Lesson 1.matter and Its Properties.1

What is Chemistry?
The study of matter, its composition, its

structures, its properties, the processes
that matter undergoes and the energy
changes that accompany these processes.
Matter and its
Properties
STATES OF MATTER
Solid Liquid Gas
Questions:
1) How separated are the particles in each state of matter?
2) How free are the particles to move in each state of matter?
Section 1.2
Physical States of Matter
• The classification of a given matter sample in

terms of physical state is based on whether its
shape and volume are definite or indefinite.
• Matter exists in three physical states:
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
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Section 1.2
Examples of the Three States of Matter

Section 1.2
Solid
• Physical state characterized by a

definite shape and a definite volume.

Section 1.2
Structure of a Solid

Section 1.2
Liquid
• Physical state characterized by an

indefinite shape and a definite volume.
• Always takes the shape of its container
to the extent that it fills the container.

Section 1.2
Structure of a Liquid

Section 1.2
Gas
• Physical state characterized by an indefinite

shape and an indefinite volume.
• Always completely fills its container,
adopting both the container’s volume and its
shape.

Section 1.2
Structure of a Gas

Section 1.2
• The state of matter observed for a particular

substance depends on its:
– Temperature
– Surrounding pressure
– Strength of the forces holding its structural
particles together

Differences in particle properties of the
Three States of Matter
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Property
Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangement of Particles are tightly packed Particles have a disordered Particles have a totally
particles with ordered arrangement arrangement disordered arrangement
Relative spacing Particles are close to one Particles are close to one Particles are far apart
between another another
particles
Relative motion of Particles are essentially in Particles are free to move Particles have complete
particles fixed positions relative to other particles freedom of motion
Properties of Solid, Liquid and Gas
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Compressibility Almost Slightly Highly compressible
incompressible compressible
Density High High Very low
Definite volume,
Volume Retains own volume does not fill the Fills the container
container
Shape Retains own shape Assumes shape of Assumes shape of
container container
Extremely slow;
Diffusion occurs only at surface Slow Rapid
Expansion Low expansion on Low expansion on High expansion on

heating heating heating
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
According to change involved According to
during measurement of the dependence on
property amount of substance
Physical Chemical Intensive Extensive

Properties Properties Properties Properties
Questions:
1. What is the difference between physical properties and chemical
properties?
2. How do the extensive properties differ from the intensive properties?
Section 1.3
Properties of Matter
Property
• Distinguishing characteristic of a substance that
is used in its identification and description.
• Each substance has a unique set of properties
that distinguishes it from all other substances.
• Two General Types:
 Physical
 Chemical

Section 1.3
Physical Property
• Characteristic of a substance that can be

observed without changing the basic identity
of the substance.
– Color, odor, physical state, melting point,
boiling point, and hardness

Section 1.3
Concept Check
To measure the boiling point of a

substance, a liquid must be changed into a
gas. Why is boiling point considered a
physical property when a gas’ appearance
is much different from that of a liquid?
Although the appearance is different, the
substance is still the same. It’s chemical identity
has not changed (remains the same irrespective of
the physical state).

Section 1.3
Chemical Property
• Characteristic of a substance that describes the
way the substance undergoes or resists change
to form a new substance.
 Example: copper objects turn green in air
• Most often the changes result from the reaction
of a substance with one or more other
substances.
• Sometimes energy (like heat or light) can trigger
a change (decomposition).

Section 1.3
Exercise
Classify each of the following as a Physical or Chemical
Property
1. Frost forms as the temperature drops on a humid winter night.
2. A match ignites to form ash and a mixture of gases.
3. Perspiration evaporates when you relax after jogging.
4. A silver fork tarnishes slowly in air.
5. A scab forms over an open cut.
6. Gasoline fumes are ignited by a spark in a car’s engine cylinder.
7. Purple iodine vapor appears when solid iodine is warmed.
8. A magnet separates a mixture of black iron shavings and white sand.
9. Ice cream melting.
10. An egg turning hard when it is boiled.

Section 1.4
Changes in Matter
Physical Change
• Process in which a substance changes its

physical appearance but not its chemical
composition.
• A new substance is never formed as a result of a
physical change.
 Example: boiling or freezing water

Section 1.4
Changes in Matter
Chemical Change
• A process in which a substance undergoes a
change in chemical composition.
• Involves conversion of the material(s) into one or
more new substances.
 Example: methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water

Section 1.4
Changes in Matter
Use of the Term Physical

Section 1.4
Changes in Matter
Use of the Term Chemical

Section 1.4
Changes in Matter
Concept Check
Which one of the following are examples of a

chemical change?
 Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt

 Burning of wood
 Dissolving of sugar in water
 Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day

Section 1.4
Changes in Matter
Concept Check
Which one of the following are examples of a

chemical change?
 Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt

 Burning of wood
 Dissolving of sugar in water
 Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day

Section 1.3
The physical properties of matter are further classified into intensive

and extensive.
Intensive Property
- Not dependent on the amount of matter, rather, they are dependent on the
kind or quality of matter.
Example: Texture, color, odor, hardness, density
Extensive Property
- Those that depend so much on the amount or quantity of matter.
Example: Volume, mass, length, area

MATTER
based on the number of

components present
Pure Substance Mixtures
based on the number of based on the uniformity of

kinds of atoms present composition and properties
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Element Compound
mixture Mixture
How do pure substance differ from mixtures?

Section 1.5
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Pure Substances vs. Mixtures
• Pure substance – a single kind of matter that

cannot be separated into other kinds of matter
by any physical means.
 Examples: water or carbon dioxide
• Mixture – a physical combination of two or more
pure substances in which each substance
retains its own chemical identity.
 Example: salt water

Section 1.5
Mixtures
• Have variable composition
Homogeneous Mixture:
• Contains only one visibly distinct phase (part),
which has uniform properties throughout;
solution
Heterogeneous Mixture:
• Contains visibly different phases (parts), each
of which has different properties

Section 1.5

Section 1.5
Concept Check
Which of the following is a homogeneous

mixture?
 Pure water
 Gasoline
 Jar of jelly beans
 Soil
 Copper metal

Section 1.5
Concept Check
Which of the following is a homogeneous

mixture?
 Pure water
 Gasoline
 Jar of jelly beans
 Soil
 Copper metal

Section 1.6
Elements and Compounds
Element
• Element – a pure substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler pure substances by
chemical means such as a chemical reaction, an
electric current, heat, or a beam of light.
 Examples: gold, silver, copper

Section 1.6
Compound
• Compound – a pure substance that can be
broken down into two or more simpler pure
substances by chemical means.
 Examples: water, carbon dioxide, ammonia

Section 1.6
A Pure Substance Can Be Either An Element or Compound

Section 1.6
Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures
1) Compounds have properties distinctly

different from those of the substances
that combined to form the compound.
The components of mixtures retain their
individual properties.

Section 1.6
2) Compounds have a definite chemical

composition. Mixtures have a variable
chemical composition.

Section 1.6
3) Physical methods are sufficient to

separate the components of a mixture.
The components of a compound cannot
be separated by physical methods;
chemical methods are required.

Section 1.6
To Classify a Sample of Matter
1) Does the sample of matter have the same

properties throughout?
2) Are two or more different substances present?
3) Can the pure substance be broken down into
simpler substances?

Section 1.7
Discovery and Abundance of the Elements
• 118 known elements:

 88 of the elements occur naturally
 30 of the elements have been synthesized

Section 1.7
Abundance of Elements (in Atom Percent) in the Universe

Section 1.7
Abundance of Elements (in Atom Percent) in the Earth’s Crust

Section 1.7
Elemental Composition of the Human Body (in Atom Percent)

Which of the following are pure
substances and which are mixtures?
1. table sugar
2. Table salt
3. Iodized salt
4. Brown sugar
5. Distilled water
6. Soft drinks
7. Oxygen gas
8. Human breath
Evaluation:
In 5-minute time, classify the following matter:
1st classification as pure substance or mixture and 2nd
classification as element, compound, homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture
Matter 1st Classification 2nd Classification
Gold ring
Air
Table salt
Sand and gravel

Assignment: (1/2 sheet of paper, cw)
Classify some matter found in the kitchen and

in the bathroom as pure substances or
mixtures; elements or compounds; and
homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture
Thank you for listening!

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What is Chemistry?

The study of matter, its composition, its

Solid Liquid Gas

Physical States of Matter

• The classification of a given matter sample in

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4

Physical States of Matter

Examples of the Three States of Matter

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Physical States of Matter

• Physical state characterized by a

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Physical States of Matter

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Physical States of Matter

• Physical state characterized by an

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Physical States of Matter

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Physical States of Matter

• Physical state characterized by an indefinite

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Physical States of Matter

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Physical States of Matter

• The state of matter observed for a particular

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Expansion Low expansion on Low expansion on High expansion on

Physical Chemical Intensive Extensive

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• Characteristic of a substance that can be

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To measure the boiling point of a

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• Process in which a substance changes its

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Use of the Term Physical

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Use of the Term Chemical

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Which one of the following are examples of a

 Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt

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Which one of the following are examples of a

 Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt

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The physical properties of matter are further classified into intensive

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based on the number of

Pure Substance Mixtures

based on the number of based on the uniformity of

How do pure substance differ from mixtures?

Pure Substances and Mixtures

Pure Substances vs. Mixtures

• Pure substance – a single kind of matter that

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Pure Substances and Mixtures

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Pure Substances and Mixtures

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