CELL

Early Discoveries on Cell

Robert Hooke
 Examined a thin slice
of cork under the
microscope
 He observed that the
piece of cork was
made of tiny
compartments called
which resembles little
rooms with
surrounding walls
 Early Discoveries on Cell
 He named these tiny
compartments cells
 Hooke observed that they
were not living
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
 Observed red blood cells
and myriad of a single
celled ornganism in pond
water
 He discovered free cells
and observed the nucleus
with some red blood cells
 Early Discoveries on Cell
Robert Brown
 He discovered nucleus
and theorized that this
structure is a
fundamental and
constant component of
the cell
Felix Dujardin
 Found out that living
cells contained internal
substance
 He gave the name
sarcode
 Early Discoveries on Cell
Jan Evangelista Purkinje
 Gave the name
protoplasm (colloidal
substance inside the
cell)
Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden
 Stated that all plants
are made up of cells
Theodore Schwann
 All animals are
composed cells
 Early Discoveries on Cell
Rudolph Virchow
 Theorized that all living cells
come from pre existing living
cells
Cell Theory
1. All living things are
composed of one or more
cells and cell products
2. All living cells come from
other living cells from the
process of cell division
3. Cells are the basic unit
and structure and function
in organisms
 Cell functions
 Nutrition – obtain food molecules top
support their other activities
 Digestion – particles are broken
down to simpler forms
 Absorption – absorb water, minerals,
and other materials essential to life
from their environment
 Biosynthesis – cells organize
complex substances from simple
building units or substances
 Cell functions
 Excretion – products of cell
activities which are not needed
for further cell functioning are
eliminated
 Egestion – insoluble,
nondigested particles are
eliminated by the cell
 Secretion – substances that are
synthesized by the cells are
expelled from the membrane
 Cell functions
 Movement – locomotion by the cells by
means of special structures such as
cilia and flagella
 Irritability – respond or react to certain
stimuli
 Respiration – breaking down of food
molecules into chemical energy needed
by all cells in order to function
 Reproduction – cell copies or replicates
its DNA and increases number by cell
division
 Parts of the Cell
I. Plasma membrane
a. cell membrane
Functions:
 Serves as boundary between the outside
environment and the inside of the cell
 Gives form and shape to the cells
 Connects one cell to two or more adjacent
cells
 May serve as an organ for locomotion
b. cell wall
 Lies outside the plasma membrane
 Composed manly of cellulose
 Parts of the Cell
II. Protoplasm
1. Cytoplasm – fluid inside the cell;
outside the nucleus
2. Karyoplasm – fluid inside the nucleus
III. Organelles (Little Organs)
1. Mitochondria – powerhouse of the
cell
- centers for cellular respiration
- produce ATP (high energy compound
in the cells
 Parts of the Cell
2. Ribosomes – protein factories of the
cell
- dotlike structures
- composed of nucleic acids and
protein
3. Endosplasmic reticulum –
manufacturers and shippers of the cell
a. Rough ER
b. Smooth ER
 Parts of the Cell
4. Golgi Bodies – Packaging counters of the
cell
- prepare proteins for secretion after
they are being released from the ER
5. Vacuoles – storage tanks of the cell
- Cell Sap is the content of plant vacuole
6. Lysosomes – suicide bags of the cell
Lyso – means dissolving power
some – means body
- capable of breaking down and
destroying a number of important
constituents
 Parts of the Cell
7. Centrosomes and Centrioles
 Helpers in cell division
 Centrosome – mass of dense
cytoplasm with structures called
centrioles at the center
 Centrioles duplicate and form at the
center of the spindle fiber formation
during cell division
8. Cytoskeleton –framework of the cell
 Consists microtubules (provide
pathways for certain cellular molecules)
 Parts of the Cell
9. Plastids – found in plant cells
a. chromoplast – colored plastids
ex: chloroplast (green)
carotenoids (orange)
rheodoplast (red)
b. leucoplast – colorless plastids
IV. Nucleus
a. nuclear membrane – outermost
covering of the nucleus
b. nucleolus – condensed part of the
chromatin; involved in protein synthesis
c. nucleoplasm – fluid inside the nucleus
d. chromatin – condense into
chromosomes