THERMOCHEMISTRY

ENERGY
CHANGE
 THERMOCHEMISTRY

the study of heat and energy

changes that accompany physical
and chemical processes.
ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• Where does your energy to do physical activities come from?
 ENERGY

• Energy is not seen but its effects are

obvious.
• Matter has energy
• Energy is produced from chemical
reactions
• Atoms and molecules have energy; they
possess kinetic and potential energy
No energy is lost, as such, energy is conserved
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• The Law of Conservation of Energy

The Law of Conservation of Energy states
that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed. It can only be transformed from one
kind to another. The energy of the universe is
constant.
 E X O T H E R M I C VS . E N D O T HE RM I C R E A CT I ON S

EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC
• Reaction that gives off heat • Reaction that absorbs heat
• to its surroundings • from its surroundings
• A candle flame • Forming cation from atom in gas phase
• Rusting iron • Producing sugar by photosynthesis
• Making ice cubes • Cooking an egg
• Forming bonds • Melting ice cubes
• Breaking bonds
Pop Quiz!
Is evaporation of water H2O (l)  H2O(g) an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
 EXOTHERMIC CHANGE

• If energy is released to the surroundings when a

change occurs, such change is described as an
exothermic change.
• The heat released by an exothermic reaction often
results to an increase in the temperature of the
reaction mixture and the reaction vessel, and
possibly the air surrounding the vessel.
 ENDOTHERMIC CHANGE

• A change that involves absorption of energy from

the surroundings is said to be an endothermic
change.
• When an endothermic change occurs, the
temperature of the reaction mixture decreases since
part of the kinetic energies of particles in the
surroundings are absorbed for use in the reaction
 WHEN A CHEMICAL REACTION
OCCURS:

• Energy is required to break

chemical bonds
• Energy is released when bonds are
formed
 INTERNAL ENERGY, E

The energy contained within the

system, referred to as internal energy, E,
is simply the sum of the kinetic and
potential energy of all the components of
the system.
 TOTAL CHANGE IN INTERNAL
ENERGY, ΔE

The total change in energy of a system, ΔE, is equal

to the sum of the heat absorbed or evolved by the
system, q, and the work performed by or done on the
system, w, as expressed by the equation:

ΔE = q + w
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate ΔE if 100 kJ of heat

energy is absorbed by the system
and 30 kJ of work is done on the
surroundings.
ENTHALPY
• Burning gasoline is a highly exothermic reaction.
The total amount of heat obtained, which is actually
the energy change when the reaction occurs, is
called the heat of reaction.
 ENTHALPY (H)

A concept related to heat of reaction

is enthalpy change, H, which simply
stated, refers to the heat transferred by
a process that occurs at constant
pressure.
 ENTHALPY CHANGE, ΔH

• Enthalpy change, ΔH, that accompanies chemical

reaction is called heat of reaction.
• This is the net energy change resulting from the
breaking and the making of bonds.
• It represents heat absorbed or evolved when the
reactants are converted into products, at constant
pressure.
 ENTHALPY CHANGE, ΔH

ΔH = Hproducts – Hreactants

ΔH = q (at constant pressure)

 ENTHALPY CHANGE, ΔH

Endothermic: q= ΔH > 0 ; Hproducts > Hreactants

Exothermic: q= ΔH < 0 ; Hproducts < Hreactants

 THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS

• The heat released or absorbed when a

reaction takes place is an important and
integral part of the reaction, and could be
indicated in the chemical equation.
• An equation which shows the heat involved is
called a thermochemical equation.
THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATION
HESS’S LAW
 HESS’S LAW

• Hess’s Law states that the change in

enthalpy for any chemical reaction is
constant, whether the reaction occurs in
one or several step
Thermochemical equations possess two
properties:
a.They may be reversed.
b.They may be treated as algebraic expressions,
and therefore, maybe added, subtracted,
multiplied, or divided by a factor.
A. REVERSING THERMOCHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
 B. THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS MAY BE ADDED OR
SUBTRACTED AS THOUGH THESE ARE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS.

• Calculate the heat of formation of methane (CH4).

 STANDARD ENTHALPY OF
FORMATION AND REACTION
 ENTHALPY OF FORMATION

Enthalpy of formation or heat of

formation, ΔHf, is defined as the
enthalpy change when a substance is
formed from its constituent elements.
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION

The standard enthalpy of formation,

ΔHf˚, is the change in enthalpy for a
reaction that forms 1 mole of a
compound from its stable elements at
their standard states.
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF REACTION
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

• Given the standard enthalpies of formation for the following:

Compounds ΔHf˚
C6H12(l) -151.9 kJ/mol
CO2(g) -393.5 kJ/mol
H2O(l) -285.8 kJ/mol
Calculate ΔH˚ for the combustion of C6H12 as shown in the following
equation: