GENERAL

CHEMISTR
Y

Intermolecular Forces and Properties

of Liquids

Group 2
MEMBERS: Ruel, Mercadejas, Mendoza,
Politano, Gonzales and Gayol
Liquids do not have a simple or regular structures, but many of their properties can be explained
qualicatively by viewing them at the parciculate level.

General Properties of Liquids

There are 5 general properties of liquids;

- Surface Tension
- Viscosity
- Vapor Pressure
- Boiling Point
- Heat of Vaporization
Surface Tension
It is the property of a liquid to resist an external force and
thus assume a lesser surface area. This is attributed to the
strong attractive and cohesive forces between and among the
molecules, particularly at the surface of the liquid. Several
manifestations of this property are the ability of water to hold
relatively heavier paper clip on its surface and to allow water
striders to walk on its surface. Moreover, the strong cohesive
force explains why spherical water droplets form on leaves.
The water strider can walk on water because the surface
tension of the water can support its weight.
Viscosity
Is the resistance of a liquid to flow. It is loosely referred to as
the thickness or thinness of a liquid. A glassful of water is
relatively faster to pour than a glassful of oil or honey. Thus,
water is described as less viscous or thinner than oil or
honey. The greater the intermolecular forces, the more
viscous the substance. Long-chained substances like oil
have greater intermolecular forces because there are more
atoms that can attract one another, contributing to the
substance’s total attractive forces.
Vapor Pressure
The Vapor Pressure of the substance is the pressure
exerted by its vapor when in equilibrium with its liquid
or solid. This means that when a liquid or a solid
substance is made to evaporate in a closed container ,
the gas exerts a pressure above the liquid. Substances ith
relatively strong intermolecular forces will have lower
vapor pressure because the particles will have difficulty
escaping as a gas. In short, vapor pressure is the pressure
that is exerted on the walls of a sealed container when a
substance in it evaporates (converts to a gas).
Boiling Point
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor
pressure is equal to the external or atmospheric pressure.
Increasing the temperature of a liquid raises the kinetic
energy of its molecules until such point where the energy of
the particle movement exceeds the intermolecular forces that
hold them together. The liquid molecules then transform to
gas and are seen as bubbles that rises to the surface of the
liquid and escape to the atmosphere. The temperature at
which liquid boils under an atmospheric pressure of
760mmHg (1 atm) is referred to as its Normal Boiling
Heat of Vaporization
The molar heat of vaporization ( Δ H vap ) is the
amount of heat required to vaporize one mole of
a substance at its boiling point. The application
of heat disrupts the intermolecular forces of
attraction of the liquid molecules and allows
them to vaporize. Boiling point generally
increases as molar heat of vaporization increases.
The ( Δ H vap ) is also determined by the
strength of the intermolecular forces between
molecules.
 GENERAL
CHEMISTR
Y

Types and Properties of Solids

Group 2
MEMBERS: Ruel, Mercadejas, Mendoza,
Politano, Gonzales and Gayol
Solids can be classified as crystalline or amorphous based on the
arrangement of their particles.

Crystalline Solids have a highly regular arrangement of particles, while

Amorphous Solids have considerable disorder in their structure.

Amorphous Solid have varying degrees of short-ranged order and only

within a few atomic or molecular dimensions.
Amorphous Solids
Amorphous Solids, such as glass, are formed rather rapidly
that its constituent particles do not have time to align or
organize into a more definite crystalline lattice. Many
amorphous polymers, including polycarbonate and
polymethyImethacrylate, are tough enough to be used as
armor polymers.
Crystalline Solids
A Crystalline Solids has a well-defined crystal lattice. A
Lattice is a three –dimensional system of points
designating the positions of the components (atoms, ion,
or molecules) that make up a crystal. A Unit Cell is the
smallest repeating unit of lattice. The seven common unit
cells and their lattices are cubic, tetragonal
rhombohedral, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and
triclinic.
Crystalline Solids can be categorized into different types;

Ionic Solids, such as sodium chloride, have ions at different points of the
lattice. These ions are held together by strong coulombic forces.

Molecular Solids such as sucrose and ice. A molecular solid had discrete
covalently bonded molecules at each of its lattice points.

Ionic and Molecular solids have different properties. Although both

sodium chloride and sugar dissolve in water, a sodium chloride solution
conducts electricity, while a sugar solution does not.
 GENERAL
CHEMISTR
Y

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