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Index:
● Cover page……………………………………………………………1
● Introduction……………………………………………………………3
● The importance of matter…………………………………………..3
● What chemical and physical changes of matter are………...4
● How matter and energy are related?........................................5
● Properties of matter......................................................................6
● Molecules in matter......................................................................7
● Atoms in matter.............................................................................7
● Particles in matter…………………………………………………….7
● Form of matter plasma is……………………………………………8
● What plasma is made of?………………………………..…………8
● Illustrations:................................................................................9-13
● E-graphy………………………………………………………………14

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Introduction:
All things in this world are made of matter. We can find it in three states. All
the processes that matter produces with molecules are called: Changes of
matter, each change has specific properties and names, and the processes
depend on the four stages that matter has, these are: liquid, solid, plasma
and gas. Matter always has two things: mass and energy.
An object does not always need all three states of matter, which means the
reason for the different combinations. All these properties, functions and
meanings are presented in this document. matter is everywhere in the
universe. But what does it matter? What is it made of?
We will answer all these questions in this document.

The importance of matter

Everything is made of Matter. Even if they are living or non-living things.
Matter is important because it makes up everything that surrounds us and
matter cannot be created or destroyed, it simply transforms into a different
form.

Matter has atoms and molecules. So the food we eat every day consists of
atoms and molecules. Therefore, food is also a type of matter without which
we cannot survive.
What is the purpose of matter? Matter material substance that constitutes the
observable universe and together with energy forms the basis of all objective
phenomena.

Matter is anything that has weight or space. Whether they are made of
atoms or molecules is a matter! Although things are everywhere in the
universe, they often come in limited forms. The atoms and molecules in a solid
are packed together tightly and do not move much.

Conclution: Matter is very important because it is everything around us.

Matter is everything that surrounds us and has a place in space. However,
there are two types of substances: pure substances and mixtures.

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What chemical and physical changes of matter are?

Chemical Changes: Physical changes:

What is? What is?

A chemical change, also known as
a chemical reaction, is a process in
which one or more substances are
altered into one or more new and
different substances.
Characteristics:
● Chemical changes create a
new product.
● The changes in chemical
change are irreversible and
permanent.
A physical change is a type of
change in which the form of matter
is altered but one substance is not
transformed into another.
The size or shape of matter may be
changed, but no chemical reaction
occurs.
Characteristics:
● During the physical change,
the arrangement of molecules
is altered leading to a change
in state.
● No new products are formed,
and the molecular
composition remains totally
the same.

Examples: Examples:
● Burning of wood or paper ● Dissolution of sugar in water
● Burning of camphor ● Melting of ice
● Souring of milk ● Freezing of water
● Burning of candle ● Boiling of water
● Digestion of food ● Melting of wax

These changes may vary according to the way matter is manipulated or how
matter is treated, and conditions around it: Sublimation, deposition,
condensation, evaporation, freezing, and melting represent phase changes
of matter too, taking in count conditions around matter.

Conclution: There are two types of changes in matter, which are the physical
change and the chemical change. As the names suggest, physical changes
affect physical properties and chemical changes affect chemical properties.

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How matter and energy are related?
Energy is a property that matter has. The same amount of matter can have
different amounts of energy and so represent different states of matter. For
example, if you add energy to an ice cube made of water, it becomes liquid
water, and if you add even more energy, it becomes steam. The kind of
matter is the same, and the amount of matter is the same as in the original
cube, but there is more or less energy.

Energy and matter are related by the equation E= mc2 (mass times velocity
squared) according to Einstein's theory of relativity. In all the detectable
energies of the universe there are forces and emissions that are produced in
time and, therefore, evolve with it.

Conclution: Matter and energy are part of the universe: Matter gives it
structure, and energy gives it the ability to change. When the universe
began, everything was concentrated in energy. Matter is created from
energy when it expands and cools.

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Properties of matter:
Scientists need to understand the properties of matter because it is made up
of it. Solid, liquid, and gas are the three primary phases of matter. Depending
on their physical features, most matter will exist in any of these states. More
specifically, scientists deal with a wide range of materials.

What are the four properties of matter?

Mass, weight, and volume are examples of extensive properties that differ
from the sum of the material.
Also there are six major physical properties. In order for us to measure or
observe them, we do not need to change the composition of the substance.

The six physical properties are color, density, volume, mass, boiling point, and
melting point. Chemical properties are those which we can measure only by
changing the chemical structure of the substance we are measuring.
The four most important chemical properties are the heat of combustion,
chemical stability, flammability, and the preferred oxidation state.

Conclution: All matter has certain properties that define it.

We can usually measure these properties, and determine the size, weight, or
composition of an object.

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Molecules in matter:
A molecule is a particle of matter and the smallest unit of matter. A molecule
can be broken down into smaller parts called atoms. Molecules are
everywhere, but they are so small that you can't see them, even with a
microscope. You can fit about 200,000 of them in one head.

Conclution: A molecule is described as the merging of two or more same

atoms or different atoms that are held together by various chemical bonds.
A molecule is considered to be the smallest part of a substance and also it
portrays every characteristic of that particular substance.

Atoms in matter:
Atoms are the basic units of matter. Everything in the universe apart from
energy is made of matter therefore atoms make up everything in the
universe.

Conclution: An atom is called the fundamental unit of matter. It cannot be

further divided into smaller parts and is made up of neutrons, electrons, and
protons.

Particles in matter:
Solids, liquids, and gasses are made of tiny particles called atoms and
molecules.
In a solid, the particles are very attracted to each other.
In a liquid, the particles are attracted to each other but not as much as they
are in a solid.
In a gas, the particles have very little attraction to each other. They are very
far apart compared to the particles in a solid or liquid, and are constantly
moving.

Conclution: Matter is made of particles (atoms and molecules) that are too
small to be seen and can help us understand the behavior and properties of
matter.

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Form of matter plasma is:
Plasma is superheated matter so hot that the electrons are ripped away from
the atoms forming an ionized gas. It comprises over 99% of the visible
universe. In the night sky, plasma glows in the form of stars, nebulas, and even
the auroras that sometimes ripple above the north and south poles.

Because so much of the universe is made of plasma, its behavior and

properties are of intense interest to scientists in many disciplines. Importantly,
at the temperatures required for the goal of practical fusion energy, all
matter is in the form of plasma. Researchers have used the properties of
plasma as a charged gas to confine it with magnetic fields and to heat it to
temperatures hotter than the core of the sun.

Conclution: Plasma is often called “the fourth state of matter,” along with
solid, liquid and gas. It was the first matter of the universe, plasmas have no
fixed shape or volume, and are less dense than solids or liquids.

What plasma is made of?

Like gasses, plasmas have no fixed shape or volume, and are less dense than
solids or liquids. But unlike ordinary glasses, plasmas are made up of atoms in
which some or all of the electrons have been stripped away and positively
charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely.

Conclution: Plasma is a state of matter that is similar to gas, but the atomic
particles are charged rather than neutral, it is made up of groups of positively
and negatively charged particles.

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Illustrations:

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 E-graphy:
● https://owlcation.com/stem/All-About-Matter#:~:text=Even%20if%20its
%20living%20or,transformed%20into%20a%20different%20form
● https://byjus.com/chemistry/physical-chemical-changes/
● https://realonomics.net/why-is-matter-important/#Why_Is_Matter_Impo
rtant
● http://www2.ku.edu/~quarked/askmarks/answer16.html#:~:text=Energ
y%20is%20a%20property%20that,more%20energy%2C%20it%20become
s%20steam
● https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html
● https://byjus.com/chemistry/properties-of-matter/#:~:text=What%20are
%20the%20four%20properties,the%20sum%20of%20the%20material
● https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-properties-of-matter
.html
● https://www.aakash.ac.in/important-concepts/chemistry/difference-b
etween-atom-and-molecule#:~:text=Summary,of%20atoms%20form%2
0a%20molecule
● https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html
● https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/k-8/inquiryi
naction/fifth-grade/chapter-1-investigating-matter-at-the-particle-level
/matter-is-made-of-tiny-particles.html
● https://www.psfc.mit.edu/vision/what_is_plasma#:~:text=Plasma%20is%
20superheated%20matter%20%E2%80%93%20so,the%20north%20and%2
0south%20poles

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