Chemistry:

The Study of Change

Chapter 1

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 A Look Ahead…
• Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century
• Classification of matter
• The three states of matter
• Physical and chemical properties
• Extensive and intensive properties
• Measurement: SI Units
• Significant figures
• Exact numbers
• Guidelines for using significant figures
• Dimensional analysis in solving problems
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Chemistry: the central science

3
 Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century
• Health and Medicine
• Sanitation systems
• Surgery with anesthesia
• Vaccines and antibiotics
• Gene therapy

• Energy and the Environment

• Fossil fuels
• Solar energy
• Nuclear energy
4
 Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century
• Materials and Technology
• Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals
• Room-temperature
super-conductors?
• Molecular computing?

• Food and Agriculture

• Genetically modified crops
• “Natural” pesticides
• Specialized fertilizers
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 The Study of Chemistry
Chemistry is believed to be difficult, and has a very specialized vocabulary.
Macrosc Microsc
opic opic

The purpose of this course is to make you think like a chemist, to look at
the macroscopic world —the things we can see, touch, and measure
directly—and visualize the particles and events of the microscopic world
that we cannot experience without modern technology and our
imaginations.
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes
it undergoes.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Classification of Matter includes, substances,
mixtures, elements, compounds, atoms &
molecules.
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties.

liquid nitrogen gold ingots silicon crystals

7
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.
Two types:
1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture
is the same throughout.

soft drink, milk, solder

2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not

uniform throughout.

cement,
iron filings in sand
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Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.

magnet

distillation

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An element is a substance that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by chemical means.
• 118 elements have been identified
• 94 elements occur naturally on Earth
– gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur

• 24 elements have been created by scientists

– technetium, americium, seaborgium

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11
 Class Work-1.13

Give the names of the elements

represented by the chemical symbols:

Li – Lithium Cl – Chlorine
F– Fluorine Pt – Platinum
P– Phosphorus Mg – Magnesium
Cu – Copper Al – Aluminium
As – Arsenic Si – Silicon
Zn – Zinc Ne – Neon

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 Class Work-1.14

Give the chemical symbols for the following

elements:
Potassium – K Plutonium – Pu
Tin – Sn Sulfur – S
Chromium – Cr Argon – Ar
Boron – B Mercury – Hg
Barium – Ba Silver – Ag

13
A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in
fixed proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their pure
components (elements) by chemical means.

lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide

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 Class Work – 1.15
Classify each of the following substances
as an element or a compound,
(a) Hydrogen – Element
(b) Water – Compound
(c) Gold – Element
(d) Sugar – Compound
(e) Diamond – Element
(f) Baking Soda – Compound

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Classifications of Matter

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 Class Work – 1.16
Classify each of the following substances
as an element, a compound, a homogeneous
mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture:
(a) Seawater – Homogeneous mix.
(b) Helium gas – Element
(c) Sodium chloride – Compound
(d) A bottle of soft drink – Homogeneous mix.
(e) A milkshake – Heterogeneous mix.
(f) Air in a bottle – Homogeneous mix.
(g) Concrete – Heterogeneous mix.
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 A Comparison: The Three States of Matter
All substances (in principle), can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

Melting point Boiling point

Held close together,

in an orderly fashion, Close together,
little freedom of motion not held rigidly, Separated by distances,
can move past in constant random
one another motion
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Three States of Matter: Effect of a
Hot Poker on a Block of Ice

Gas

A unique property of
water: molecules in
liquid state are more
closely packed than
solid state.

Liquid Solid

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 Physical & Chemical Properties
A physical property can be measured and observed
without changing the composition or identity of a
substance (a chemical change).
Colour, Melting point, Boiling point
A chemical property to observe this property we
must carry out a chemical change.

Hydrogen burns in
air to form water.

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 Class Work – 1.52
Which of the following statements describe physical
properties and which describe chemical properties?
(a) Iron has a tendency to rust. Chemical
(b) Hemoglobin molecules have a red color. Physical
(c) Rainwater in industrialized regions tends Chemical
to be acidic.
(d) When a glass of water is left out in the Physical
sun, the water gradually disappears.
(e) Carbon dioxide in air is converted to Chemical
more complex molecules by plants
during photosynthesis.
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 Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon how
much matter is being considered.
• mass
i tive • length
d
Ad
• volume

An intensive property of a material does not depend

upon how much matter is being considered.

• density
o t
N ive
d it • temperature
Ad
• color
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 Which one is extensive and which one
is intensive property?

Length - Extensive Colour - Intensive

Weight - Extensive Surface area - Extensive
Taste - Intensive Hardness - Intensive
Width - Extensive Melting point - Intensive
Boiling point - Intensive Energy content - Extensive
Volume - Extensive Density - Intensive
Mass - Extensive Luster - Intensive

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 Measurements

Measurement – quantitative observation

consisting of two parts:
▪ Number
▪ Scale (unit)

Examples:
▪ 20 grams
▪ 6.63 × 10-34 joule·seconds

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Common Types of Laboratory Equipment
Used to Measure Mass & Length

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International System of Units (SI)

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Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.
mass – measure of the quantity of matter
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = g x mass A 1 kg bar will weigh

on earth, g = 9.81 m s-2 1 kg on earth

on moon, g is ~1/6 of earth 0.17 kg on moon

MKr has a mass of 68 kg weighs 667 Newtons!

Taken g =1
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Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

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 Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

mass m
density = d= V
volume

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5

g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its
mass?
m
d= V

m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

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 Class Work – 1.21

Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid.

Calculate its density (in g/mL) if
586 g of the substance occupies
188 mL.
Ans:

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31
A Comparison of Temperature Scales

K = oC + 273.15
273 K = 0oC
373 K = 100oC

32oF = 0oC
212oF = 100oC
o o 100
C = ( F – 32) x
180
o o 5
C = ( F – 32) x
9
o
F= 9 x oC + 32
5
32
Convert 172.9oF to degrees Celsius.

o
C = 5 x (oF – 32)
9
= 5 x (172.9 – 32)
9
= 78.3

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 Class Work – 1.23
Convert the following temperatures to degree
Celsius or Fahrenheit:
(a) a 102oF fever,
(b) − 273.15oC (theoretically the lowest
attainable temperature).
Ans:
(a)

(b)

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 Chemistry in Action
On 9/23/99, $125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered Mar’s
atmosphere 100 km (62 miles) lower than planned and was
destroyed by heat.

1 lb = 1 N
1 lb = 4.45 N

“This is going to be the

cautionary tale that will be
embedded into introduction to
the metric system in elementary
school, high school, and college
science courses till the end of
time.”
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 Significant Figures
The meaningful digits in a measured or
calculated quantity.

10.5583 g 10.55 g ?
● 0.0001 g

Last digit is uncertain.

1.55 kg 1.5583 kg ?
± 0.01 kg
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 Determination of Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end
and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures

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How many significant figures are in
each of the following measurements?

24 mL 2 significant figures

3001 g 4 significant figures

0.0320 m3 3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

560 kg 2 or 3 significant figures

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 Class Work – 1.33
What is the number of significant figures (sf) in each of
the following measurements?
(a) 4867 mi 4 sf
(b) 56 mL 2 sf
(c) 60,104 ton 5 sf
(d) 2900 g 2, 3 or 4 sf
(e) 40.2 g/cm3 3 sf
(f) 0.0000003 cm 1 sf
(g) 0.7 min 1 sf
(h) 4.6 x 1019 atoms 2 sf

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 Significant Figures in Calculations

Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the
decimal point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one digit after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two digits after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

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 Significant Figures

Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the
original number that has the smallest number of significant
figures.
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to 3 sf

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs round to 2 sf

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 Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or by counting numbers of
objects are considered to have an infinite number of
significant figures.
“2.54” is not a measured number;
1 in = 2.54 cm,
“in” to “cm” calculation, “1” & “2.54” have
Definition
infinite number of significant figures
The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70

= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3
Because 3 is an exact number, does not
determine the number of significant figures
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 Class Work – 1.35
Carryout the following operations and express
each answer in the correct units with the correct
number of significant figures.
(a) 5.6792 m + 0.6 m + 4.33 m = 10.6 m
(b) 3.70 g – 2.9133 g = 0.79 g
(c) 4.51 cm × 3.6666 cm = 16.5 cm2
(d) 7.310 km ÷ 5.70 km = 1.28
(Why are there no units?)

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 Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value.
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each
other.

accurate precise not accurate

& but &
precise not accurate not precise
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 Accuracy and Precision
Mass of a copper wire measured by three students.
Student A Student B Student C
1.964 g 1.972 g 2.000 g
1.978 g 1.968 g 2.002 g
Average value 1.971 g 1.970 g 2.001 g
• True mass = 2.000 g
• Student B’s result is more precise than student A, neither
set is very accurate.
• Student C’s results are most precise and most accurate.
• Highly accurate measurements are usually precise too.
• Highly precise measurements do not necessarily accurate.
(e.g., a faulty balance)
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 Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed

2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then
the problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit

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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L
1L 2
1.63 L x L
= 0.001630
1000 mL mL

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 Class Work – 1.44

The current speed limit in some states in the

United States is 55 miles per hour. What is the
speed limit in kilometers per hour?
(1 mi = 1609 m)
Ans:

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 The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s.
What is this speed in miles per hour?

conversion units
meters to miles

seconds to hours

1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

m 1 mi 60 s 60 min mi
343 x x x = 767
s 1609 m 1 min 1 hour hour

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 Class Work – 1.39
Carry out the following conversions: (a) 22.6 m to
decimeters, (b) 25.4 mg to kilogram, (c) 556 mL to
liters, (d) 10.6 kg/m3 to g/cm3.
Ans:

50
 Class Work – 1.44
A slow jogger runs a mile in 13 min. Calculate the
speed in (a) in/s, (b) m/min, (c) km/h.
(1 mi = 5280 ft; 1 mi = 1609 m; 1 in = 2.54 cm)
Ans:

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