CHEMISTR

Y
10TH GRADE

Viltė Antanavičiūtė, 2019

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
OF LESSONS

UNIT 4: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Topic: IUPAC nomenclature

Learning objectives:

• to learn how to name organic

compounds;
• to define homologous series;
• to practice name the organic
compounds
 HYDROCARBONS
(ANGLIAVANDENILIAI)
• Hydrocarbon, any of a class of organic chemical
compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and
hydrogen (H). The carbon atoms join together to form the
framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms
attach to them in many different configurations.
Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum
and natural gas. They serve as fuels and as raw materials
for the production of plastics, fibres, rubbers, solvents,
explosives, and industrial chemicals.

• Angliavandeniliai – tai organiniai junginiai, sudaryti tik iš

dviejų elementų – anglies ir vandenilio. Žinomos kelios
klasės tokių junginių (sotieji, nesotieji, aromatiniai
angliavandeniliai). Sotieji angliavandeniliai tarptautinėje
nomenklatūroje vadinami ALKANAIS. Už kitus
angliavandenilius jie chemiškai mažiau aktyvūs .
 ALKANES (ALKANAI)
• Alkanes are the simplest organic compounds consist of
only hydrogen and carbon bonded with only single bonds
between carbon atoms. The general chemical formula of
alkanes is calculated by CnH2n+2. Alkanes are also called as
saturated hydrocarbon which includes monocyclic or
polycylic molecule.

• There are three types of chemical structure of alkanes

known such as linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes.
1. Linear alkanes should have the carbons bonded together
in a chain-like structure, which is similar to a snake or
rope.
2. Branched alkanes can form linear alkanes but instead of
having just a straight chain in their chemical structure,
and branched with one or more alkyl groups.
3. Cyclic alkanes or cycloalkanes contain the hydrogen and
carbon atoms bonded together with single bonds, where
the carbon atoms bond together to form a ring or loop.
 ALKANAI
• Alkanai – angliavandeniliai, turintys bendrą
formulę CnH2n+2 ir neprisijungiantys vandenilio bei
kitų elementų, .

• Bendroje formulėje raidė n – sveikas skaičius,

rodantis, kiek anglies atomų yra šio
angliavandenilio molekulėje. Pvz angliavandenilio
dekano mokelulėje yra 10 anglies atomų. Jo
molekulinė formulė bus C10H2∙10+2, t.y. C10H22
 • A homologous series is a group of chemicals which have similar chemical properties and can

HOMOLOGOUS be represented by a general formula.

SERIES • Homologai – tai medžiagos, kurios turi panašias savybes ir panašią sandarą, bet skiriasi
grandinės ilgiu. Kiekvienas angliavandenilis skiriasi nuo priš jį esančio CH2 atomų grupe (-CH2-
homologinis skirtumas).
(HOMOLOGAI) • Radikalai – tai labai aktyvios dalelės, egzistuojančios labai trumpą laiką ir turinčios
nesuporuotą elektroną.
 HOW TO NAME ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS USING THE
IUPAC RULES

1. Identify the longest carbon chain. This

chain is called the parent chain.
2. Identify all of the substituents (groups
appending from the parent chain).
3. Number the carbons of the parent chain
from the end that gives the substituents
the lowest numbers. When compairing a
series of numbers, the series that is the
"lowest" is the one which contains the
lowest number at the occasion of the
first difference. If two or more side
chains are in equivalent positions, assign
the lowest number to the one which will
come first in the name.
 HOW TO NAME ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS USING THE IUPAC
RULES
4. If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location
of each point on which the substituent occurs is given. In
addition, the number of times the substituent group occurs
is indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.).
5. If there are two or more different substituents they are
listed in alphabetical order using the base name (ignore the
prefixes). The only prefix which is used when putting the
substituents in alphabetical order is iso as in isopropyl or
isobutyl. The prefixes sec- and tert- are not used in
determining alphabetical order except when compared
with each other.
6. If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the
parent chain, then the choice goes in series to:
a) the chain which has the greatest number of side chains.
b) the chain whose substituents have the lowest- numbers.
c) the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in
the smaller side chain.
d)the chain having the least branched side chains.
7. A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the
prefix cyclo- which appears directly in front of the base
name.
 IZOMERIJA IR
NOMENKLATŪRA
Sudarant pavadinimą, vadovaujamasi IUPAC taisyklėmis:

1. Formulėje surandama pati ilgiausia anglies atomų grandinė ir

numeruojami anglies atomų simboliai, pradedant nuo to grandinės
galo, prie kurio arčiausiai yra atšaka.
2. Radikalai išvardijami (abėcėlės) tvarka ir skaičiais nurodoma jų vieta
prie numeruoto anglies atomo. Jei prie to paties anglies atomo yra
du vienodi radikalai, skaičius kartojamas du kartus. Vienodų radikalų
skaičius nurodomas graikų kalbos skaitvardžiais („di“ – du, „tri-
trys“..)
3. Angliavandenilis pavadinamas pagal numeruotos grandinės anglies
atomų skaičių, kuris pradedant penktuoju anglie atomu, nurodomas
graikų kalbos skaitvardžiais („penkta“ – penki, „hepta“ – šeši..)
 LET’S
PRACTICE!
3- metilheksanas
2,5 – dimetiloktanas 3- methylhexane
TASK 1. Write the 2,5 - dimethyloctane
name of each of the
hydrocarbon molecules
shown on the right side:

oktanas 4- etil-2,3-dimetilheptanas
octane 4- ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane
1st group (level 1-2, 3-4)
Name the compounds
Write formulas

2-methylpentane
2,3-dimethylbutane
3-ethylpentane
2nd group (level 5-6)
Name the compounds Write formulas

2,3-dimethylhexane
4-ethyl-3,3,5-trimethylheptane
2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane
3rd group. Level 7-8
Name the compounds:
Write formulas:

4-ethyl-3-methyl-5-propyloctane
5-butyl-6,6-diethyl-3,3,7-trimethyldecane
4,5,6-triethyl-3,3,7,7-tetramethyl-6-
propyldecane