GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Properties of Matter- Chemistry Bundle 1

What is Chemistry?

 The study of matter- its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes.
 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Building Blocks of Matter:

 Atom- smallest particle of matter that retains the identity of the substance.
 Element- made up of only 1 type of atom; can’t be separated into simpler substances.
 Compound- a combination of two or more different elements that are chemically combined.

Properties of Matter:

All matter can be identified by its properties- its characteristics and behavior. Properties can be
described as either chemical or physical, and intensive or extensive.

Chemical Properties:

 Ability or inability of a substance to combine with another substance or change into new
substance.
 Can only be observed when there is a change in the composition of the substance.
 Always relates to a chemical change, also called a chemical reaction.

Examples of Chemical Properties

 Reactivity- “How does it react with acids?”; “it react with water?”
 Instability- tendency of substance to breakdown into different substances.
 Toxicity- how poisonous; chlorine, lead
 pH- measure of acidity
 Flammability- the ease with which it will burn

Physical Properties:

 Characteristics that can be observed or measured

 They describe the substance itself (alone)
 Don’t involve changes in composition
Ex. Water is still H2O whether it is liquid, ice or steam.

Examples of Physical Properties

 Color
 Texture- how it feels: such as slimy, rough, fuzzy
 Malleability- can be hammered or rolled into a sheet;
o Al foil
 Ductility- can be drawn into a wire
o Copper electrical wire
 Mass- the amount of matter an object contains
o 5 grams of carbon

More Examples of Physical Properties

 Volume- the amount of space occupied by an object

  Density- Mass per volume unit
o Compactness
 Solubility- the ability to dissolve
o Sugar in tea
 Conductivity- ability to transfer heat, electricity or sound

Types of Physical Properties

1.Intensive properties: do not change with amount; are used for identification

Example 1-1: list some intensive properties:

Density, color, texture, boiling point, freezing point, odor, etc.

2. Extensive properties: depend on the amount of matter present; these change constantly and
therefore cannot be used for identification.

Example 1-2: list extensive properties

Mass, length, heat or temperature, weight, etc.

Physical and chemical properties can be qualitative and quantitative descriptions of matter.

Example 1-3: Give an example of a qualitative property.

The solution is clear blue; the solid is hard; or the liquid boils at a low temperature

Example 1-4: Give an example of a quantitative property

Density of iron is 7.86 g/mL; ice melts at 0°C; a mass of 35.7 g of sodium chloride dissolves in 100mL of
water.

Observations of properties can vary depending on the conditions of the environment. Both physical and
chemical properties depend on temperature and pressure. As a result, it is important to note the specific
conditions in which observations properties are made

Example 1-5: Consider the three physical states of water- solid, liquid, gas. How do the properties of the
water change as the temperature change?

 Liquid water has a density of 1.00 g/mL and is not very chemically reactive.
 Solid water( ice) has lower density.
 Gas water( stream), reacts chemically with several different substances.

Physical Changes:

 Change in physical state but not its composition: change in size, shape, or phase
 Most physical changes are reversible

Example 1-6: Name examples of physical changes.

Grinding, bending, dissolving, splitting, crushing, melting, boiling

Chemical Changes:

 Involve a NEW substance being formed that has different properties

 Chemical changes are usually not reversible

Example 1-7: Name examples of chemical changes.

 Indicators of Chemical Change:

 A color change
 A texture change
 A gas produced
 A precipitate formed ( a solid product which forms from the reaction of two solutions)
 An obvious mass change
 Temperature

Classification of Matter:

The classification of matter is based on the uniformity of the components that characteristic properties
of the substance. As a result, all matter can be separated into two broad categories: pure substances or
mixtures.

Pure Substance:

 Every sample has the same properties and fixed composition

 Cannot be separated by simple physical means; separated chemically
 Can be either elements or compounds
o Ex. Pure sucrose (C12H22O11)
o Pure water (H2O)

Mixture:

 Combination of two or more substances in which the identity of each substance is not changed
 Do not have specific combinations and do not interact with each other
o Ex. White sugar mixed with white sand; a tossed salad; vegetable soup

Kinds of Mixtures:

1. Homogeneous mixtures are the same composition throughout. Always has a single phase.
o Another name for homogenous mixtures is solution.
Solutions may contain solids, liquids, or gases.
o Ex. Air, carbonated soda, stainless steel
2. Heterogeneous mixtures are not blended smoothly and indicidual substances remain distinct.
o Ex. Granite, dirt, blood

Physical Separation:

 Filtration- a process of using a filter to physically separate mixtures. Ex. Using a screen to
separate rocks from sand.
 Distillation- using evaporation as a means of separating substances.
 Chromatography- method of separating mixtures by adsorption
 Magnetism- attraction for iron associate with electric current and magnets
 Solubility- dissolving one substance in another

One chemical may produce other weight is the gravity of

Mass- Constant Space- talking about volume volume- capacity

Sodium- is highly danger Porosity-the quality or degree of having minute spaces or holes through
which liquid or air may pass
Chapter 2: The Properties of Matter- Section 1

What is matter?

Which part of this course is more concerned with matter?

Matter

 Everything is made of MATTER!

 Matter is anything that has volume and mass.
 Volume is the amount of space an object takes up, occupies.

Measuring the volume of liquids

 Liquids have. We measure that volume with a graduated cylinder.

 Notice the meniscus in the graduated cylinder.
 Always measure at the bottom of the meniscus!
 A liquid in any container has a meniscus.
 Liters(L) and mL(milliliters) are most often used to express the volume of liquids.

Solid Volume

 The volume in a solid is always expressed in cubic units.

 Cubic means having “three dimensions.”
 Cubic meters(m3) or cubic centimeters(cm3) are most often used to express the volume of a
solid.
 The 3 in m3 signifies that three quantities were used to get the final result. (That is a derived
quantity!)
 If each side in the cube below in 2m, what is the volume of the cube?

The Volume of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

 1 mL= 1 cm3 REMEMBER THAT!

 That is why you can compare the volume in liquids to solids.
 How do you measure the volume of a gas?
 You can’t see, so how do you measure it?
Ex. Balloon

Matter and Mass

 What is mass?
 Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of.
 Even atoms have mass!
 Looking at the picture…
 The mass stays constant in certain forms of matter such as
 The mass changes in certain forms of matter such as

What is the difference between mass and weight?

 This is an important concept to understand!

 Let’s start by understanding gravity.
 Gravity is the force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.
 All matter experiences gravity!
 The amount of attraction between two objects depends on their weight.
  There is attraction between all objects with mass, but since they are so small in reference to the
earth, the attraction between them is also small.

So what about weight?

 Weight is the measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object!

 Look at Spot and the rock… which one is attracted to the earth more though gravitational force?
__________________________________
 Which one weighs more? _____________________________
 So, this means the greater the gravitational force, the greater the weight.
 Which weighs more?___________________________

Measuring Weight and Mass

 The SI unit for mass is kilogram (kg).

 Sometimes we will use milligrams or grams. (mg or g)
 The SI unit for weight (or gravitational force) is NEWTONS.
 A Newton is approximately equal to the weight of a 100 gram mass on earth.

The major differences between

 MASS
 A measure of the amount of matter in object.
 Always constant, no matter the location.
 Measured with a balance.
 Expressed in kilograms, grams, and milligrams.

 WEIGHT
 A measure of the gravitational force on an object.
 Varies depending on where the object is in relation to the earth. Example: __________________
 Measured with a spring scale.
 Expressed in Newtons.

Mass is a measure of Inertia

 What in the world is inertia?

 Ever try to move a car? Yeah, it is difficult!
 That is because of inertia!
 Inertia is the tendency of all object to resist a change in motion.
 This will cause objects that are still, and allow objects that are moving to continue moving.
 Mass is a measure of inertia because the greater the mass of an object… the more difficult it is
to move.

Describing Matter

 Knowing the characteristics or properties of an object can help you identify the object.
 There are:
o Physical Properties
o Chemical Properties

Physical Properties
  Things that describe the object are physical properties.
 Physical properties can also be observed or measured without changing the identity of the
matter.
 Examples of physical properties include: color, odor, size, state, density, solubility, melting point,
etc….

If Density= mass/volume

 Then mass= volume x density or m= v x d

m
 AND volume= mass/density or volume=
v

Chemical Properties

 Chemical properties describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance
with different properties.
 Ex: wood burns to form ash and smoke
 Chemical properties cannot be observed with your senses.
 Chemical properties aren’t as easy to observe as physical properties.
 Examples of chemical properties: flammability and reactivity

Characteristic Properties

 The properties that are most useful in identifying a substance are its characteristic properties.
 Remember the difference between physical and chemical properties.
 Physical properties can be observed! (with your eyes!) IDENTITY OF SUBSTANCE DOES NOT
CHANGE!
 You can observe chemical properties only in situations in which the identity of the substance
could change.

Physical Changes

 A physical change is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance.
 Physical changes do not form new substances! EX: ice melting or sugar dissolving
 Physical Changes are easy to undo.

Chemical Changes

 A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new
substances with different properties.
 You can observe chemical properties only when a chemical change might occur!
 Examples of chemical change: Baking a cake and rusting

Clues to chemical changes

 Color change
 Fizzing or bubbling( gas production)
 Heat
 Production of light, sound, or odor.
 Chemical changes are not usually reversible!

Chapter 2- The Properties of Matter

What is Matter?

Matter:

Anything that has mass and takes up space

 Everything in the universe that you can see is made up of some type of matter.
 Look around you, and tell me!

Mass + Volume= Matter

Volume:

 A measure of the size of a body or region in three dimentional.

 The amount of space taken up, or occupied, by an object.

Note:

 Because the objects have volume, they can not share the same space at the same time.

Liquid Volume:

 The volume of any amount of liquid, from one raindrop to an entire ocean, can be expressed in
the units:
o Liters(L).
o Milliliters( mL).
 How can I measure the volume of liquids?
o By using a graduated cylinder.
 The surface of the liquid is cursed.
 To measure the volume of the most of the liquids.
o Such as water.
 You must look at the bottom of the meniscus.
 Meniscus:
o The curve at a liquid’s surface by which one measure the volume of the liquid.
 Volume of a regularly shaped solid object:
o The volume of any solid object is expressed in cubic units.
o These objects such as the cubic, parallelogram.
o Cubic- - - means “ having three dimensions”.
o Cubic units:
Cubic meters (m3)
Cubic centimeters( cm3).
 How can I measure the volume of a regularly shaped solid object?
Volume= length x width x height
 How can I measure the volume of an irregularly shaped solid object?
o You can measure the solid object by m water that the object displaces.
o Vsolid = Vo-Vt
 Mass:
o The amount of the matter in the object.
o Any object has more amount of matter, has more mass.
 Note:
o The mass of an object is the same no matter where in the universe the object is located.
o Any change in the amount of the matter of an object causes change in its mass

Mass and Weight

Mass

 The amount of the matter in the object.

 The more you have mass, the greater the amount of matter.
 The mass is always outside for an object at any place in the universe.
 The mass is expressed in units:
o Kilograms (kg).
o Gram(g).
o Milligrams(mg)
 Mass is measured by using a balance.

Weight

 Weight is the force on an object due to gravity.

 The more you weigh, the greater the force.
 Weight is relative to the amount of gravity, the weight is not constant for an object.
 The weight is expressed in units:
o Newton(N)
 Mass is measured by using a spring scale.

Measuring Mass and Weight:

 One newton is about equal the weight of an object that has a mass of 100 g on Earth.
1 N= 100 g
10 N= 1 kg
 So, it’s easy for us, by knowing the mass of an object on the Earth, to calculate its weight, and
vice versa.
 Solve problems…..

Inertia:

 The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

So, we can say that:

 An object at rest will remain at rest until something causes the object to move.
 Also, a moving object will keep moving at the same speed, and in the same direction unless
something get on the object to change its speed

Note:

More Mass----- More weight---- More Inertia

Question:

 The mass of a certain object on Earth is 6.0 kg, and the weight of the object 60 N. the force of
gravity on the Moon is about one- sixth the force of gravity on Earth.
What are the approximate mass and approximate weight of the same object on the Moon?
a. Mass- 1.0 kg; weight-10 N
b. Mass- 6.0 kg; weight- 10 N
c. Mass- 6.0 kg; weight- 360 N
d. Mass- 36.0 kg weight- 360 N

Chapter 2- The Properties of Matter- Section 2

Physical Properties

Physical Properties of Matter can be observed without changing the identity of the matter.

Physical property is a characteristic of a substance that doesn’t involve a chemical change.

Examples of physical properties:

1. Conductivity----> How heat or electricity moves through a substance

2. State---- the physical form of matter(solid, liquid, or gas).
3. Malleability-- The ability of a substance to be rolled into a shape
4. Ductility--- the ability of substance to be pulled into wire
5. Solubility-- the ability of a substance to dissolve
6. Density---- how compact a substance is
7. Compressibility-- the ability is the substance or pressed together

Density:

The amount of matter in a given space

Bowling ball

mass 10 kg
Density= volume = =10 Heavy
¿ 1L
¿
Soccer Ball

mass 1kg
Density= = =1 Light
volume 1 L

Why density is used to identify substance?

Because the density of a substance is always the same at a given pressure and temperature.

Differences in density cause Liquid layers

 The most dense layer is on the bottom

 The least dense layer is on top.
 If the density of an object is less than the density for water, the object will float.
 And also
o If the density of an object is more than density of water, it will sink.

Solving for density:

To find an object’s density (D):

1. First measure each of: Mass(m) and Volume(v)

2. Then use this equation: D=M/V

Example:

Calculating density what is the density of an object whose mass is 25 g and whose volume is 10 Cm3?

Step 1: Write the equation for density. D= m/v

Step 2: Replace(m) and (v) with the measurements given in the problem.

Step 3: Solve. D= -25 g/ 10 cm3= 2.5 g/Cm3

Physical Changes:

A physical is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance.

 Physical Changes don’t form new substances.

 Physical change is a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical
properties.

Examples of Physical changes:

1. Freezing water to make ice cubes:

Because ice is still water.
2. When certain substances dissolve in other substances.
When you dissolve sugar in water the sugar seems to disappear.

Questions:

 Which phase change increases the volume of the sample the greatest?
a. Solid to liquid
b. Gas to Solid
c. Liquid to Solid
d. Liquid to gas
 Mr. Watson’s students brought him a cake on his birthday because he was their favorite
teacher. Before he blew out the candle, however, he asked his class to name physical properties
of the candles. All of the following responses are correct except one. Which of the following is
NOT a physical property of the candles?
a. The candle are blue
b. The candles are 10 cm tall
c. The candles are thin
d. The candles are able to burn
Chapter 2- The Properties of Matter- Section 3

Chemical Properties

Chemical Property:

 It describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance that has different
properties.
 It is property of matter that describes a substance’s ability to participate in chemical reactions.

Examples of Chemical Properties:

o Flammability:
 The ability of a substance to burn
 When wood is burned, ash and smoke are created. These new substances have very
different properties than the original place of wood had.
 Wood has the chemical property of flammability

Examples of Chemical Properties:

o Reactivity:
 The ability of two or more substances to combine and form one or more new
substances.
 The iron has the chemical property of reactivity with oxygen.
 When iron it exposed oxygen, it trusts.

Notes:

 Chemical properties can be observed only when a chemical change happened.

o You can see that wood is flammable only white it is burning.
o You can observe that gold is non-flammable only when it won’t burn.

Characteristic Properties:

 The properties that are most used in identifying a substance.

 It can be Physical Properties:
o Such as density and solubility
 As well as Chemical Properties:
o Such as flammable and reactivity.

Chemical change

o A chemical change happens when one or more substance are changed into new
substances that have new and different properties.

Examples of chemical changes:

 Soured milk smells bad because bacteria have formed new substances in the milk.
 The statue of liberty is made of orange-brown copper but it looks green from the metal’s
interaction with air.

A change of composition:

 Water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen

 Whether water is solid. Liquid or gas its composition
 So , physical changes don’t change the composition of the substances
  Through a process called electrolysis. Water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases.
 The composition of water has changed so you know that a chemical change has taken alone.

Signs of Chemical changes:

 Chance in odor
 Color
 Production of heat
 Sound
 Light
 Foaming

Notes:

 Most chemical changes are not easily reversed.

o Because the composition does change.
 Many physical changes are easily reversed.
o Because the composition does not change.