CHEMICAL ENERGETICS

UNIT 5
 PHYSICAL CHANGES
Physical change is a change in which only some of the physical properties of a substance
undergoing change are altered temporarily but the actual composition and the mass of
the substances remains the same , and no new substances are
Produced . The original substances can be obtained back by simple physical means .

Physical Properties
Colour , Hardness , Rigidity , Fluidity , Density , Melting point ,Boiling point ,etc.
Examples :
1 ) Evaporation of water is a physical change .
2 ) The dissolution of common salt into water is a physical change . 3 ) The mixing of iron
filings and sulphur is a physical change .
4 ) The melting of ice is a physical change .
 CHEMICAL CHANGES

Chemical change is a change in which the substances under

going change
are transformed into new substances whose properties (
mass and composition ) are entirely different from the
original substances .

The original substances can not be obtained back even if the

cause of change Is withdrawn .
Burning of coal is a chemical change.

Coal is a black solid . When it is burnt in the air , it combines with the Oxygen present in the air , to
form carbon dioxide gas .

C + O2 CO2 + Heat
The properties of the carbon dioxide are totally different from the those of

carbon ( coal ) .

Souring of the milk is a chemical change .

Milk is a sweet liquid . The curd obtained by souring of the milk is a semi - solid substance .

The curd is somewhat sour in taste .

The identity of the milk disappears when it is converted into curd . The properties of curd are
entirely different from those of the milk

The digestion of food in our body is chemical change .

The food materials are converted into simpler substances like glucose. The glucose in our body is
oxidized to give carbon dioxide and energy.

CO2 is exhaled while the energy is utilized by the body.

ENERGY CHANGE
DURING A
CHEMICAL
REACTION
EXOTHERMIC AND
ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
 EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

Exothermic reactions give out energy.

So there is a temperature rise.
These reactions can be described as:
reactants products + energy
The total energy is the same on
each side of the arrow, in a reaction. So
in exothermic reactions, the products
have lower energy than the reactants.
The thermal energy is
released into the
surrounding in these
reactions thus leading
to an increase in
temperature of the
surrounding.

Energy is measured
in kilojoule (k J).

Fe (s) + S (s) FeS

(s) the energy change
-100 kJ

The minus sign shows

that energy is given
out.
 ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS

Endothermic reactions take in energy

from their surroundings.

These reactions can be described as:

reactants + energy products

The thermal energy is transferred from the

surroundings thus resulting in decrease in
temperature of surrounding. Since energy is
liberated it is represented by positive sign.
EXothermic means that heat
EXits the reaction.

ENdothermic means that

heat ENters the reaction.
 REACTION PATHWAY DIAGRAM

The energy or the reactants and products on y-axis.

The reaction pathway (progress of reaction on x-axis, with

reactants on the left and products on right.

The energy change indicated by an arrow between the reactant and

product.
 Reaction pathway for exothermic
reaction.
For an exothermic reaction:
The energy of reactant is
higher than energy of the
products.

The black arrow points

downwards to show that
energy is given out
(released).
 Reaction pathway for endothermic
reaction.
For an endothermic reaction:

The energy of reactant is

lower than energy of the
products.

The black arrow points

upwards to show that energy
is absorbed (taken in).
 ENTHALPY AND ETHALPY CHANGE

The thermal energy content of a system is called the enthalpy (H)

of the system. The transfer of thermal energy during a reaction is
called the energy change (∆H).

In an exothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system decreases

and ∆H is negative.

In an endothermic reaction, the enthalpy of the system increases

and ∆H is positive.
 Bond breaking and bond making
In a chemical
reaction, bonds must
first be broken.
Then new bonds
form.
Breaking bonds
takes in energy.
Making bonds
releases energy.
 BOND ENEGY

The average value

obtained for a particular
bond is known as the
bond energy. It is the
measure of the strength of
the bond.
 Calculating enthalpy of reaction
∆ H = (energy needed to break bonds) - (energy given out when bonds are formed)
Calculate the enthalpy change during decomposition of ammonia.
Given bond enthalpies N=N : 946 kJ , H-H : 436 kJ and N-H : 391kJ
 ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea)
Activation energy is defined as the
minimum amount of extra energy required
by a reacting molecule to get converted
into product. It can also be described
as the minimum amount of energy
needed to activate or energize
molecules or atoms so that they can
undergo a chemical reaction or
transformation.

It is required because initially some bonds

must be broken before any reaction can
take place.
All reactions require some activation energy.

For the reaction between Na and K with water, the activation energy
is low, and there is enough energy available from the surroundings
room temperature for the reaction to begin spontaneously.

Other reactions can have higher activation energy. Reactions can be

thought of as a result of collisions between reacting species. In many
of these collisions, the reacting particles do not have enough energy
to react and they just bounce apart.

A chemical reaction will only happen if total energy of colliding

particle is greater than required activation energy.