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Chapter 2
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Objectives
• The learners demonstrates an understanding of the
properties of matter and its various forms
• Recognize that substances are made of smaller particles
• Describe and make a representation or arrangements,
relative spacing and relative motions of the particles in
the three (3) phases of matter
• Distinguish between the physical and chemical
properties of matter and give examples
• Distinguish between the extensive and intensive
properties of matter and give examples
• Use properties of matter to identify substances and to
separate them.
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Properties
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Universe Classified
• Matter is the part of the universe that
has mass and volume
• Energy is the part of the universe that
has the ability to do work
• Chemistry is the study of matter
– The properties of different types of matter
– The way matter behaves when influenced
by other matter and/or energy
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Properties of Matter
• Physical Properties are the characteristics of
matter that can be changed without changing its
composition
– Characteristics that are directly observable
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• Concepts of Matter
states
solid gas
liquid
Melts into
Vaporizes into
Freezes into
Condenses into
matter Deposits as
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Classify Each of the following as
Physical or Chemical Properties
The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is 78°C.
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Classify Each of the following as
Physical or Chemical Properties
The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is 78°C.
– Physical property – describes inherent characteristic
of alcohol – boiling point
Diamond is very hard.
– Physical property – describes inherent characteristic
of diamond – hardness
Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.
– Chemical property – describes behavior of sugar –
forming a new substance (ethyl alcohol)
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States of Matter
• solid, liquid, gas
S tate S hape Vo lume Co mpre s s Flo w
S olid Ke e ps Ke e ps No No
S ha pe Volume
Liquid Ta ke s Ke e ps No Ye s
S ha pe of Volume
Conta ine r
Ga s Ta ke s Ta ke s Ye s Ye s
S ha pe of Volume of
Conta ine r Conta ine r
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Liquid water
takes the
shape of its
container.
Changes in Matter
• Physical Changes are changes to matter that
do not result in a change the fundamental
components that make that substance
– State Changes – boiling, melting, condensing
• Chemical Changes involve a change in the
fundamental components of the substance
– Produce a new substance
– Chemical reaction
– Reactants Products
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Classify Each of the following as
Physical or Chemical Changes
Iron metal is melted.
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Classify Each of the following as
Physical or Chemical Changes
Iron is melted.
– Physical change – describes a state change, but the
material is still iron
Iron combines with oxygen to form rust..
– Chemical change – describes how iron and oxygen
react to make a new substance, rust
Sugar ferments to form ethyl alcohol.
– Chemical change – describes how sugar forms a new
substance (ethyl alcohol)
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Elements and Compounds
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Classification of Matter
M a tter
P u re S u b s ta n ce M ix tu re
C o n s ta n t C o m p o s ition V a ria b le C o m p o s ition
H o m o g e n e o us
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Pure Substances vs. Mixtures
• Pure Substances
– All samples have the same physical and chemical properties
– Constant Composition all samples have the same
composition
– Homogeneous
– Separate into components based on chemical properties
• Mixtures
– Different samples may show different properties
– Variable composition
– Homogeneous or Heterogeneous
– Separate into components based on physical properties
• All mixtures are made of pure substances
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Identity Each of the following as a
Pure Substance, Homogeneous
Mixture or Heterogeneous Mixture
Gasoline
Copper metal
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Identity Each of the following as a
Pure Substance, Homogeneous
Mixture or Heterogeneous Mixture
Gasoline
– a homogenous mixture
Copper metal
– A pure substance (all elements are pure substances)
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Separation of Mixtures
• Separate mixtures based on different physical
properties of the components
– Physical change
• Capacity to do work
– chemical, mechanical, thermal,
electrical, radiant, sound, nuclear
• Energy may affect matter
– e.g. raise its temperature, eventually
causing a state change
– All physical changes and chemical
changes involve energy changes
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Heat
• Heat: a flow of energy due to a temperature
difference
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Units of Energy
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Example - Converting Calories to
Joules
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Specific Heat Capacity
• Specific Heat (s) is the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance by one Celsius degree
J
By definition , the specific heat of water is 4.184
g C
Amount of Heat = Specific Heat x Mass x Temperature Change
Q = s x m x T
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Example – Calculate the amount of
heat energy (in joules) needed to raise
the temperature of 7.40 g of water
from 29.0°C to 46.0°C
JJ
Specific Heat of Water = 4.184
gg-CC
Mass = 7.40 g
Q = s x m x T
J
Heat 4.184 7.40g 17.0C 526 J
g C
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Example – A 1.6 g sample of metal that
appears to be gold requires 5.8 J to raise
the temperature from 23°C to 41°C.
Is the metal pure gold?
Q s m T
Q
s
m T
T 41C - 23C 18C
5.8 J J
s 0.20
1.6 g x 18C g C
Table 3.2 lists the specific heat of gold as 0.13
Therefore the metal cannot be pure gold.
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Reference
• General Chemistry 1st edition by : Luciana V. Ilao, Betty M. Lontoc, Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon
• General Chemistry 1 by Wyona C. Patalinghug,PhD., Vic Marie I. Camacho, Fortunato B. Sevilla III, PhD., Maria Cristina D. Singson
• Basic Chemistry: A Foundation by Steven S. Zumdahl ; University of Illinois
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