Steam bench apparatus experiments

Objective:
The purpose of this unit is to demonstrate the following:
0 Steam boiler unit and its accessories.
ㄱ Pressure /temperature relationship (Marcet boiler).
ㄴ Separation and throttling phenomena.

Theory:
Steam boiler unit:
This is a fully automatic boiler. A digital thermometer unit is
incorporated which enables the steam and feed water temperature to be
monitored.
For normal operation of the unit proceed as follows:
1) Close the steam and blow down valves.
2) Open any valves to feed pump suction.
3) Switch on the main electrical supply to the unit.
4) Switch on the (ON / OFF) switch, Be sure that the main contactor and
feed pump, are working.
5) As the water is pumped into the boiler check that after 10-15 minutes
that:
The cotactor closes followed by the feed pump stopping.
The feed pump restarts on fall of water.
6) Observe the steam pressure/temperature rising as indicated on the
gauge on the front panel, and the boiler pressure switch operates the
contactor at the required operating pressure.

Marcet boiler:
1) Place a bucket under the drainpipe and open the drain valve.
2) Gently open the steam valve and make sure that the boiler is empty.
3) Close the steam valve and let any remaining moisture to drain out of
the Marcet boiler unit.
4) Close the drain valve.
5) Open the steam valve and pressurize the vessel to the steam supply
main pressure then close the steam valve.
6) Note the gauge pressure and steam temperature in the Marcet boiler
every 1 bar interval.

Combine separating and throttling calorimeter:

If a fluid is throttled and velocities before and after the throttle are
negligible then the enthalpy before and after the throttling is the same. If
a wet steam is throttled through a large enough pressure drop; then steam
becomes super heated. In this state the steam I drained pressure and
temperature. The enthalpy can be found from the tables.
If the steam I is quite wet then pure throttling may not be through to
ensure that the steam is superheated. Thus it is necessary to partially dry
the steam. Passing the steam sample to a separator does this. Here steam
is made to change direction suddenly, as water I denser than steam it is
separated out. The remaining steam is passed to the throttling.
Dryness fraction in steam main supply is given by:

X= mass of dry vapor

Total mass

Data:
For the Marcet boiler:
T sat (C°) Pressure sat Tsat(C°)
measured (bar) tabulated
168 9 175.38
183 8 170.43
177 7 164.97
171 6 158.85
164 5 151.86
157 4 143.63
148 3 133.55
134 2 120.23
124 1 99.62
Table (1) saturation temp. and pressure for Marcet boiler.

Separation & throttling

Before throttling After throttling
P(bar) T(C°) P(mm Hg) T(C°)
7 178.5 15 126

m° dry=280/120=2.333 ml/sec
m° wet=28/120=0.2333 ml/sec

Sample of calculations:
In part one:
We can use the saturation table to find the actual temperature and put it in
this table.
In part two:
We want calculate the (dryness factor):
So for our calculation
X1= 280/(280+28)=0.909091 dryness fraction (before).
X2= h3-hf,2 (1mmHg=133.3Pa)
hfg,2
from water table (after):
T3=126 p sat=2340 pah3=2699.3Kj/Kg
T2=178.5 p sat=8 bar h2=742.4 Kj/Kg
Hfg,2=2021.2 Kj/Kg

X= (2699.3-742.4)/2021.2 =0.9682

Discussion:
As we can see from the figure the temperatures of the Marcet boiler are
directly proportional to the saturation pressure and the valves of pressure
& temp. are near those found in the table.
To dry steam (partially) the steam is passed to the separator the steam is
made to change direction suddenly; the water is condenser that steams so
it is separated out.
The deviation of the readings is due to the accuracy of the Marcet boiler
and the pressure errors during taking readings.

Conclusion:
If a wet steam is throttled through large pressure drop, the steam becomes
superheated, the steam is define by pressure & temp.and the enthalpy can
be found from tables.
If the steam is quit wet then pure throttling may not be enough to ensure
that the steam is super heated.
As the steam has a higher dry ness fraction on the passing through the
throttling colorimeter it is passed to a condenser and is collected and
measured.
The dryness fraction dives in indication about the separator and throttling
colorimeter efficiency of the separator to change steam direction and
remove the moisture from it , and the efficiency of throttling colorimeter
to produce superheated vapor.
1)Psat vs Tsat(measured)
2)Psat vs Tsat(tabulated)

10
8
6
Series1
4
2
0
164
171
177
124
137
148
157

183
168

10
8
6
Series1
4
2
0
99.6
120
134

165

175
144
152
159

170