Matter and Principles of Energy

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR

STUDENTS WHOSE TEACHERS ONLY FOCUS ON
UNIMPORTANT SUBJECTS
Atoms and molecules
Atoms- Submicroscopic particles that constitute the fundamental building block of ordinary
matter.
He Helium Atom

Molecules- Two or more atoms joined in a specific geometrical arrangement.

H H Hydrogen Molecule
The properties of the substances around us depend on the atoms and
molecules that compose them.

Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide

Some molecules may share similar atom composition but have different chemical
properties.
The Classification of Matter
Matter- Anything that occupies space and has mass

Substance – A specific instance of matter such as air,

water or sand.

States of matter- Solid, liquid and gas

Classifying Matter according to its
composition
Pure Substance- Made up of only one component and its composition its invariant.
Example: Helium atoms, Hydrogen Peroxide ect.
• Element- A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler
substances.
• Compound- A substance composed of two or more elements

Mixture- Substance composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary
from one sample to another. Example: wet sand, tea with sugar ect.
• Heterogenous- Composition varies from one region to another
• Homogeneous- Same composition throughout
Example of Classifying Matter

Sodium Chloride Pure substance

(Salt) No •• Separable into simpler
Yes Compound
• Variable composition? substances?

Beer Mixture
• Variable Yes • Uniform Yes Homogeneous
composition? throughout?
Practice:
• Pure Water
• Milk
• Tea with sugar
• Gasoline
• 100% Propane Gas
• Argon gas
• Carbon Dioxide
Determine whether each molecular diagram represents a pure substance or a mixture. If it
represents a pure substance, classify the substance as an element or a compound. If it represents a
mixture, classify the mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
 Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical change- Changes that alter only state or appearance but not composition
• Boiling water

Chemical Change- Changes that alter the composition of matter. Atoms rearrange,
transforming the original substance into different substances
• Iron oxidizing
 Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Property- Is a property that a substance displays without changing its
composition via a chemical change. Odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point,
boiling point and density are examples of physical properties.
• Smell of gasoline

Chemical Property- Is a property that a substance displays only by changing its

composition via a chemical change. Flammability, acidity, toxicity, and other are
examples of chemical properties.
• Flammability of gasoline
Practice:
• The evaporation of rubbing alcohol

• The burning of lamp oil

• The bleaching of hair with hydrogen peroxide

• The forming of frost on a cold night

Practice cont.
The diagram on the left represents liquid water molecules in a pan. Which of the
three diagrams (a, b, or c) best represents the water molecules after they have been
vaporized by the boiling of liquid water?
The Fundamentals of Energy
It is not that hard to understand, just bear with me ok?

Energy - Capacity to do work.

Work - The action of a force through a distance.

The total energy of an object
is a sum of its kinetic energy
(the energy associated with
its motion) and its potential
energy
Energy is always constant…

The idea that energy is neither created nor destroyed is known as the law
of conservation of energy

energy can change from one type into another, and although it can flow
from one object to another, the total quantity of energy does not change