1ST QUARTER

LESSON 5
WEEK 5

Physical Science
MOTIVATION
What comes up in your mind when you read or hear the term “CHEMICAL
REACTION”?
Choose at least 5 words that best describes the term “CHEMICAL REACTION”
in the box below. Encircle the word that you have chosen.
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the

student must be able to:

● Discuss briefly the chemical reaction;

● Explain catalyst and describe how it
affects reaction rate;
● Identify the factors affecting reaction
rates
 INTRODUCTION
Chemical reactions occur everywhere every day. Plants
use carbon dioxide and release oxygen through
photosynthesis. Vehicle engines burn fuel and give off
exhaust gases. Even the stomach chemically breaks down
food into the nutrients needed by the body.
INTRODUCTION
Moreover, a chemical reaction can be better
understood by considering it as a process involving
collisions between reacting particles, resulting in the
breaking of some chemical bonds of the reactants and
the creation of new bonds of the products.
 CHEMICAL REACTION
It is a process in which one or more
substances, the reactants, are converted
to one or more different substances, the
products. Substances are either chemical
elements or compounds. A chemical
reaction rearranges the constituent atoms
of the reactants to create different
substances as products.
RATE OF REACTION

● The speed by which reactants

are converted to products is
referred to as the rate of
reaction.
 COLLISION THEORY OF REACTION RATES

This theory states that for reactions to occur,

molecules, atoms, or ions must first collide. Not all
collisions are successful. In order for collisions to be
effective collisions, particles must possess the
minimum amount of energy needed for the
reaction and must collide with proper orientation.
The minimum energy required to initiate a reaction
is called activation energy ( Ea ).

See this video link to visualize Collision Theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbGgIfHsx-I
TRANSITION STATE THEORY

● Chemical reactions which require bond breaking and forming is

accompanied by changes in potential energy.
● According to the theory, the reactants must pass through a high-
energy, short-lived intermediate state called the transition state
in order for reactions to occur.
● The kinetic energy of the particles must overcome the potential
energy needed to break and create bonds. The activation energy,
Ea (or activation barrier) is the kinetic energy needed by reactants
to allow them to reach the transition state.
TRANSITION STATE THEORY

● The net amount of

energy in the breaking
and forming of bonds
determines if a reaction
is exothermic or
endothermic.
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
● C + D → CD + energy negative heat of reaction
● Energy absorbed is less than the energy released. Hence, heat of
reaction is negative.
● Heat of reaction = Energy of products - Energy of reactants
= lower energy of product - higher energy of reactant
= negative value of Heat of Reaction

C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ

C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
● A + B → AB - energy positive heat of reaction
● Energy absorbed is more than the energy released. Hence, heat of
reaction is positive.
● Heat of reaction = Energy of products - Energy of reactants
= higher energy of product - lower energy of reactant
= positive value of Heat of Reaction

N2(g) + O2(g) + 180.5 kJ → 2NO(g)

N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ΔH = +180.5 kJ

 ENDOTHERMIC VS. EXOTHERMIC

In endothermic reactions, energy is absorbed

overall so the reactions feel cool to the touch. On
the other hand, exothermic reactions have a net
release of energy so the reactions feel warm to
the touch. Energy is always part of a chemical
reaction. The activation energy state for both is
still the highest energy state in the whole
reaction. The transition state is also created when
the activation energy is reached.
EXAMPLE OF EXOTHERMIC

● Cite power production as an

example. Coal is reacted with
oxygen in the process of
combustion. This reaction
produces a lot of heat
(exothermic). The heat turns
water into steam that then
powers the turbines.
EXAMPLE OF ENDOTHERMIC

● Baking bread is an endothermic

reaction wherein the dough
absorbs heat from the
environment in order to rise and
cook properly. As more
substances are involved in a
chemical reaction, more energy
is either absorbed or released to
the environment.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

1. Surface area of a solid reactant

Surface area is the exposed matter of a

solid substance. Imagine that you are
holding a perfect cube of magnesium. The
surface area is the sum of the area of all six
sides of the cube. The surface area of the
cube can be increased by dividing the cube
into smaller cubes. Surface area is
maximized when a single large cube is
crushed to fine powder.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

● In a reaction between ● When the magnesium atoms form one big lump
magnesium metal and however, the number of collisions per second
hydrochloric acid, between magnesium and hydrogen is higher, and
magnesium atoms must the rate of reaction is faster.
collide with the hydrogen
ions.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

2. Concentration or pressure of a
reactant
The concentration of a substance
can be expressed in a variety of
ways depending on the nature of a
substance. Aqueous solutions
typically have their concentrations
expressed in mol/L.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

● For example, a solution made by

dissolving sodium hydroxide in water
has its concentration expressed as
moles of NaOH per litre of solution.
Gases can also have their
concentrations expressed in mol/L.
.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

● In terms of the collision theory, increasing the concentration of a

reactant increases in the number of collisions between the reacting
species per second and therefore increases the reaction rate.
Consider the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc metal.

In one beaker, 6.00 mol/L HCl is reacted with 2.00 g of Zn.

In another, 1.00 mol/L HCl is reacted with 2.00 g of Zn.
.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

● Which reaction should occur

at the faster rate? In terms of
the collision theory, collisions
between zinc atoms and
hydrochloric acid are more
frequent in the beaker
containing 6.0 M HCl - there is
more acid per unit of volume.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES
PRESSURE
● The concentration of a gas is a
function of the pressure on the
gas. Increasing the pressure of
a gas is exactly the same as
increasing its concentration. If
you have a certain number of
gas molecules, you can
increase the pressure by
forcing them into a smaller
volume.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

3. Temperature All chemical reactions take place

at a faster rate at higher
● Temperature (in Kelvin temperatures.
degrees) is proportional to
the kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance. For
example, if the Kelvin
temperature of a substance is
doubled, then the average
kinetic energy of the particles
in that substance is doubled.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

3. Presence of catalyst
● A catalyst is a species that
speeds up a chemical reaction
without being chemically
changed upon completion of
the reaction. In other words,
the mass of a catalyst is the
same before and after a
reaction occurs.
 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES

Common examples of catalysts include:

• MnO2 in the decomposition of H2O2

• Fe in the manufacture of NH3

• Pt in the conversion of NO and CO to N2

and CO2
● Recall that collisions only result in
reactions if the particles collide with
enough energy to get the reactions
To better understand the factors affecting rate of reaction you may started (i.e. to overcome the activation
visit the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4HXaUBbv04 energy barrier).
REFERENCES

Delos Santos, A. (2019, Sept.26) Factors affecting reaction rates. Retrieved August 11, 2020
from https://www.slideshare.net/AngeloDelossantos/factors-affecting-reaction-rates-
176290368

Quipper Philippines.(2018).Physical Science. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ff99cd2b76d0002001cbd/curriculum#curri
culum

Teaching Guide by the Commission on Higher Education (2016). Physical Science. Retrieved
July 27, 2020, from https://www.teacherph.com/physical-science-senior-high-school-shs-
teaching-guide/