to separate the various
prefixes and commas to separate numbers.
If two or more different side chains are
present, cite them in alphabetical order.
If two or more identical side chains are
present, use the appropriate
multiplier prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so
forth. Don’t use these prefixes for
alphabetizing, though.
NAMING

3,4-Diethyl-4-methyloctane
 Isomers
Each of two or more compounds with the same
formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the
molecule and different properties.
 Reactions of Alkanes
Alkanes are generally not considered
to be very reactive substances.

1. Combustion

2. Reaction with halogens

Alkanes in which one or more hydrogen

atoms have been replaced by a halogen
atom are called alkyl halides.
 The best known are
chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4),
methylene chloride (CH2Cl2).

Chloroform is a volatile, sweet-tasting liquid that was

used for many years as an anesthetic. However, because of
its toxicity (it can severely damage the liver, kidneys, and
heart) it has been replaced by other compounds.

Carbon tetrachloride, also a toxic substance, serves as a

cleaning liquid, for it removes grease stains from clothing.

Methylene chloride is used as a solvent to decaffeinate

coffee and as a paint remover.
Cycloalkanes
Alkenes
 Reactions of Alkenes
1. Combustion

2. Additional reactions:
Hydrogenation (H2)
Halogenation (Cl2)
Hydrohalogenation (HCl)
Hydration (H2O)

3. Oxidation
Polymerization
Alkynes
 Reactions of Alkynes

1. Combustion

2. Additional reactions:
Hydrogenation,
Halogenation,
Hydrohalogenation

3. Oxidation
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
Benzene can be hydrogenated
(Additional Reaction)
Substitution
Nitrobenzene is used in shoe and floor polishes,
leather dressings,
paint solvents,

and other materials to mask unpleasant odors.

nitrobenzene has been used as an inexpensive
perfume for soaps.

production of the analgesic paracetamol (also
known as acetaminophen.

Nitrobenzene is highly toxic