INORGANIC AND ANALYTICAL

CHEMISTRY

FALL 2023
LECTURE 2
Matter and Energy
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Classifying Matter
Physical/Chemical Properties/Changes
Conservation of Matter (Mass)
Energy
Temperature
Heat Capacity
I. Introduction
□ Everything around
you is composed of
matter.
□ Besides matter,
energy is the other
major component of
our universe.
II. Matter
□ Matter is anything that occupies space and
has mass.
□ Some matter is easy to see (water, wood),
other is difficult (air, dust).
□ The most basic building block of matter is
the atom.
Atoms and Molecules
□ atoms: submicroscopic
particles that are the
fundamental building
blocks of all matter.
□ Sometimes, atoms are
bonded together to form
molecules.
□ molecules: two or more
atoms joined to one
another in specific
geometric arrangements.
Atomic and Molecular Matter
Actual Images of Atoms and
Molecules
States of Matter
Matter can be classified by
its state.
□ solid: closely-packed
particles with fixed
locations
□ liquid: closely-packed
particles, but free to
move around
□ gas: great distances
between particles with
free movement
The Solid State
Properties of Different States
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Matter can be classified by its composition.
□ pure substance: matter composed of only
one type of atom or molecule
□ mixture: matter composed of two or more
different types of atoms or molecules which
may vary in proportion
Elements
□ element: a pure substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances
Compounds

□ compound: a pure
substance composed
of two or more
elements in fixed
definite proportions.
Mixtures
Most matter exists in this form.
□ heterogeneous: varied composition from one
region to another
□ homogeneous: uniform composition throughout
 Classification by Composition

Can it be separated
physically?
No Yes

Can it be Is the
chemically composition
decomposed? No Yes uniform?
Yes No
Effervescent tablets sodium bicarbonate
Effervescent tablets sodium bicarbonate
Effervescent tablets sodium bicarbonate
Sample Problem
□ Classify the following as a pure substance
or mixture. Further classify them as an
element, compound, homogeneous, or
heterogeneous.
a) blood
b) sugar
c) mercury in a thermometer
d) chicken noodle soup
Sample Problem
□ Classify the following as a pure substance
or mixture. Further classify them as an
element, compound, homogeneous, or
heterogeneous.
a) blood (homogeneous mixture)
b) sugar (compound)
c) mercury in a thermometer (element)
d) chicken noodle soup (heterogeneous mixture)
Distinguishing Matter
□ We use physical and chemical properties
to tell the difference between samples of
matter.
□ physical property: a property a substance
displays without changing its composition
□ chemical property: a property a substance
displays only by changing its composition
Boiling Point of Water

□ At the boiling point,

water is converted
to steam, but steam
is just a different
form of water.

PHYSICAL
An Iron Nail Corrodes
□ When iron corrodes, it must react and incorporate
oxygen to become a new compound.

CHEMICAL
Sample Problem
□ Identify the following as physical or
chemical properties.
a) Hydrogen gas is explosive.
b) Silver has a shiny appearance.
c) Dry ice sublimes (goes from solid directly to
vapor).
d) Copper turns green when exposed to air.
Sample Problem
□ Identify the following as physical or
chemical properties.
a) Hydrogen gas is explosive. (chemical)
b) Silver has a shiny appearance. (physical)
c) Dry ice sublimes (goes from solid directly to
vapor). (physical)
d) Copper turns green when exposed to air.
(chemical)
Physical/Chemical Changes
□ Physical/chemical changes are closely
related to definitions of physical/chemical
properties.
□ physical change: matter changes its
appearance, but not its composition
□ chemical change: matter changes its
composition
□ Chemical changes occur through chemical
reactions in which reactants become
products.
Physical/Chemical Changes
There is No New Matter
□ In ordinary chemical reactions, matter is
neither created nor destroyed.
□ Known as Conservation of Mass.
 III. Energy
□ Physical and chemical changes are
accompanied by energy changes.
□ energy: the capacity to do work
□ work: results from a force acting on a distance
Two Types of Energy
□ potential energy (PE): energy due to the
position or composition of the object
□ kinetic energy (KE): energy due to motion of
the object
□ An object’s total energy is the sum of its PE
and KE
Energy Conversions
□ The Law of
Conservation of
Energy states that
energy is neither
created nor destroyed.
□ Energy can change
from one form to
another or transferred
from one object to
another.
Specific Types of Energy
□ Electrical energy is the energy associated with
the flow of electrical charge due to the
movement of electrons (the tiny particles that
make up atoms, along with protons and
neutrons).
□ Thermal energy is the energy associated with
motions of particles of matter. The faster they
move, the more energy they possess and the
hotter they become.
□ Chemical energy is a form of energy associated
with the bonds of particles in a chemical system.
It is the energy that holds these particles
together.
Energy Unit Conversions

□ There are three common units for energy.

1 Kcalorie
(Kcal)
Sample Problem
□ The complete combustion of a wooden
match produces about 512 cal of heat.
How many kilojoules are produced?
System and Surroundings
□ When describing energy changes, we need
reference points.
□ system: object of study
□ surroundings: everything else
□ Systems with high PE tend to change such
that their PE is lowered.
 Energy Diagrams
□ Chemical reactions can
either be exothermic or
endothermic.
□ exothermic: release
energy to surroundings
□ endothermic: absorb
energy from
surroundings
Thermal Energy
□ Atoms and molecules of matter are in
constant, random motion, which is the
source of thermal energy.
□ More motion = more thermal energy.
□ Is there a way to easily measure this
motion?
Temperature and Heat

□ Temperature is the measure of the thermal

energy of a substance.
□ The hotter an object, the greater the
motion of its particles, and the greater the
thermal energy.
□ Heat is the transfer or exchange of
thermal energy caused by a temperature
difference.
Temperature Scales

Rankine Scale??
Temperature Conversions
□ The formulas below allow conversion between
different temperature units.
Sample Problem
□ Convert 67 °F to kelvin and degrees
Celsius.
Heating a Substance
□ When you heat a substance, its
temperature changes.
□ The amount of change depends on the
substance.
□ heat capacity: quantity of heat needed to
raise the temp of substance by 1 °C
□ specific heat capacity: quantity of heat
needed to raise temp of 1 g of substance
by 1 °C
Specific Heat Capacities
Energy and Heat Capacity
□ Heat absorbed and temperature change are
directly related as shown in the equation
below.
Sample Problem
□ Calculate the heat necessary to warm a
3.10 g sample of copper from -5.0 °C to
37.0 °C if the specific heat capacity of
copper is 0.385 J/g °C.
Sample Problem
□ A sample of lead (C = 0.128 J/g °C)
absorbs 11.3 J of heat, rising in temperature
from 26 °C to 38 °C. Find the mass of the
sample in grams.