is the study of hydrocarbons (compounds

of carbon and hydrogen) and their

derivatives.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Carbon can meet this four-bond
requirement in three different ways:
By bonding to four other atoms.
This situation requires the presence of
four single bonds.
By bonding to three other atoms.
◦ This situation requires the presence of two
single bonds and one double bond.
By bonding to two other atoms.
◦ This situation requires the presence of either
two double bonds or a triple bond and a single
bond.
ALKANES
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students must have;
a. Derived the general formula of alkanes;
b. Applied IUPAC rules in naming alkanes, given
their structural formulas;
c. Drawn the structural formula of alkanes, given
their IUPAC Names;
d. Identified the distinguishing characteristics of
alkanes from other hydrocarbons and
hydrocarbon derivatives
e. Appreciated the uses and importance of alkanes.
 H H H
H C H H C C H
H H H

H H H HHH H
H C C CHH CCC C H
H H H H HH H
Alkane
It is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the
carbon atom arrangement is that of an
unbranched or branched chain.

General Formula:
CnH2n+2
Where: n is the number of carbon atoms
present
Structural Formula
It is a two-dimensional structural
representation that shows how the various
atoms in a molecule are bonded to each
other.

Two types of structural formula

a. Expanded structural formula
b. Condensed structural formula
Expanded
Structural Formula

Condensed
Structural Formula
 Nomenclature of Alkanes

substituent
(ALKYL
GROUPS)
Alkyl groups are named by taking the stem of the name
of alkane that contains the same number of carbon atoms
and adding the ending –yl.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

IUPAC NAMING SYSTEM

Rule 1: Identify the longest continuous
carbon chain (the parent chain), which
may or may not be shown in a straight
line, and name the chain.

pentane
Rule 2: Number the carbon atoms in the
parent chain from the end of the chain
nearest a substituent (alkyl group).
5 4 3 2 1

pentane
Rule 3: If only one alkyl group is present,
name and locate it (by number), and prefix
the number and name to that of the parent
carbon chain.
5 4 3 2 1

2-methyl pentane
Rule 4: If two or more of the same kind of
alkyl group are present in a molecule,
indicate the number with a Greek numerical
prefi x (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and so forth).

2,4-Dimethylpentane

3,3-Dimethylpentane
Rule 5: When two kinds of alkyl groups
are present on the same carbon chain,
number each group separately, and list
the names of the alkyl groups in
alphabetical order.
Generating the Structural Formula of an
Alkane from Its IUPAC Name
a. 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane
Draw the structural formula of the given
IUPAC name
b. 4,5-diethyl-3,4,5-trimethyloctane
A line-angle structural formula is a
structural representation in which a line
represents a carbon–carbon bond and a
carbon atom is understood to be present at
every point where two lines meet and at
the ends of lines.
ISOMERISM
Isomers are compounds that have the
same molecular formula (that is, the same
numbers and kinds of atoms) but that
differ in the way the atoms are arranged.
Constitutional isomers are isomers that
differ in the connectivity of atoms, that is,
in the order in which atoms are attached
to each other within molecules.
A conformation is the specific three-
dimensional arrangement of atoms in an
organic molecule at a given instant that
results from rotations about carbon–
carbon single bonds.
Cycloalkane
It is a saturated hydrocarbon in which
carbon atoms connected to one another in
a cyclic (ring) arrangement.

General Formula
CnH2n
Line-angle structural formulas are
generally used to represent cycloalkane
structures.

cyclopropane cyclobutane

cyclopentane cyclohexane
 A two-way intersection
represents a CH2 group

A three-way intersection A four-way intersection

represents a CH group is simply a carbon atom
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
FOR CYCLOALKANES
1. If there is just one ring substituent, it is
not necessary to locate it by number

methylcyclobutane
2. When two ring substituents are present,
the carbon atoms in the ring are numbered
from beginning with the substituent of
higher alphabetical priority and
proceeding in the direction that gives the
other substituent the lower number.

1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
3. When three or more ring substituents are
present, ring numbering begins at the substituent
that leads to the lowest set of location numbers.
When two or more equivalent numbering sets
exist, alphabetical priority among substituents
determines the set used.

1,2-dimethyl-3-propylcyclohexane
methylcyclopropane

1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane

4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
ISOMERISM IN CYCLOALKANES
Constitutional isomers are possible for
cycloalkanes that contain four or more
carbon atoms.
For example, there are five cycloalkane
constitutional isomers that have the
formula C5H10
Stereoisomers are isomers that have the
same molecular and structural formulas
but different orientations of atoms in
space.
◦ Cis–trans isomers are isomers that have the
same molecular and structural formulas but
different orientations of atoms in space
because of restricted rotation about bonds.
Cis- is a prefix x that means “on the same side.”

Trans- is a prefix x that means “across from.”

“Alkane” ka na lang
A not-so-true-to-life story by Dharlz
One night in February, Nene was studying
her notes in Advanced chemistry when
she was asked by her mother to cook
dinner. She starts to prepare while
humming to a tune.

“Alkane ka nalang~ Alkane ka nalang~

Iingatan ko ang carbon mo.”, she sang.

Unfortunately, a black-out occurred.

She looked for something to
produce light in the kitchen. She
can’t find the flashlight. Instead,
she used something made out of
wax and placed it on top of the
counter. What did she use?

Candle
Nonane has 35 different
isomers. It is primarily used
only in fuel due to its high
flammability. Its major use is in
kerosene. It is occasionally
used as a solvent and in the
manufacture of paraffin (wax).
She cannot find the box of
matchsticks. However, she
remembered her father placing a
small device that could create flame
in the cupboard. She searched for it
and found it and then proceeded to
light the candle.

What did she use?

Lighter
Butane is an important feedstock for the
petrochemical industry. In pressurized gas
cylinders, it finds use as liquid gas (LPG) in
laboratories and households for heating and
combustion purposes (calorific value 124
MJ/ m3), as low-temperature solvent and as
extraction medium. Mostly, it is being used
for the technical syntheses of 1,3-butadiene,
maleic anhydride and so-called polymer
gasoline.
Now, Nene can see in the kitchen. She
can now prepare their dinner. Since she
cannot use their electric rice cooker, she
decided to use their stove using another
fuel source. She turned the knob and
turned the gas stove on.

What did she use as an alternative fuel

source?
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Varieties of LPG bought and sold include
mixes that are mostly propane (C3H8),
mostly butane (C4H 10) and, most
commonly, mixes including both propane
and butane. Propane is an important raw
material in petro chemistry. In pressurized
gas cylinders, it finds use as liquid gas
(LPG) in laboratories and households for
heating and combustion purposes.
“Alkane ka nalang~ Alkane ka nalang~
Iingatan ko ang carbon mo.”, she
sang again.

She was almost done cooking dinner

when she spotted something in the
corner of her eye.
It was the one thing that could give her a mini-
heart attack. She felt as if her world stopped.
She was internally screaming. It started to crawl
closer. She felt like she wanted to faint. They
said it was the most handsome thing in the
world but Nene thinks otherwise.

It started to flap its brown wings and flew across

the room. One thing that came into her mind,
“Kill it with fire!”

What did she see?

“Ako ang pinakagwapong hayop sa mundo kasi
lakad pa lang, tilian na. ‘pag lumapit ako sa mga
tao, nagsisigawan na. Ang iba nahihimatay ‘pag
nahawakan ko. Sino ako?”
COCKROACH
Ants and cockroaches have n-decane
which is a pheromone in their bodies. It
helps cockroaches aggregate.
She grabbed a container and sprayed it on the
cockroach but it didn’t flee. It started to
smell floral in the kitchen. She grabbed the
wrong container. The cockroach was right
beside her feet. She quickly grabbed the
lighter and put it next to the container.

She pressed the nozzle and thought “Blaze it.”

What was the container?

Aerosol Spray
Butane is a four-carbon gas. Like propane,
it is a denser than air gas that pools in the
lowest available space. It is most commonly
used as lighter fluid and in butane torches.
It is also sold in small bottles for cooking
and may be blended with propane. It is also
used as an aerosol propellant.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES
Alkanes and cycloalkanes are insoluble in
water.
◦ Water molecules are polar, and alkane and
cycloalkane molecules are nonpolar. Molecules of
unlike polarity have limited solubility in one another
Alkanes and cycloalkanes have densities
lower than that of water.
◦ Alkane and cycloalkane densities fall in the range 0.6
g/mL to 0.8 g/mL, compared with water’s density of
1.0 g/mL.
• The boiling points of continuous-chain
alkanes and cycloalkanes increase with
an increase in carbon chain length or
ring size.
• For continuous-chain alkanes, the
boiling point increases roughly 30C
for every carbon atom added to the
chain. This trend, shown in Figure
12.11, is the result of increasing
London force strength
1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10
It is a saturated hydrocarbon in
which the carbon atom
arrangement is acyclic.
ALKANES
What is the general formula for
alkanes?

CnH2n+2
It is a two-dimensional structural
representation that shows how the
various atoms in a molecule are bonded
to each other.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA
It is the group of atoms that would
be obtained by removing a
hydrogen atom from an alkane.
Alkyl group
The naming rule system for alkanes
were derived by the IUPAC. What does
the abbreviation IUPAC stand for?

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF
PURE AND APPLIED
CHEMISTRY
Using the general formula for
alkane, derive the number of
hydrogen atoms of an alkane with 8
carbon atoms
H atoms = 18
Using the general formula for an
alkane, derive the number of carbon
atoms present when 14 hydrogen
atoms are present.

C atoms = 6
Give the IUPAC name for the given
alkane.

CH3 CH CH CH3

CH2 CH3

CH3

2,3-dimethylpentane
 Give the IUPAC name for the given
alkane.

CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3

4-ethyl-2,7-dimethyloctane
Give the IUPAC name for the given alkane.

CH3

CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3

CH2

CH3
3-ethyl-3-methylpentane
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!