Chemical Reactions

• Result in one or more new substances being

formed from one or more original
substances
Chemical Reaction Indicators
Emission of light or heat

Formation of a gas

Formation of a precipitate

Color change
 Chemical Reactions

• Reactants:
– the substances that undergo change
– What you start with
• Products:
– the new substances formed
– What you end up with
• Reactants change to Products
• Carbon + Oxygen change to Carbon dioxide
 Products
Reactants
 Chemical Energy
• The chemical energy of a substance is the sum
of its potential energy (stored energy) and
kinetic energy (energy of movement). These
energies result from such things as:
◦ Attractions between electrons and protons
◦ Repulsions between nuclei
◦ Repulsions between electrons
◦ Movement of electrons
◦ Vibrations of and rotations around bonds
 Reaction Energy

All chemical reactions result in a change in

the chemical energy of the reactants as
they form the products
 Reaction Energy

• During a chemical
reaction, the atoms
in the reactants are
arranged into
products with
different amounts
of chemical
energies.
 Reaction Energy

•Chemical changes that give

off energy are called
exothermic reactions.

Chemical changes that

absorb energy are
called endothermic
reactions.
 Exothermic
• The total chemical energy of the products is
less than the energy of the reactants.
• the difference in energy is released into the
environment, often as heat energy.
 Exothermic Reactions
Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid
25o C 45o C
magnesium

Gets hot

Hydrochloric
acid
Energy Level Diagram: Exothermic Reaction

Reactants have more

reactants chemical energy.
Energy / kJ)

Some of this is lost as

heat which spreads out
into the room.

Products now have

products
less chemical energy
than reactants.
Progress of reaction (time)
 Endothermic
• The chemical energy of the products is greater
than the energy of the reactants.
• Energy must be absorbed from the surrounds
in order for the reaction to occur.
Endothermic Reactions

Heat
Ammonium energy
nitrate taken
in as the
Cools mixture
returns
back to
Water room
temp.
Energy Level Diagram: Endothermic Process

This is how
much energy
is taken in
products
Energy / kJ)

H
reactants

Progress of reaction
 Reaction Energy
• Why doesn’t natural gas burst immediately
into flame when it comes into contact with air?

• Why must matches be struck for them to light?

• To answer these questions you need to think

about what happens to the chemical bonds of
the substances during a reaction.
 Reaction Energy
• The bonds between the atoms in the reactants
must first be broken.
– For this to occur energy must always be absorbed
• New bonds form as the products are created
– Energy is always released as this happens
 Reaction Energy
Step 1: Energy must be
SUPPLIED to break bonds:

Step 2: Energy is RELEASED

when new bonds are made:

A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is RELEASED

then SUPPLIED. If more energy is SUPPLIED then is
RELEASED then the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC
 Burning Methane
CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2

These bonds
must be
broken

:These
bonds
must
form
 Activation Energy
• The energy required to break the bonds of
reactants is called the activation energy.
• A diagram showing this is called an energy
profile.
Why is Switzerland like a chemical reaction?
 Activation Energy
Chemical Reactions must go over an energy hill like a car over
the mountains (Swiss Alps).
 Homework

•Read 7.3
 Collision Theory
• For a chemical reaction to occur, the particles
involved must collide with each other.
• The collisions must be with sufficient energy
to overcome the activation energy ‘barrier’.
• The rate of reaction (how quickly the reaction
occurs) depends on the number of energy
sufficient collisions per time.
 Collision Model
• Molecules must collide in order for a reaction to
occur.

What factors affect the rate of collisions?

Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
• There are four main ways in which reaction
rates can be increases:
– Increase the surface area of solid reactants (crush)
– Increase the concentration of the reactants
– Increasing the temperature of the reactants
– Adding a catalyst
• Explain how each of these factors can increase
the rate of reaction.
 Surface Area
•Only the reactants that are on the surface of a cube are
able to react. They are the only molecules exposed to
other reactants. The greater the number of exposed
molecules the larger the number of possible collisions.
•Take a cube 2 X 2 X 2 cm. Find the total surface area.
•Brake the cube into 8 separate cubes of 1 X 1 X 1 cm.
Find the total surface area.
 Concentration
As the concentration of the reactants goes up the
distance between the molecules becomes less.
With less distance to travel the time between
collisions becomes less
 Temperature

The faster the molecules move the less

time it take for them to reach another
molecule
Catalyst
 Homework

•Read 7.4
 Physical Equilibrium
• A dynamic state where the concentrations of all
reactants and products remain constant.
 Physical Equilibrium
• You can change the equilibrium point by
changing the physical conditions.
– Take the top off a soda bottle. What happens to
the dissolved carbon dioxide?
 Chemical Equilibrium
In chemical equilibrium, the
products break back down into the
reactants. The forward and
reverse reactions occur at the
same rate; the concentration of the
reactants and products remain
constant. You can cause the
equilibrium to shift by changing the
conditions such as temperature,
pressure and concentration
 Homework

•Read page 216, 217

 Describing Chemical Reactions
• In a sentence
• Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper
(I) chloride.
• In a word equation
• Copper + chlorine  copper (I) chloride
• In a symbol equation
• Cu(s) + Cl2(g)  CuCl(aq)
The seventeenth century French chemist Antoine Lavoisier
performed experiments that indicated conservation of mass in
chemical reactions.
Lavoisier's experiments suggested that when tin is heated,
the white powder formed results from the tin combining with a
gas from the air. The increase in mass of the powder over the
tin was the mass of the gas.
Lavoisier revolutionized chemistry by basing his ideas on
accurate measurements.

Antoine
Lavoisier
(1743-1794)
The English chemist Joseph Priestley discovered a
gas that Lavoisier later named oxygen

Joseph Priestley
(1733-1804)

When oxygen combines

chemically with another
substance, the process
is called oxidation, and
the substance is said to
be oxidized.
 Describing Chemical Reactions
• In a sentence
• Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper
(I) chloride.
• In a word equation
• Copper + chlorine  copper (I) chloride
• In a symbol equation
• Cu(s) + Cl2(g)  CuCl(aq)
• In a balanced symbol equation
• 2Cu(s) + Cl2(g)  2CuCl(aq)
 Homework

• Read pages 192 – 194

 Diatomic elements
• There are 8 elements that never want to
be alone. They form diatomic molecules.
• H2 , N2 , O2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2 , and At2
• The –gens and the –ines
• 1 + 7 pattern on the periodic table
 Balancing Equations

2 H2(g) + ___ O2(g) ---> ___

___ 2 H2O(l)
•What Happened to the Other Oxygen Atom?
•This equation is not balanced!
•Two hydrogen atoms from a hydrogen molecule (H2)
combines with one of the oxygen atoms from an oxygen
molecule (O2) to form H2O. Then, the remaining oxygen atom
combines with two more hydrogen atoms (from another H2
molecule) to make a second H2O molecule.
 Balancing Site
• Practice Game
• http://phet.colorado.edu/en/
simulation/balancing-chemical-
equations

• Homework Checker
• http://www.webqc.org/balance.php
Convert this sentence to a balanced
symbol equation
Solid iron (III) sulfide reacts with
hydrogen chloride to form iron (III)
chloride and hydrogen sulfide.

Fe2S3 + HCl  FeCl3 + H2S

 Grouping Reactions (Types)
1. Synthesis or Composition Reactions
2. Decomposition Reactions
3. Single Replacement Reactions
4. Double Replacement reactions
5. Combustion reactions

You need to be able to identify and work with each

type.
 1. Synthesis

C + O2  CO2

C + O O  O C O

A + B  AB
 2. Decomposition

NaCl  Na + Cl2

Cl
Cl Na  Cl + Na

AB  A + B
 3. Single Replacement
CuCl2 + Zn  ZnCl2 + Cu

Cu Zn
Cl Cl + Zn  Cl Cl + Cu

AB + C  CB + A
 Single Replacement
• Just because you can write a chemical
equation does not mean it will actually
occur.
• The element metal will replace the
compound metal only if it is more “active”
• An Activity Series shows the metals
arranged according to their ability to
undergo reactions
• If the element metal is above the
compound metal it will replace
 4. Double Replacement

MgO + CaS  MgS + CaO

Mg Ca Mg Ca
+  +
O S S O

AB + CD  AD + CB
 5. Combustion
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

H O H H
O +
+ H C H  C O
O
H O
H H
O O
C + AB  AC + BC O
 Summary
An equation:
• Describes a reaction
• Must be balanced to follow The Law of
Conservation of Matter
• Can only be balanced by changing the
coefficients.
• Can describe different types of reactions.
 Homework

•Read 7.2