Class and

Changes in
Matter
Elements and Compounds
 Elements and Compounds
A pure substance (usually referred to simply as a substance)
is matter that has distinct properties and a composition that
does not vary from sample to sample. Water and table salt
(sodium chloride), the primary components of seawater, are
examples of pure substances

Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into

simpler substances. On the molecular level, each element is
composed of only one kind of atom.

Compounds are substances composed of two or more

elements; they contain two or more kinds of atoms.
Elements and Compounds
What happens when sulfur is heated?
The internal structure of sulfur changes under heating. From
stable at room temperature crystalline form of yellow color it
turns into its plastic form, which has no specific internal
structure. This changes the color of the substance: initially yellow
sulfur becomes red-brown, and then black.
Structure of Sulfur
cyclo-S8
What happens when Magnesium Ribbon
is heated?
When the magnesium metal burns it
reacts with oxygen found in the air to
form Magnesium Oxide. Oxygen and
magnesium combine in a chemical
reaction to form this compound. After it
burns, it forms a white powder of the
magnesium oxide. Magnesium gives up
two electrons to oxygen atoms to form
this powdery product. 2Mg(s)+O2(g)→2MgO(s)
Homogeneous and Heterogenous
Mixture
Mixture
Most of the matter we encounter consists of mixtures of different
substances. Each substance in a mixture retains its chemical
identity and properties. In contrast to a pure substance, which by
definition has a fixed composition, the composition of a mixture
can vary. A cup of sweetened coffee, for example, can contain
either a little sugar or a lot.

The substances making up a mixture are called

components of the mixture.
 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous
Mixture
Some mixtures do not have the same composition, properties, and
appearance throughout. Rocks and wood, for example, vary in
texture and appearance in any typical sample. Such mixtures are
heterogeneous.

Mixtures that are uniform throughout are homogeneous. Air is a

homogeneous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts
of other gases. The nitrogen in air has all the properties of pure
nitrogen because both the pure substance and the mixture contain
the same nitrogen molecules
Separation of Mixture
Separation of Mixture
https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=39&cnt=4

Summary:
Filtration technique was employed to separate the sand from the mixtures.
Evaporation was used to drive off the liquid portion of the mixture leaving
sodium chloride residue in the evaporating dish.
Naphthalene from the mixture can be separated through the process of
sublimation.
Physical and Chemical Change
Physical Change
Physical changes are changes in which no
bonds are broken or formed. This means that
the same types of compounds or elements
that were there at the beginning of the
change are there at the end of the change.
Because the ending materials are the same
as the beginning materials, the properties
(such as color, boiling point, etc) will also be
the same.)
Physical Change
Physical changes involve moving molecules around,
but not changing them. Some types of physical
changes include:
• Changes of state (changes from a solid to a liquid
or a gas and vice versa)
• Separation of a mixture
• Physical deformation (cutting, denting, stretching)
• Making solutions (special kinds of mixtures
Chemical Change
Chemical changes occur when bonds are
broken and/or formed between molecules or
atoms. This means that one substance with a
certain set of properties (such as melting
point, color, taste, etc) is turned into a
different substance with different properties.
Chemical changes are frequently harder to
reverse than physical changes.
Chemical Change
One good example of a chemical change is
burning a candle. The act of burning paper
actually results in the formation of new
chemicals (carbon dioxide and water, to be
exact) from the burning of the wax
Salt and Sugar
In this part of experiment, salt remain unchanged since while sugar
undergoes chemical reaction upon heating. Sugar is made of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms. When heated over an alcohol lamp, these
elements react with the fire to turn into a liquid. The heat causes
the sugar's atoms to combine with the oxygen in the air, forming new
groups of atoms. Energy is released in this chemical reaction in the form of
smoke and black soot.
C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) = 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(l)
Iodine Crystal, Physical or Chemical Change?

Physical Change.
When iodine is heated, it sublimes,
producing iodine fumes (violet-color) and
eventually returns back to solid iodine.

Since the iodine crystals underwent phase

change (sublimation) and the chemical
properties remain unchanged, hence, this
process is a physical change.
Reaction of Sodium Bicarbonate
with Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) reacts with hydrochloric to
produce sodium chloride, water and carbon dioxide.
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

Is this a chemical change or physical change?

Types of Chemical Change
Synthesis Reaction
Synthesis reaction occurs
when substances
(generally elements)
combine to form
compound.
Sometimes, this reaction
is called combination or
addition reactions.
Decomposition Reaction
Decomposition occurs when one
reactant breaks down into two or
more products. This can be
represented by the general
equation: AB → A + B.
Examples of decomposition
reactions include the breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide to water
and oxygen, and the breakdown
of water to hydrogen and
oxygen.
Displacement/Substitution Reaction
A single-displacement reaction,
also known as a single-
replacement reaction, is a
reaction by which one element
replaces an/other element in a
compound. It can be
represented generically as:
A + B-C → A-C + B
This will most often occur if A
is more reactive than B, thus Fe(s) + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
giving a more stable product
 Metathesis/Double Displacement
Reaction
Double replacement reactions—also
called double displacement, exchange,
or metathesis reactions—occur when
parts of two ionic compounds are
exchanged, making two new compounds.
The overall pattern of a double
replacement reaction looks like this:
A-B + C-D → A-D + B-C
FeCl3 +3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
(ppt.)