C

C
ampion

C
CSEC
hemistry
ollege Grade 11
Topic: Energy and Energetics
 Thought for the Day
“It is not who you are perceived to be, but
rather whom God has created. You are a child
of the King let no one or anything shield your
eyes from your true worth!”
Energy and Energetics
Energy
Using Energy Changes

at Home All chemical reactions

involve change. In an
open flame, very fast
reactions between the
fuel and oxygen in the air
release large quantities
of energy which we use
to prepare our meals
Using Energy Changes

Here sodium acetate

trihydrate react with
water to create a cooling
effect. This cold compact
can also relieve injuries
and pain associated with
sprains and strains.
Using Energy Changes

Chemicals like
diethyl ether react
with air to create a
cooling effect. Cold
sprays cool and
relieve injuries and
pain associated
with contusions,
sprains and strains.
 Using Energy Changes

The Flameless Ration Heater (FRH)

contains finely powdered magnesium
metal, alloyed with a small amount
of iron, and table salt. To activate the
reaction, a small amount of water is
added, and the boiling point of water
is quickly reached as the exothermic
reaction proceeds. 
 reaking & Forming
B onds during
Reactions

Energy is absorbed when the Energy is released when new bonds

existing bonds are broken. are formed in the products
reactants → products
Existing bonds are broken New bonds are formed
energy is absorbed energy is released
 reaking & Forming
B onds during
Reactions
In an exothermic reaction:

energy is absorbed
to break bonds < energy is released
to form bonds

The extra energy is released to the

surroundings causing the temperature
of the surrounding to increase.

Examples of exothermic reactions include: neutralization reactions, combustion reactions, respiration & some dissolutions
 reaking & Forming
B onds during
Reactions
In an endothermic reaction:

energy is absorbed
to break bonds > energy is released
to form bonds

The extra energy is absorbed to the

surroundings causing the temperature
of the surrounding to decrease.

Examples of exothermic reactions include: dissolving some salts, thermal decomposition and photosynthesis
 Enthalpy Change
The energy content of a substance is called its enthalpy and is
given the symbol H. The energy content of a substance cannot
be measured directly, but it is possible to measure the change
in enthalpy that occurs during a reaction. This is known as
enthalpy change and is given the symbol ΔH and is usually
expressed in kilojoules, kJ, or kilojoules per mol, kJ mol-1
ΔH reaction = ΔH products - Δ H reactants
The enthalpy change of a reaction = (total enthalpy of products) – (enthalpy of reactants)
 Energy Profile
Diagrams
• An energy profile diagram illustrates the energy change during a chemical
reaction . The diagram includes the enthalpy of the reactants and the products,
the enthalpy change, ΔH, and the activation energy. The activation energy can be
thought of as the energy barrier of a reaction.
• Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy which must be given to
reactants (in excess of what they already possess) so that bonds start breaking in
the reactants and products start forming
Exothermic Energy Profile
Endothermic Energy Profile
 Enthalpy Change: Exothermic Reactions
In an exothermic reaction the enthalpy of the products is less
than the enthalpy of the reactants:
i.e. ΔH products < Δ H reactants
Therefore, ΔH has value which less than zero, ΔH is negative.
The extra energy is released to the surroundings and the
temperature of the surroundings increases. Another way to
think of this is that since the reaction loses energy, ΔH -ve.
An example of an exothermic reaction is the combustion of methane (the value ΔH is
given after the equation.)

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) ΔH = -890 kJ mol-1
ΔH tells us that 890 kJ of energy is lost when 1 mol of methane is completely burned in oxygen
Exothermic Enthalpy Profile

CO2 (g) +

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) ΔH = -890 kJ mol-1
 Enthalpy Change: Endothermic
Reactions
In an endothermic reaction the enthalpy of the products is
greater than the enthalpy of the reactants:
i.e. ΔH products > Δ H reactants
Therefore, ΔH has value which is greater than zero, ΔH is
positive. Energy is absorbed from the surroundings and the
temperature of the surroundings decreases. Another way to
think of this is that since the reaction gains energy, ΔH +ve.
An example of an endothermic reaction is the reaction between H2 (g) iodine I2 (s) :

H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI (g) ΔH = +26.5 kJ mol-1

ΔH tells us that 25.6 kJ of energy is gained when 1 mol of hydrogen iodide is made during the reaction.
The overall energy absorbed by the reaction represented in the equation would be double this value, i.e. 53 kJ,
since it shows 2 moles of HI are produced
Endothermic Enthalpy Profile
 Reversible Reactions
In a reversible reaction , if the forward reaction is exothermic
then the reverse reaction is endothermic and vice versa. The
ΔH value given for a reversible reaction is for the forward
reaction, i.e. the reaction which proceeds from left to right. For
example the reaction between hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas
to produce ammonia is exothermic.
An example of an endothermic reaction is the reaction between H2 (g) iodine I2 (s) :

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) ΔH = +46.1 kJ mol-1

Therefore, the reverse reaction which produces ammonia is endothermic. It also shows that 1 mole of ammonia is
made during the reaction, 46.1 kJ of energy is released.
Exothermic Enthalpy Profile: Catalysed Pathway
Endothermic Enthalpy Profile: Catalysed Pathway
Endothermic
or Exothermic?
TEMPERATURE:
BEFORE:

25.1 ˚˚C
AFTER:

37.3 ˚C
Endo
or
Exo?
Endothermic or
Exothermic?
TEMPERATURE:
BEFORE:

25.1 ˚˚C
AFTER:

8.5 ˚C
Calculating
Energy
Changes
 Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson after discussion, demonstration and
experimentation we should be able to:
Define the terms: specific heat capacity, heat of neutralization
and heat of solution
Give the formula to calculate the heat change of a reaction
Calculate heat changes from experimental data
Explain why the heat of neutralization for the reaction
between a strong acid and a strong alkali is always the same
 Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson after discussion demonstration and
experimentation we should be able to:
Describe and proficiently conduct experiments to determine
the heat of neutralization and heat of solution
Outline the assumptions made when performing calculations
involving the heats of neutralization and solution from
experimental data.
 Calculating Energy Changes
• In the laboratory, the energy change or enthalpy change in
a reaction can be determined by measuring the hear of
reaction. Where as we cannot measure the energy content
of the reactants or products directly, we can deduce the
heat of reaction by measuring the change in temperature
which occurs during a reaction.
• As there are different types of reactions, there are different
heats of reactions, two of which are the heat of
neutralization and the heat of solution. These can be
determined experimentally
 Calculating Energy Changes
• If we know the mass of the substances reacting, m
we can determine the heat of reaction, q from the
specific heat capacity of the substances, c and the
temperature change ΔT, using the formula:

q =m × c × ΔT
Calculating Energy CΔH
hanges: Key Definitions

• Specific Heat Capacity: of a substance is the quantity of heat

energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass a
substance by 1 ˚C or 1 K. It has units of J g-1 ˚C-1
• Heat of Neutralisation: is the heat change which occurs
when 1 mol of water is produced in a reaction between an
acid and an alkali
• Heat of Solution: is the heat change when 1 mole of a
substance dissolves to form a very dilute solution in water
Assumptions in Calculating Energy Changes
• The density of a dilute aqueous solution is the same as
water, ie. 1 g cm-3 this means that the mass of 1 cm3 of
solution is 1 g.
• The specific heat capacity of a dilute aqueous solution is the
same as water i.e 4.2 J g-1 ˚C -1
• Negligible heat is lost to or absorbed from the surroundings
during the reaction
 A Calorimeter
This is an apparatus used for
measuring the amount of
heat involved in a chemical
reaction or other process.
 A Calorimeter
The general methods for determining the heats of reaction
involves measuring a fixed volume of solution or water using a
measuring cylinder, this is then poured into the calorimeter
and the initial temperature (T1) using is taken using a
thermometer. The reactants are then mixed in the calorimeter
and the maximum or minimum temperature (T2) reached is
measured. The temperature change can then calculated using
the formula:
q = m × c × ΔT
Using the Calorimeter
29 ˚C

As for your mass (m), it would the 100 cm3 ,

Sometimes, the mixtures are at slightly different now 100g plus the 50 cm3,now 50g = 150 g
temperatures, in which case you find the average of both (because we assume that each of these
temperatures. Eg. (30 + 29) ˚C = 29.5 ˚C solutions has the same density as that of
2 water – 1 gcm-3
Example #1
 Heat of Solution ΔHsol
• The heat of solution is the heat change when 1 mole of
a solute dissolves in such a volume of solvent that
further dilution by the solvent produces no further heat
changes. For example when sodium hydroxide dissolves
in excess water.
NaOH(s) + aq → NaOH(aq) ΔHsol= - 470 kJmol -1
 Heat of Solution ΔHsol
• When 0.5g of sodium hydroxide is
dissolved completely in 200cm of water.
3

The temperature of the solution rise from

21.4 ˚C to 28.4 ˚C . Calculate the heat of
solution of sodium hydroxide.
(Molar mass of NaOH = 40 gmol ) -1
 QUESTION
When 0.5g of sodium
Problems on Heat Solution hydroxide is dissolved3
of
completely in 200cm
e sol.
water. The temp. of th
Find the mass of solution (by assuming the 8.4 ˚C .
rose from 21.4 ˚C to 2
solution
STEP 1 density is the same as that of water = 1.0g cm-3) Calculate the heat of
ΔH
of sodium hydroxide. sol
) = 4 0 gm ol-1)
200 g M r (N a OH

Write the specific heat capacity of the solution

STEP 2 (Remember that we assume that it is the same as water.)

4.2 Jg-1˚C-1.
STEP 3 Calculate the temperature change

(28.4 – 21.4) ˚C = 7.0˚C

 QUESTION
Problems on Heat Solution When 0.5g of sodium
hydroxide is dissolved3
of
completely in 200cm
e sol.
Find the heat energy released using q = m c ΔT water. The temp. of th
STEP 4 rose from 21.4 ˚C to
28.4 ˚C .
solution
Calculate the heat of
q = 200 x 4.2 x 7.0 = 5880J of sodium hydroxide. sol
Mr (N aO H ) = 4 0 gm ol
ΔH
-1 )

STEP 5 Calculate the number of moles of NaOH = mass taken/molar mass

0.5/ 40 = 1.25 x 10 mol -2

STEP 6 5880 J of energy is released:

1.25 x 10-2 mol

 QUESTION
Problems on Heat Solution When 0.5g of sodium
hydroxide is dissolved3
of
completely in 200cm
e sol.
STEP 7 So for 1 mol of NaOH energy released is water. The temp. of th
28.4 ˚C .
rose from 21.4 ˚C to
solution
Calculate the heat of
5880 × ____1____ of sodium hydroxide. sol
ΔH
-1 )
Mr (NaOH) = 40 gmol
1.25 x 10-2 mol
= 470 400 J

ΔHsol = - 470 kJ mol-1

 QUESTION
Problems on Heat Solution When 0.5g of sodium
hydroxide is dissolved3
of
completely in 200cm
e sol.
STEP 7 So for 1 mol of NaOH energy released is water. The temp. of th
28.4 ˚C .
rose from 21.4 ˚C to
solution
Calculate the heat of
5880 × of sodium hydroxide. sol
ΔH
-1 )
Mr (NaOH) = 40 gmol
1.25 x 10-2 mol
= 470 400 J

ΔHsol = - 470 kJ mol-1

Let’s try one..
Example #2
 Heat of Solution ΔHsol

• Dissolving 15.15g of potassium nitrate in

100cm3 of distilled water, resulted in a
temperature decrease of 10.2 ˚C. Calculate
the heat of solution of potassium nitrate.
(Molar mass of KNO3 =101 gmol-1 )
 QUESTION

Dissolving 15.15g of
Problems on Heat Solution potassi u m n itrate in 1 00 cm 3

lted in
of distilled water, resu
e of
a temperature decreas
Find the mass of solution ( assume that the 10.2 ˚C. Calculate the
heat of
STEP 1 density is the same as that of water = 1.0g cm-3) solution of potassium
nitrate.
=101
(Molar mass of KNO3
m = (100 + 15.15) g = 115.15g gmol-1 )

Write the specific heat capacity of the solution

STEP 2 (Remember that we assume that it is the same as water.)

c = 4.2 Jg-1˚C-1.
STEP 3 Write the temperature change (decrease in temp. in this case)

ΔT = 10.2 ˚C
 QUESTION
Problems on Heat Solution Dissolving 15.15g of
iu m n it rate in 1 00 cm 3
potass
lted in
of distilled water, resu
e of
Find the heat energy released using q = m c ΔT a temperature decreas
STEP 4 10.2 ˚C. Calculate the
heat of
lu ti o n o f p o tass iu m nitrate.
so
q = 115.15 × 4.2 × 10.2 = 4933 (Molar mass of KNO3
gmol-1 )
=101

STEP 5 Calculate the number of moles of KNO3 = mass taken/molar mass

So heat absorbed in dissolving 0.15 mol KNO3 = 4933J

15.15/ 101 = 0.15 mol

 QUESTION
Problems on Heat Solution When 0.5g of sodium
hydroxide is dissolved3
of
completely in 200cm
STEP 6 So for 1 mol of KNO3 energy released is water. The temp. of th
e sol.
8.4 ˚C .
rose from 21.4 ˚C to 2
solution
Calculate the heat of
= 4933 J of sodium hydroxide. sol
4 0 gm ol
ΔH
-1 )
Mr (N a OH ) =
0.15
ΔHsol = 32.887 kJmol-1
ΔHsol = + 32.9 kJmol -1

The heat of solution is positive because the temperature of the reaction

decreased indicating that it absorbed energy from the surroundings.
The reaction was endothermic.
Example #3
 Heat of Neutralisation ΔHn
• The heat of neutralization is the amount of heat
produced per mole of water in the reaction between a
strong acid and a strong alkali. This always exothermic!
• In calculating the heat of neutralization, the initial
temperature of both solution must be measured and
averaged to determine the initial temperature and the
number of moles of water produces in the reaction
must be calculated.
 Heat of Neutralisation
A volume of 50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution of
concentration 1.0 moldm-3 and temperature 26.0 ˚C is added to
50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of centration 1.0 mol dm -3 and
temperature 27.0˚C. After mixing, the maximum temperature of
the solution is 33.2 ˚C. Determine the heat of neutralization and
draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction.
Problems on Heat of Neutralisation QUESTION
o f 5 0 cm 3 NaOH ;
A vo lum e (aq)

d temp:
conc. 1.0 moldm an
-3

STEP 1 Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction: a d ded to 5 0 cm 3 of

26.0 ˚C is -3 and
nc 1 .0 m o l d m
HCl (aq); co
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) temp 27.0˚C. After m
ixing,
= 33.2˚C.
the max temp of sol.
STEP 2 Determine the number of moles of water made during the reaction Find ΔHϴ n
Problems on Heat of Neutralisation QUESTION
o f 5 0 cm 3 NaOH ;
Determine the heat of neutralisation A vo lum e (aq)

d temp:
conc. 1.0 moldm an
-3
3 of
STEP 3 is a d ded to 5 0 cm
26.0 ˚C -3 and
nc 1 .0 m o l d m
HCl (aq); co
ixing,
temp 27.0˚C. After m
= 33.2˚C.
the max temp of sol.
Find ΔHϴ n

The number heat of neutralisation ΔHϴn is -56.28 kJ mol -1

 3 aOH ;
A volume of 50 cm N (aq)
-3 and temp:
co nc. 1. 0 m o ld m
3 of
˚C is a d d e d to 5 0 cm
26.0 -3 and
nc 1 .0 m o l d m
HCl (aq); co
ixing,
temp 27.0˚C. After m
=
the max temp of sol.
33.2˚C.
ergy
Find ΔHϴ n. Draw an En
e rxn.
Profile Diagram for th
Example #4
Important Point on Heat of Neutralisation

• The heat of neutralization for the reaction between

any strong acid and any strong alkali is always about -
56.3kJ mol-1 . This is because strong acids and strong
alkali are fully ionized in aqueous solution and the
common reaction that release heat in all cases is:

OH-(aq) + H+ (aq) H2O (l) ΔHϴn = - 56.3 kJmol-1

Problems on Heat of Neutralisation 50 cm3 H2SO4 (aq); conc
. 1.0
.5 ˚C is
moldm-3 and temp: 28
OH ;
added to 50 cm of K (aq)
3

temp
conc 2.0 mol dm and
-3

the max
28.5˚C. After mixing,
temp of sol. = 41.5˚C.
m for
Calculate ΔH n. Diagra
ϴ

the rxn.
Activ
ity
 Problems on Heat of Neutralisation

• 3.25g of zinc were added to 50cm3 of 4.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. When the
reaction was complete the temperature had risen to 28 ˚C.
a. All the zine dissolved in this reaction. How many moles of zinc reacted?
b. How many moles of acid are there in 50 cm3 of 4.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid?
c. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid
d. Which of zinc or hydrochloric acid is used in excess? Explain your answer.
e. Is the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid endothermic or exothermic?
f. Calculate the heat change when 3.25 g of zinc reacts with 50cm3 of 4.0 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid.
g. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric
acid. State all the assumptions you have made in your calculations. p y,
P l eas e c o
h. Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction. n d
p l e te a
Com
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